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Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

certain people experience degradation due to political, economic, or social realities

A

oppression

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2
Q

This framework describes the ways in which different types of oppression (e.g., racism, classism, homophobia, transphobia, ableism, sexism) are interconnected and, therefore, cannot be examined separately

A

intersectionality

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3
Q

different types of feminism

A

Liberal, Radical, Socialist, Cultural, Women of Color, Queer, Post-Colonial

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4
Q

First wave

A
  • 1848 at the Seneca Falls Convention
  • they didn’t have legal authority over their children, and they weren’t allowed to own land, keep their wages, or refuse to have sex with their husbands. The top priority, though, was gaining women’s right to vote—something that didn’t happen until 1920, when the 19th Amendment was passed.
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5
Q

Second wave

A
  • 1960s
  • feminists were primarily interested in changing the day-to-day lives of women, including creating more equitable access to the paid labor force and re-defining a woman’s role as wife and mother
  • Miss America pageant
  • red stockings, “freedom trash can”
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6
Q

Third wave

A
  • mid-1990s
  • a struggle to change mainstream ideas of feminism by rejecting the idea that everyone’s experience of being a woman is the same
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7
Q

Fourth wave

A
  • feminists have been active even when there has been no definable wave. Some would say we’re currently in a retraction between waves; others claim we’re in a fourth wave characterized by more sophisticated use of social media to promote activism
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8
Q

Liberal feminism

A

a form of feminism that focuses on the similarities between women and men and on using government policies to eliminate barriers that keep women from achieving their potential.

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9
Q

Radical feminism

A

claims that it’s naïve to think that women and men can become equal through attaining legal rights. Therefore, radical feminists advocate for separatism. They believe that the unjust treatment of women is the most fundamental and widespread form of oppression

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10
Q

Socialist feminism

A

links gender oppression with capitalism, an economic system in which power is constructed through work and production

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11
Q

Cultural feminism

A

a perspective that focuses on the differences between women and men and views women’s inequality as related to a lack of value placed on the unique experiences, perspectives, and qualities of women

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12
Q

Women of Color feminism

A

sees women’s inequality as deeply linked to White supremacy, a form of racism in which White people are considered superior to people of color

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13
Q

Queer feminism

A

claims that inequality is related to the ways in which the categories of woman and man have been constructed, studied, and used to organize society

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14
Q

Post-colonial feminism

A

connects women’s inequality to the legacy of colonialism and critiques the belief that women in Western countries are the most liberated in the world

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15
Q

a social system in which men hold positions of authority and power, is so normative that, according to radical feminism, most people see men’s authority as natural and inevitable.

A

Patriarchy

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16
Q

the idea that women and men are fundamentally different because of deep and unchanging properties that are generally due to biology or genetics.

A

Gender essentialism

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17
Q

a person’s sense of self, which is based on that individual’s affiliations with different social groups

A

Social identity

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18
Q

the idea that people are ranked in a hierarchy such that some people and groups have more power and status than others.

A

Social stratification

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19
Q

a negative attitude toward someone because of their actual or perceived membership in a certain social group.

A

Prejudice

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20
Q

a form of prejudice that occurs when someone is treated unfairly because of actual or perceived membership in a social group that is less powerful than the dominant group.

A

Discrimination

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21
Q

a set of beliefs about the characteristics of a particular group that are generalized to all members of that group

A

stereotype

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22
Q

consists of negative and derogatory beliefs about girls and women.

A

hostile sexism

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23
Q

takes a positive spin, suggesting that girls and women should be treated differently than men because they are special and worthy of being cherished and in need of protection.

A

benevolent sexism

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24
Q

dislike of, contempt for, or ingrained prejudice against Black women.

A

misogynoir

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25
Q

Claiming that there are fixed, biologically based differences between women and men as a means to justify or reinforce gender stereotypes

A

neurosexism

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26
Q

the strategic support of gender essentialism to promote social change to address causes that affect many women (e.g., spaces for breast feeding, workplace policies on family leave)

A

strategic essentialism

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27
Q

the brain’s ability to change in response to aspects of the environment and learning experiences

A

plasticity

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28
Q

emphasizes how gender roles are responses to, rather than causes of, different roles in society

A

social role theory

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29
Q

feeling a match btw one’s assigned sex/gender at birth & current gender identity

A

cisgender

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30
Q
  • may have a vagina formed from tissue that was once a penis and to maintain, need regular dilation; if no penetration desired, - may remove penis, create clitoris w/o forming vagina
    augmentation mammoplasty for breasts may not be needed if hormonally managed
A

transwoman

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31
Q
  • may have clitoris released or neophallus created, may use pump to allow penetration.
  • may have a mastectomy, chest re-contouring.
A

transman

32
Q

unique form of sexism leveled at trans women (Serano)

A

transmisogyny

33
Q

whether one feels like a woman, man, or non-binary person

A

gender identity

34
Q

do not conform to societal expectations for the sex they were assigned at birth

A

gender expression

35
Q

can be experienced by people with other marginalized identities

A

stigma awareness

36
Q
  • a term that describes a wide variety of conditions in which a person’s body isn’t sex typical
  • The term _______ is more widely used, but leaders in the medical community decided to replace _______ with _____________________
A

intersex/disorder of sex development (DSD)

37
Q

a process of dehumanization that occurs when medical providers treat a person’s body separate from that person’s sense of self.

A

medical gaze

38
Q

internalizing the social expectations & attitudes associated with one’s gender

A

gender socialization

39
Q

children’s look for clues about how to behave, integrate this info into own understandings of how people, including self, “should” act

A

self-socialization

40
Q

saying whether someone is female or male

A

gender labeling

41
Q

understanding gender doesn’t change despite changes in physical appearance (e.g., short hair cut, jewelry, etc.)

A

gender constancy

42
Q

social construction theories emphasize the concept of _____________ (i.e., performing or enacting behaviors associated with a specific gender in day-to-day life) rather than having a gender

A

doing gender

43
Q
  • children tend to separate by gender
  • may be partly due to gender-typed play
    most spend 10% of their time w/ other-gender peers
  • The more time spent in gender segregated groups, the more gender-typed behavior becomes.
  • gender-variant children may be left out
A

gender segregation

44
Q

activities reinforcing spaces separating girls and boys, such as teasing about cooties or playing catch

A

border walk

45
Q

the ways the school environment indirectly teaches norms, beliefs, and values

A

hidden curriculum

46
Q

strict gender typing, and a sense of inflexibility in terms of what girls and boys are supposed to do

A

gender rigidity

47
Q

girls and boys start to more rigidly enact their gender roles.

A

gender intensification

48
Q

refers to the process whereby lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) persons internalize societal messages toward gender and sex as part of their self-image

A

internalized homonegativity

49
Q

viewing a person as an object to be seen (rather than as a human with interiority)

A

objectification

50
Q

Women are commonly objectified through the _________ and via media images emphasizing women’s bodies.

A

male gaze

51
Q

the objectifying gaze is turned to self, evaluated in terms of societal beauty standards

A

self-objectification

52
Q

girls and women being dissatisfied with their bodies

A

normative discontent

53
Q

shared standards for attractiveness held by members of a given social group.

A

beauty norms

54
Q

preference for lighter skin closer to “White” skin.

A

colorism

55
Q

The degree to which people view their bodies positively

A

body esteem

56
Q
  • Talk negatively about their bodies, may elicit compliments
  • Associated w/ body dissatisfaction
A

fat talk

57
Q

the process of checking one’s appearance against cultural beauty standards and the actual appearance of others

A

social comparison

58
Q

taking an observer’s perspective on one’s own body

A

body surveillance

59
Q

feeling persistent negative emotions as a result of judging one’s body as undesirable

A

body shame

60
Q

What is intersectionality? Why is an intersectional perspective needed when studying the psychology of women and gender? Give a specific example of how intersectionality may affect people who have multiple converging social identities but at least one divergent identity. For example, you could describe the different lived experiences or experiences of oppression faced by two young cis women with the same sexual orientation but different racial/ethnic identities. Your specific examples can be based on yourself, people you know personally, or people you know of (including fictional characters or famous
celebrities)

A

note book

61
Q
A
62
Q

Define gender-fair language and explain why it is important. Be able to provide examples of such language. Be able to revise sexist language by offering understandable alternative terms.

A

note book

63
Q

Suppose you read a magazine article about how women and men show differences in moral reasoning. On average, women score a 79, whereas men score a 72. The researchers conclude that women are moral and men are not. What are at least three questions that could be asked about how universal or pervasive this difference truly is? Why is each of these questions important to consider?

A

note book

64
Q

Consider the research presented on common biases that parents exhibit toward young children. Based on this research, be able to offer at least three pieces of specific advice to help parents identify and prevent engaging in potential gender-related biases that affect children’s gender socialization.

A

note book

65
Q

A mother who is parenting a young preteen daughter asks you, a college student, for advice. She wants to help her daughter combat unhealthy messages about beauty that might decrease her sense of self- worth. Based on what you know about the tripartite model of social influence, offer at least three specific pieces of parenting advice and a rationale for each.

A

note book

66
Q

Identify the four “waves” of feminism, be familiar with events from each wave, and differentiate between the branches of feminism.

A

notebook

67
Q

Describe the rationale for post-feminism as well as the consequences of post-feminism and not identifying as a feminist.

A

A defining feature of post-feminism is the idea that the women’s movement has reached its goals and, therefore, feminism is no longer needed. Feminists disagree with this belief.

68
Q

Identify why a member of certain social groups or minorities may be reluctant to identify as a feminist. Describe why womanism is a more relevant perspective of feminism, especially for some women of color.

A

term womanist, an identity label that stems from the experiences of Black women and other women of color. The term encompasses feminism, but it also differs because it doesn’t prioritize sexism over other forms of oppression
women of color are more likely to identify with womanist beliefs rather than those associated with different types of feminism. Several researchers have found that, among women of color, holding womanist beliefs was associated with higher self-esteem

69
Q

Describe how feminists have challenged the production and interpretation of knowledge, including how feminist epistemologies inform the practice of psychology.

A
  • One principle of feminist epistemology is that norms are inherently biased. Another principle is the idea of situated knowledge, which has the context of the life experiences of the person who acquires the information.
70
Q

Identify mechanisms by which people with a dominant status maintain their power and analyze why it is difficult to notice one’s own privilege. Know the following terms: scapegoating, matrix of domination, conferred dominance, legitimizing myths

A
  • scapegoating: Blaming a person or a group for things that are not their fault.
  • matrix of domination: The idea that all systems of bias (e.g., racism, homophobia, sexism) stem from the same systems of social stratification.
  • is conferred dominance, in which one group (e.g., men) is socially assumed to have more authority or power over another group
  • legitimizing myths: Attitudes, values, or beliefs that exist to justify social hierarchies.
71
Q

Describe the two types of sexism (hostile and benevolent) and explain how they work together to maintain gender hierarchies

A
72
Q

Explain how language is used to maintain gender hierarchies, and know the following terms: binomial pair, unmarked word, gender fair, name shifting, degrading language

A
  • binomial pair, a two-word expression in which the word order is fixed and unchangeable
  • Unmarked words tend to be used as the generic. For example, the unmarked word lion can describe a male or female lion. The word lioness, however, only refers to a female lion. The female version is a marked word and can’t be used to describe a male.
  • Name shifting is A strategy by which some individuals (usually women) use their surname in some situations (e.g., professional settings) and their spouse’s name in other settings (e.g., familial situations).
  • degrading language is like mean slang words towards someone
73
Q

Know and be able to apply the four questions that should be asked when studying sex/gender differences, including the role of other identities or qualities, the role of contexts, the difference between categorical and dimensional differences, and the sources of difference.

A
  1. Does everyone show this difference?
  2. Does the difference change in different contexts?
  3. Is the difference categorical or dimensional?
  4. What is the source of the difference?
  • categorical (women are one way, men are another way)
  • dimensional (any differences between women and men are a matter of degree)
  • sources of difference (different array of variables across various social identites)
74
Q

Asexual

A

A term used to describe someone who does not experience sexual attraction toward individuals of any gender.

75
Q

Aromantic

A

little or no romantic attraction to others.

76
Q

Bisexual

A

romantic or sexual attraction to both males and females, to more than one gender, or attraction to both people of the same gender and different genders.

77
Q

Biromantic

A

having the capacity to be romantically attracted to people from more than one gender group.

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