SOCL230 test 3 Final Flashcards
Immigration Act of 1965
- Completely eliminated a nation-based quota system
- Established preference
- Family connection
- Special Skills
- Political refugees - Set maximum quota (170,000/yr, 20,000/nation)
IRCA of 1986
- Employers must verify the status of new employees, and if they neglect to do so, they will be fined
- Amnesty program
- Anyone who can prove that they lived in the U.S, since January 1, 1982, or before can obtain a green card
- Agribusiness Guest Worker Program
- Immigrant guest workers can enter the U.S. on a temporary basis
Immigration Act of 1990
- A revision of an annual cap and a preference system established by the 1965 Act
1. Increased annual maximum to 700,000
2. Gave preference to diversity immigration- Recently underrepresented nations would receive preference
- Kennedy: “Ireland as one of those nations”
- 1851-60: 914,119
- 1921-30: 220, 564
- 1985 (1 year): 1397 (Mexicans in 1985: 61,077)
- Created a new category of immigrant investors
- If you invest $1mil. In the U.S., you can obtain a green card
Immigration Act of 1996
- One cannot appeal the deportation decision
- Deportation can be enforced retroactively
- One will be incarcerated while waiting for deportation
- A judge’s discretion to waive deportation is reduced
- It mandated deportation of immigrants convinced of drug offence
Segmented Assimilation
One of the Four Patterns of Immigrant Settlement
A particular immigrant group tends to assimilate into a specific sector of American society (e.g. immigrants from India into a high tech. sector in Silicon Valley)
DACA
- Established on June 15, 2012, by President Obama
- The policy allowed certain undocumented immigrants to escape deportation and obtain renewable work permits for a period of two years.
- To apply, immigrants had to be younger than 31 on June 15, 2012, must have come to the U.S. before the age of 16, and must have lived in the U.S. since 2007 (and must pay $495 fee.)
- 800,000 immigrants received DACA status.
- President Trump announced the termination of DACA on 9/5/17.
- Due to litigations and court injunctions, DACA remained in effect. And on June 18, 2020, the U.S. Supreme Court decided that the reason provided for the termination was arbitrary and capricious, thus the continuation of DACA was granted.
- On January 20, 2021, President Biden issued the executive order reinstating DACA. (DACA was never terminated despite President Trump’s order, but President Biden’s executive order officially places DACA as the federal policy and reverse the course set by President Trump.)
Transitional bilingual education Immersion
Students learn subjects in their native languages, while they study English (as a second language)
Submersion Maintenance bilingual education
Lau v. Nichols (1974)
Submersion (putting ELL students in regular classrooms without proper accommodation) is unconstitutional.
Horne v. Flores (2009)
This decision affirmed “immersion” as an effective strategy, thus transitional or maintenance types were not to be used.
Proposition 227
- 1998 proposition 227 (California)
- 61% voted for it
- All children in California will be taught only in English
- ELL students will be placed in one-year immersion programs
Consonant acculturation
Assimilation into American culture occurs at the same speed and extent across generations.
Dissonant acculturation
After immigration, children’s assimilation into American culture is much faster and far-reaching than parents.
Immigrant Optimism
“America is a land of opportunity.”
Immigrant Pessimism
“America is a land of racial discrimination.”
Understand the general characteristics/profiles of Latinx Americans, as lectured in class.
- 62.1 million (18.7% of the US population) in 2020
- Mexican (63%), Puerto Rican (9.2%), Cuban (3.5%), Salvadoran (3.3%), Dominican (2.8%)
- CA (15 million), TX (10.4 million), FL (4.8 million), NY (3.5 million)
- ⅓ are under 18: therefore, as the young generation reaches the voting age, their political influence will increase
- BA or higher: Cuban 25%, Puerto Rican 16%, Dominican 15%, Mexican 11%
Understand four patterns of immigrant settlement.
Concentration, Diffusion, Uneven Settlement, Segmented Assimilation
Which six states are absorbing 70% of newly arriving immigrants today?
CA, NY, TX, FL, NJ, IL
What law did the city of Hazleton pass in 2006? What did the federal appeals court decide about this Hazleton law on September 9, 2010?
1) revokes the licenses of business that employed undocumented immigrants and 2) fines the landlords who rent to undocumented immigrants
In 2010, the Federal Court of Appeals struck down the Hazleton ordinance, because it infringed on the federal government’s exclusive power to regulate immigration.
What was happening in Farmingville in the late-1990s and the early-2000s? What was the specific issue?
Many Hispanic immigrants moved to Farmingville, New York, due to job opportunities on various locations in Long Island.
Day laborer hiring site.
In response to many Hispanic men standing at the corner of streets waiting for a business owner who hires for a short period of time, the local authority considered to establish the day laborer hiring site. After the lengthy process that divided the community, the motion was defeated.
What characterizes Arizona’s immigration bill signed into law in April 2010?
- It makes it a crime under state law to be in the country without proper documents
- It requires immigrants to have proof of their immigration status
- It requires police officers to make “reasonable” attempt to determine the immigration status of a person
What characterizes Alabama’s immigration bill in June 2011?
- It had all the above Arizona bill and went beyond
- It requires public schools to determine the immigration status of all students
- It requires public schools to publish the number of undocumented immigrant children who are enrolled, and the costs (tax) associated with their education
- It also forbids any transaction between those without documents and any division of the state
Why did anti-immigration conflicts (including the passage of laws) at local and state levels occur in the 2000s and early 2010s? What was the federal government doing during this period?
Targeting El Paso: Why are so many Central Americans coming to the U.S. as asylum seekers?
the U.S. could “close down” its their last chance being able so go now
Persistent economic and political challenges in Central America have been compounded by the COVID-19 pandemic, economic and political upheaval, and increasingly extreme weather
Targeting El Paso: What were the effects (as presented in this video) of national political rhetoric?
Targeting El Paso: What was the purpose of separating immigrant children from parents?
criminal charges against parents caught crossing the border triggers a legal situation that necessitates separating children, while the use of civil immigration detention and removal does not require this to occur. When adults are detained and prosecuted in the criminal justice system for immigration offenses, their children cannot, by law, be housed with them in criminal jails, so the family unit is separated.
Targeting El Paso: What are the conditions of an immigrant detention center?
“serious deficiencies such as significant understaffing, failure to provide sufficient mental health observation, and inadequate monitoring of detainees with criminal histories.”
Targeting El Paso: What is the “migrant protection protocol”? What was the effect of such a policy?
U.S. Government action whereby certain foreign individuals entering or seeking admission to the U.S. from Mexico – illegally or without proper documentation – may be returned to Mexico and wait outside of the U.S. for the duration of their immigration proceedings,
What is DACA? Who is eligible?
DACA (Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals)
- Established on June 15, 2012
- The policy allowed certain undocumented immigrants to escape deportation and obtain renewable work permits for a period of 2 years
- To apply, immigrants had to be younger than 31 on June 15, 2012, must have come to the U.S. before the age of 16, and must have lived in the U.S. since 2007 (and must pay $495 fee.)
How many ELL students are there in the U.S.? Which state has the highest number of ELL students?
- 5.1 million
- 1.4 million in CA (out of 5.6 million students)
Understand the general characteristics/profiles of Asian Americans, as lectured in class.
- 5.9% of U.S. population
- 6 largest groups account for 83% of Asian Americans
- Chinese (4.9 million), Indian (4 million), Filipino (3.9million), Vietnamese (2 million), Korean (1.8 million), Japanese (1.4 million)
- Asian unauthorized immigrants made up about 13% of the 11.1 million who live in the U.S.
- Age 25 and older with a bachelor’s degree: Asian 51% (U.S.: 30%; White 32%, Black 18%; Hispanic 14%) [hence, the “model minority” myth]
- BA or more: Indian 72%, Korean 53%, Chinese 51%, Filipino 47%, Japanese 46%, Vietnamese 26%
Why do Asian Americans stress the importance of education?
Asian Americans stress education in order to shield themselves from racial discrimination.
What is the essence of Cornel West’s point on how to engage in a serious discussion of race in America?
“To engage in a serious discussion of race in America, we must begin with the flaws of American society – flaws rooted in historic inequalities and longstanding cultural stereotypes.”
What was the immigration’s contribution to the U.S. population size between 1965 and 2015? What is the projected contribution of the immigration to the U.S. population size between 2015 and 2065? (See Overview and Chapter 2)
- new immigrants, their children and their grandchildren accounted for 55% of U.S. population growth. They added 72 million people to the nation’s population
- Between 2015 and 2065, they are projected to account for 88% of the U.S. population increase, or 103 million people, as the nation grows to 441 million.
What is currently the largest source region among recently arrived immigrants to the U.S.? (See Overview and Chapter 3)
Mexico
Understand how the immigrant groups from different regions (Europe, Asia, Africa, Latin America, Middle East) are viewed by Americans. (Overview and Chapter 4)
Americans’ views of immigrants differ widely depending on their region of origin, with immigrants from Asia and Europe seen more positively than those from Latin America, the Middle East and Africa.
Concentration
One of the Four Patterns of Immigrant Settlement
70% of all foreign-born population in the U.S. are residing in 6 states (CA, NY, TX, FL, NJ, IL).
Diffusion
One of the Four Patterns of Immigrant Settlement
Since the 1990s, more immigrants moved to the states, such as North Carolina, Kansas, Nebraska, etc. (Due to job opportunity)
Uneven Settlement
One of the Four Patterns of Immigrant Settlement
Within each state, immigrants tend to settle in specific localities.
1839
Ohio (1st state-level bilingual ed.): English-German
1847
Louisiana: English-French
1850s
New Mexico Territory: English-Spanish
Many local-level bilingual education programs emerged
1910s
Anti-Bilingual education (as part of the Americanization Movement)
1968
- Bilingual Education Act
- As part of equal educational opportunity act, this required schools to offer special English instruction to ELL students While they learn subjects in their native languages
1974
Lau v. Nichols (u.s. Supreme court) submersion is unconstitutional. [but the court did not specify what needs to be done]
1970s - 1980s
school districts implemented different types of bilingual education
1990s
heighten criticism against bilingual education
1998
- proposition 227 (California)
- 61% voted for it
- All children in California will be taught only in English
- ELL students will be placed in one-year immersion programs
2000 and 2002
Arizona (2000) and Massachusetts (2002) passed a similar proposition
2009
- Horne v Flores ( U.S. Supreme Court)
- This decision affirmed “immersion” as an effective strategy, thus transitional or maintenance types were not to be used
it required the employers to verify the statuses of new employees, and if they knowingly hired undocumented immigrants, they would be punished
immigration reform and control act of 1986
it mandated the deportation of immigrants convicted of drug offence
immigration act of 1996
it created a category of “diversity immigration” to give preference to immigrants from Europe
immigration act of 1990
it increased the annual maximum of immigration to 700,000
immigration act of 1990
it created an agribusiness guest worker program that was similar to the Braceros program
immigration reform and control act of 1986
which of the following is among the characteristics of immigration?
b. recent immigrants tend to be either those who are highly skilled and well-educated, or those who are poor and uneducated
which of the following is one of the six states that collectively absorb 70% of newly arriving immigrants today?
new jersey
if Prop. 187 passed in California were implemented, all of the following would take place EXCEPT:
english is the only language that can be displayed publicly
asian indians tend to assimilate into the high-tech affluent sector of the U.S., while the mexicans tend to assimilate into the low-skill, less affluent sector. This pattern of assimilation is sociologically called:
segmented assimilation
the first state level bilingual education was implemented in 1839? what language was it and where did it take place?
german-english bilingual education in ohio
which of the following captures the essence of the U.S. Supreme Court decision of Lau v. Nichols?
submersion is unconstitutional
which state passed the immigration bill that requires public schools to determine the immigration status of all students?
Alabama
in the video “farmingville,” which is the main topic of local contention?
whether the community should establish a day laborer hiring site
which two industries have been dominant in the chinese ethnic enclave?
restaurant and garment industries
according to Vivian Louie, what conditions do Asian Americans emphasize in order to rationalize how they “ended up” at Hunter College?
A lack of parental resources due to parents’ limited english fluency and long work hours, which was not conductive to academic success
according to vivian louie, asian american students in higher education tend to major in so called “Asian fields.” Which of the following is an example of asian fields?
engineering
What is the essence of cornel west’s message about how to engage in a serious discussion of race in america?
to engage in a serious discussion we must not focus on the problem of black people. we must focus on the flaws rooted in historic inequalities and long standing cultural stereotypes
An educational program, in which students learn subjects in their native languages while they study english as a second language is called ___________
transitional bilingual education
if assimilation into American culture occurs at approximately the same speed and extent across generations in an immigrant family, it will be sociologically called “ ________ acculturation”
consonant
