Midterm

Question 1

certain people experience degradation due to political, economic, or social realities

Answer 1

oppression

Question 2

This framework describes the ways in which different types of oppression (e.g., racism, classism, homophobia, transphobia, ableism, sexism) are interconnected and, therefore, cannot be examined separately

Answer 2

intersectionality

Question 3

different types of feminism

Answer 3

Liberal, Radical, Socialist, Cultural, Women of Color, Queer, Post-Colonial

Question 4

First wave

Answer 4

• 1848 at the Seneca Falls Convention
• they didn’t have legal authority over their children, and they weren’t allowed to own land, keep their wages, or refuse to have sex with their husbands. The top priority, though, was gaining women’s right to vote—something that didn’t happen until 1920, when the 19th Amendment was passed.

Question 5

Second wave

Answer 5

• 1960s
• feminists were primarily interested in changing the day-to-day lives of women, including creating more equitable access to the paid labor force and re-defining a woman’s role as wife and mother
• Miss America pageant
• red stockings, “freedom trash can”

Question 6

Third wave

Answer 6

• mid-1990s
• a struggle to change mainstream ideas of feminism by rejecting the idea that everyone’s experience of being a woman is the same

Question 7

Fourth wave

Answer 7

• feminists have been active even when there has been no definable wave. Some would say we’re currently in a retraction between waves; others claim we’re in a fourth wave characterized by more sophisticated use of social media to promote activism

Question 8

Liberal feminism

Answer 8

a form of feminism that focuses on the similarities between women and men and on using government policies to eliminate barriers that keep women from achieving their potential.

Question 9

Radical feminism

Answer 9

claims that it’s naïve to think that women and men can become equal through attaining legal rights. Therefore, radical feminists advocate for separatism. They believe that the unjust treatment of women is the most fundamental and widespread form of oppression

Question 10

Socialist feminism

Answer 10

links gender oppression with capitalism, an economic system in which power is constructed through work and production

Question 11

Cultural feminism

Answer 11

a perspective that focuses on the differences between women and men and views women’s inequality as related to a lack of value placed on the unique experiences, perspectives, and qualities of women

Question 12

Women of Color feminism

Answer 12

sees women’s inequality as deeply linked to White supremacy, a form of racism in which White people are considered superior to people of color

Question 13

Queer feminism

Answer 13

claims that inequality is related to the ways in which the categories of woman and man have been constructed, studied, and used to organize society

Question 14

Post-colonial feminism

Answer 14

connects women’s inequality to the legacy of colonialism and critiques the belief that women in Western countries are the most liberated in the world

Question 15

a social system in which men hold positions of authority and power, is so normative that, according to radical feminism, most people see men’s authority as natural and inevitable.

Answer 15

Patriarchy

Question 16

the idea that women and men are fundamentally different because of deep and unchanging properties that are generally due to biology or genetics.

Answer 16

Gender essentialism

Question 17

a person’s sense of self, which is based on that individual’s affiliations with different social groups

Answer 17

Social identity

Question 18

the idea that people are ranked in a hierarchy such that some people and groups have more power and status than others.

Answer 18

Social stratification

Question 19

a negative attitude toward someone because of their actual or perceived membership in a certain social group.

Answer 19

Prejudice

Question 20

a form of prejudice that occurs when someone is treated unfairly because of actual or perceived membership in a social group that is less powerful than the dominant group.

Answer 20

Discrimination

Question 21

a set of beliefs about the characteristics of a particular group that are generalized to all members of that group

Answer 21

stereotype

Question 22

consists of negative and derogatory beliefs about girls and women.

Answer 22

hostile sexism

Question 23

takes a positive spin, suggesting that girls and women should be treated differently than men because they are special and worthy of being cherished and in need of protection.

Answer 23

benevolent sexism

Question 24

dislike of, contempt for, or ingrained prejudice against Black women.

Answer 24

misogynoir

Question 25

Claiming that there are fixed, biologically based differences between women and men as a means to justify or reinforce gender stereotypes

Answer 25

neurosexism

Question 26

the strategic support of gender essentialism to promote social change to address causes that affect many women (e.g., spaces for breast feeding, workplace policies on family leave)

Answer 26

strategic essentialism

Question 27

the brain’s ability to change in response to aspects of the environment and learning experiences

Answer 27

plasticity

Question 28

emphasizes how gender roles are responses to, rather than causes of, different roles in society

Answer 28

social role theory

Question 29

feeling a match btw one’s assigned sex/gender at birth & current gender identity

Answer 29

cisgender

Question 30

- may have a vagina formed from tissue that was once a penis and to maintain, need regular dilation; if no penetration desired, - may remove penis, create clitoris w/o forming vagina augmentation mammoplasty for breasts may not be needed if hormonally managed

Answer 30

transwoman

Question 31

- may have clitoris released or neophallus created, may use pump to allow penetration. - may have a mastectomy, chest re-contouring.

Answer 31

transman

Question 32

unique form of sexism leveled at trans women (Serano)

Answer 32

transmisogyny

Question 33

whether one feels like a woman, man, or non-binary person

Answer 33

gender identity

Question 34

do not conform to societal expectations for the sex they were assigned at birth

Answer 34

gender expression

Question 35

can be experienced by people with other marginalized identities

Answer 35

stigma awareness

Question 36

- a term that describes a wide variety of conditions in which a person’s body isn’t sex typical - The term _______ is more widely used, but leaders in the medical community decided to replace _______ with _____________________

Answer 36

intersex/disorder of sex development (DSD)

Question 37

a process of dehumanization that occurs when medical providers treat a person’s body separate from that person’s sense of self.

Answer 37

medical gaze

Question 38

internalizing the social expectations & attitudes associated with one’s gender

Answer 38

gender socialization

Question 39

children’s look for clues about how to behave, integrate this info into own understandings of how people, including self, “should” act

Answer 39

self-socialization

Question 40

saying whether someone is female or male

Answer 40

gender labeling

Question 41

understanding gender doesn’t change despite changes in physical appearance (e.g., short hair cut, jewelry, etc.)

Answer 41

gender constancy

Question 42

social construction theories emphasize the concept of _____________ (i.e., performing or enacting behaviors associated with a specific gender in day-to-day life) rather than having a gender

Answer 42

doing gender

Question 43

- children tend to separate by gender - may be partly due to gender-typed play most spend 10% of their time w/ other-gender peers - The more time spent in gender segregated groups, the more gender-typed behavior becomes. - gender-variant children may be left out

Answer 43

gender segregation

Question 44

activities reinforcing spaces separating girls and boys, such as teasing about cooties or playing catch

Answer 44

border walk

Question 45

the ways the school environment indirectly teaches norms, beliefs, and values

Answer 45

hidden curriculum

Question 46

strict gender typing, and a sense of inflexibility in terms of what girls and boys are supposed to do

Answer 46

gender rigidity

Question 47

girls and boys start to more rigidly enact their gender roles.

Answer 47

gender intensification

Question 48

refers to the process whereby lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) persons internalize societal messages toward gender and sex as part of their self-image

Answer 48

internalized homonegativity

Question 49

viewing a person as an object to be seen (rather than as a human with interiority)

Answer 49

objectification

Question 50

Women are commonly objectified through the _________ and via media images emphasizing women’s bodies.

Answer 50

male gaze

Question 51

the objectifying gaze is turned to self, evaluated in terms of societal beauty standards

Answer 51

self-objectification

Question 52

girls and women being dissatisfied with their bodies

Answer 52

normative discontent

Question 53

shared standards for attractiveness held by members of a given social group.

Answer 53

beauty norms

Question 54

preference for lighter skin closer to “White” skin.

Answer 54

colorism

Question 55

The degree to which people view their bodies positively

Answer 55

body esteem

Question 56

- Talk negatively about their bodies, may elicit compliments - Associated w/ body dissatisfaction

Answer 56

fat talk

Question 57

the process of checking one’s appearance against cultural beauty standards and the actual appearance of others

Answer 57

social comparison

Question 58

taking an observer’s perspective on one’s own body

Answer 58

body surveillance

Question 59

feeling persistent negative emotions as a result of judging one’s body as undesirable

Answer 59

body shame

Question 60

What is intersectionality? Why is an intersectional perspective needed when studying the psychology of women and gender? Give a specific example of how intersectionality may affect people who have multiple converging social identities but at least one divergent identity. For example, you could describe the different lived experiences or experiences of oppression faced by two young cis women with the same sexual orientation but different racial/ethnic identities. Your specific examples can be based on yourself, people you know personally, or people you know of (including fictional characters or famous celebrities)

Answer 60

note book

Question 62

Define gender-fair language and explain why it is important. Be able to provide examples of such language. Be able to revise sexist language by offering understandable alternative terms.

Answer 62

note book

Question 63

Suppose you read a magazine article about how women and men show differences in moral reasoning. On average, women score a 79, whereas men score a 72. The researchers conclude that women are moral and men are not. What are at least three questions that could be asked about how universal or pervasive this difference truly is? Why is each of these questions important to consider?

Answer 63

note book

Question 64

Consider the research presented on common biases that parents exhibit toward young children. Based on this research, be able to offer at least three pieces of specific advice to help parents identify and prevent engaging in potential gender-related biases that affect children’s gender socialization.

Answer 64

note book

Question 65

A mother who is parenting a young preteen daughter asks you, a college student, for advice. She wants to help her daughter combat unhealthy messages about beauty that might decrease her sense of self- worth. Based on what you know about the tripartite model of social influence, offer at least three specific pieces of parenting advice and a rationale for each.

Answer 65

note book

Question 66

Identify the four “waves” of feminism, be familiar with events from each wave, and differentiate between the branches of feminism.

Answer 66

notebook

Question 67

Describe the rationale for post-feminism as well as the consequences of post-feminism and not identifying as a feminist.

Answer 67

A defining feature of post-feminism is the idea that the women’s movement has reached its goals and, therefore, feminism is no longer needed. Feminists disagree with this belief.

Question 68

Identify why a member of certain social groups or minorities may be reluctant to identify as a feminist. Describe why womanism is a more relevant perspective of feminism, especially for some women of color.

Answer 68

term womanist, an identity label that stems from the experiences of Black women and other women of color. The term encompasses feminism, but it also differs because it doesn’t prioritize sexism over other forms of oppression women of color are more likely to identify with womanist beliefs rather than those associated with different types of feminism. Several researchers have found that, among women of color, holding womanist beliefs was associated with higher self-esteem

Question 69

Describe how feminists have challenged the production and interpretation of knowledge, including how feminist epistemologies inform the practice of psychology.

Answer 69

- One principle of feminist epistemology is that norms are inherently biased. Another principle is the idea of situated knowledge, which has the context of the life experiences of the person who acquires the information.

Question 70

Identify mechanisms by which people with a dominant status maintain their power and analyze why it is difficult to notice one’s own privilege. Know the following terms: scapegoating, matrix of domination, conferred dominance, legitimizing myths

Answer 70

- scapegoating: Blaming a person or a group for things that are not their fault. - matrix of domination: The idea that all systems of bias (e.g., racism, homophobia, sexism) stem from the same systems of social stratification. - is conferred dominance, in which one group (e.g., men) is socially assumed to have more authority or power over another group - legitimizing myths: Attitudes, values, or beliefs that exist to justify social hierarchies.

Question 71

Describe the two types of sexism (hostile and benevolent) and explain how they work together to maintain gender hierarchies

Question 72

Explain how language is used to maintain gender hierarchies, and know the following terms: binomial pair, unmarked word, gender fair, name shifting, degrading language

Answer 72

- binomial pair, a two-word expression in which the word order is fixed and unchangeable - Unmarked words tend to be used as the generic. For example, the unmarked word lion can describe a male or female lion. The word lioness, however, only refers to a female lion. The female version is a marked word and can’t be used to describe a male. - Name shifting is A strategy by which some individuals (usually women) use their surname in some situations (e.g., professional settings) and their spouse’s name in other settings (e.g., familial situations). - degrading language is like mean slang words towards someone

Question 73

Know and be able to apply the four questions that should be asked when studying sex/gender differences, including the role of other identities or qualities, the role of contexts, the difference between categorical and dimensional differences, and the sources of difference.

Answer 73

1. Does everyone show this difference? 2. Does the difference change in different contexts? 3. Is the difference categorical or dimensional? 4. What is the source of the difference? - categorical (women are one way, men are another way) - dimensional (any differences between women and men are a matter of degree) - sources of difference (different array of variables across various social identites)

Question 74

Asexual

Answer 74

A term used to describe someone who does not experience sexual attraction toward individuals of any gender.

Question 75

Aromantic

Answer 75

little or no romantic attraction to others.

Question 76

Bisexual

Answer 76

romantic or sexual attraction to both males and females, to more than one gender, or attraction to both people of the same gender and different genders.

Question 77

Biromantic

Answer 77

having the capacity to be romantically attracted to people from more than one gender group.