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MCAT 1 > Sociology I > Flashcards

Sociology I Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

getting a divorce

A

role exit

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2
Q

organizations

A

group entities organized and defined by a specific purpose

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3
Q

social group

A

two+ people who interact with one another, share similar characteristics, and feel a sense of unity

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4
Q

differential association theory

A

deviant behavior learned through interaction with others, especially with criminal behavior

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5
Q

altruism

A

behavior by an individual or group that benefits another at the expense of its own group

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6
Q

social construction model of expressing and detecting emotion

A

emotional responses are not biologically predetermined and is entirely based on experience and context

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7
Q

formal social control

A

laws, sanctions, regulations enforced by an authority figure

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8
Q

out-group stereotyping

A

group members view those outside of the group as biased, ignorant, or morally inferior

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9
Q

complex task

A

one which is still new or difficult

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10
Q

individualistic

A

more prone to fundamental attribution error

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11
Q

network

A

established pattern of social relationships between individuals

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12
Q

hidden cirriculum

A

unofficial social norms taught at school

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13
Q

altering behavior when asked

A

compliance

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14
Q

dyad

A

smallest possible group, tend to be emotionally unstable, less likely to survive

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15
Q

agression

A

behavior intended to injure, harm, intimidate, or inflict pain upon another

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16
Q

norms

A

rules and expectations by which members of society are expected to follow

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17
Q

what type of communication is tone?

A

non-verbal

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18
Q

groups inherent morality

A

group setting fosters a belief that the groups’ actions are above moral reproach

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19
Q

mass hysteria

A

spontaneous, socially contagious, irrational behavior of a group of people in response to an event

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20
Q

back stage

A

rehearsing, regrouping, rejuvenating

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21
Q

does performance decline more steeply with high arousal on a simple or complex task?

A

complex

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22
Q

deviance plays a positive role in initiating social change

A

functional theory

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23
Q

retreatism

A

individual rejects societies’ goals as well as the conventional means to achieve goals

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24
Q

stigma

A

extreme dislike or negativity towards a person or group based on perceived defiance

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25
Q

attribute substitution

A

when faced with a complex mental task or judgment, tend to sub the actual situation with a simpler one

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26
Q

self-censorship

A

individuals who may doubt the group do not voice their concerns to the group

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27
Q

status

A

one’s hierarchical position in society

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28
Q

reliance on central traits

A

tendency to organize the perception of others based on traits and personal characteristics of the target most important to the perceiver

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29
Q

identification

A

process of incorporating the characteristics of a parent or other influential person by adopting their appearance, attitudes, behaviors

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30
Q

social perception

A

how we perceive others, form impressions of them, and make judgements about them

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31
Q

polygyny

A

one man and multiple women

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32
Q

secondary social group

A

short-lived, superficial bonds

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33
Q

polyandry

A

one woman and multiple men

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34
Q

role conflict

A

clash between roles associated with two or more statuses

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35
Q

one silent, one betrays in prisoner’s dilemma

A

betrayer goes free, silent serves longest sentence

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36
Q

simultaneous move

A

players act at the same time or in a way that make it impossible for one to know how the other acted

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37
Q

social loafing

A

phenomenon of a person exerting less effect to achieve a goal when they work in a group than when they work alone

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38
Q

interpersonal attraction

A

we like people because of similarities, complimentary differences, reciprocity, physical appearance, proximity

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39
Q

primary group

A

small group of members who share an intense, intimate bond that is long lasting and influential

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40
Q

sequential move

A

moves are made in order with later players having some knowledge of the previous players’ actions

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41
Q

situational attributions

A

explaining behavior as a function of context and circumstances under which behavior occurred

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42
Q

cultural relativism

A

an individual persons’ beliefs and activities should be understood by others in terms of that individuals own culture

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43
Q

McDonaldization

A

tendency of large organizations to standardize operations to achieve consistency and efficiency though sometimes nonsensical

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44
Q

social control

A

societal or political mechanisms used to regulate the behavior of individuals to ensure conformity and compliance to the established rules of that group

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45
Q

5 mechanisms for choosing a mate

A 
direct phenotypic benefits 
sensory bias 
fisherian runaway hypothesis 
indicator traits 
genetic compatibility
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46
Q

fischerian runaway hypothesis

A

male ornamentation

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47
Q

iron law of oligarchy

A

any large organization would develop a system of governance in which many people come under the control of a few

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48
Q

moral actions are eventually rewarded and evil actions are eventually punished

A

just world hypothesis

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49
Q

attribution

A

the tendency to infer that the behavior we observe in other can be attributed to specific causes

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50
Q

verbal communication

A

language

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51
Q

folkways

A

rules for casual social interaction

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52
Q

a student who is also married

A

role conflict

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53
Q

conformity

A

behavior in accordance with socially accepted conventions or standards

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54
Q

role of cognition

A

refers to what a person actually thinks rather than what they feel or do

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55
Q

taboos

A

most morally significant custom forbidding discussion of or participation in a particular practice

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56
Q

peer pressure

A

social influence exerted on an individual by a peer or a peer group

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57
Q

self-fulfilling prophecy

A

false yet highly held belief or prediction about an individual or group that is accepted as true
false beliefs elicit behaviors to match eventually causing what was originally false to be perceived as true

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58
Q

game theory

A

perspective that view social or group behavior as a game with players, winners, losers, prizes

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59
Q

non-verbal communication

A

eye contact, gestures, body language

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60
Q

rebellion

A

rejects the goals and means and forms a counterculture to support actions

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61
Q

group rationalization

A

group members do not question assumptions that are being made and ignore warnings that might deter them from the present course of action

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62
Q

stereotype threat

A

anxiety experienced by the target of a negative stereotype causing behavior to be interpreted as confirmation of the negative stereotype

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63
Q

illusion of invulnerability

A

group setting provides a heightened sense of optimism that can lead to riskier behaviors

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64
Q

socialization

A

lifelong process by which an individual acquires the habits, norms, and beliefs of society

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65
Q

appraisal model of expressing and detecting emotion

A

biologically programmed emotional response but the emotional response results from cognitive appraisals

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66
Q

out group

A

social groups that individuals feel competition or conflict towards

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67
Q

favoring of a child

A

role strain

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68
Q

both silent in prisoner’s dilemma

A

shortest sentence

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69
Q

Simple task

A

one which one is already proficient

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70
Q

agents of socialization

A

institutions or groups in society that play a definitive role in socialization

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71
Q

stereotyping

A

to view one as an oversimplified image of it

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72
Q

role

A

a set of expectations and norms that define how a person of a given status should behave

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73
Q

in group

A

social groups that members feel an affinity for or loyalty to

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74
Q

social support

A

support provided to an individual by a social group or network

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75
Q

monogamy

A

one spouse per person

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76
Q

That the probability of help is inversely related to the number of people around illustrates what concept?

A

bystander effect

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77
Q

prejudice verus discrimination

A

attitude versus behavior

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78
Q

ethnocentrism

A

judging another culture solely on the values of ones own culture

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79
Q

prisoner’s dilemma

A

self-interest causes a worse outcome for each than working together but risk betrayal

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80
Q

secondary socialization

A

process of learning the appropriate behavior as a member of a smaller group within society

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81
Q

seven characteristics of bureaucracy

A 
formal hierarchal structure
management by rules
organized by functional specialty 
up focused or in focused mission 
purposely impersonal 
employment based on qualifications
increasing staff
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82
Q

not drinking and driving

A

a more

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83
Q

self-serving bias

A

tendency to attribute positive events to their own character but attribute negative events to external factors

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84
Q

group size

A

increasing numbers increase anonymity and diffused responsibility

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85
Q

impression management

A

individuals attempt to shape, manipulate and manage how they are perceived by others

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86
Q

achieved status

A

earned through a personal effort or achievement

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87
Q

hawk-dove

A

beneficial for both players to yield but choice depends on what the other does

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88
Q

examples of collectives

A

crowd

mass

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89
Q

strain theory

A

society actually promotes deviant behavior

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90
Q

confirmation bias

A

tendency to interpret information as confirmation of one’s existing beliefs or theories

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91
Q

altering behavior by an authority

A

obedience

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92
Q

deviance is relative

A

labeling theory

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93
Q

large group

A

stability increases with group size but intimacy and bonding decrease

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94
Q

halo effect

A

tendency for an impression created in one area to influence opinion in another

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95
Q

suppression of dissension

A

individuals in the group feel pressure not to voice disagreements with the group

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96
Q

ambivalent attachment

A

Childhood: caregiver inconsistent, child not comforted when caregiver returns to them, may avoid or refuse comfort

Adult: reluctant to form relationships, worry their partner doesn’t reciprocate their love, devastated by breakups

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97
Q

polygamy

A

two or more spouses per person

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98
Q

primary social group

A

long-lasting, close interactions, unlikely to dissolve

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99
Q

triad

A

addition of one person adds stability, disputes are often mediated by the third member

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100
Q

collectives

A

unplanned activity among a larger number of people that may result in social change

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101
Q

informal social control

A

socialization or any means used to encourage adherence to societal norms and values for acceptable behavior
(shame, ridicule, criticize)

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102
Q

collectivist

A

more prone to make situational attributions

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103
Q

front stage

A

preforming for an audience

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104
Q

altering behavior to fit a context

A

conformity

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105
Q

illusions of unanimity

A

group members believe that the view of the majority is held by everyone in the group

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106
Q

Yerkes-Dodson law

A

empirical relationship between arousal and performance in which performance increases with physical and mental arousal but only to a point after which the level of arousal becomes too high and performance decreases

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107
Q

zero sum game

A

one’s own gains are completely canceled out by another’s losses

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108
Q

deviance

A

departing from usual or accepted standards

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109
Q

mass

A

temporary groups of people who share common concerns or beliefs

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110
Q

ritualism

A

overall rejection of a cultural goal but rigidly adhering to the rules anyway

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111
Q

both betray in prisoner’s dilemma

A

medium sentence

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112
Q

avoidant attachment

A

Childhood: caregiver absent or unresponsive, child shows no preference to caregiver over strangers, avoids caregiver

Adult: problems with intimate relationships, do not invest emotionally into relationships, promiscuous sexual activity

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113
Q

mores

A

norms that have a great moral significance and are widely accepted by members of society

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114
Q

primacy/recency effect

A

when given a list to memorize, the first and last items are the most likely to be recalled

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115
Q

can altruism be selfish? why?

A

yes, for a net benefit

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116
Q

Bystander effect

A

individuals do not offer any means of help to a victim when others are present

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117
Q

prejudice

A

preconceived belief or judgement about a person or group developed prior to, or not based upon, actual experience or knowledge

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118
Q

fads

A

unconventional social patterns that are embraces briefly and enthusiastically by large groups

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119
Q

anomie

A

normlessness, a state of instability due to a lack of social norms or the breakdown of social standards or values

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120
Q

examples of agents of socialization

A 
family 
mass media 
peers
workplace
religion
school
government
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121
Q

mind guards

A

group members shield the group from any dissenting information

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122
Q

role exit

A

process by which people disengage from important social roles

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123
Q

labeling theory

A

symbiotic interactionists

deviance and conformity result from how others respond to one’s actions

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124
Q

self-presentation

A

how people display themselves to society

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125
Q

groups

A

two or more people interacting and identifying with one another

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126
Q

sanctions

A

consequences assigned by members of society as a result of a norm violation

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127
Q

non-zero sum game

A

one’s own gains are not direct losses by another

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128
Q

role of emotion

A

can exacerbate prejudice

tends to inhibit reasoned, factual judgment

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129
Q

ascribed status

A

assigned at birth or assumed based on race, lineage

out of ones control

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130
Q

groupthink

A

tendency of groups to make decisions that are incorrect or illogical based on a desire to maximize group consensus and minimize group conflict

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131
Q

basic model of expressing and detecting emotion

A

emotional expression is universal and is expressed similarly across cultures

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132
Q

physiological construction model of expressing and detecting emotion

A

takes physiological factors such as experience, mood, and language into account when seeing the wide array of emotional expressions

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133
Q

crowd

A

temporary collections of people in the same place at the same time

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134
Q

disorganized attachment

A

Childhood: caregiver inconsistent, erratic, potentially abusive, child displays a mixture of unclear attachment, may assume caregiver role

Adult: various outcomes, similar to avoidant

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135
Q

secondary group

A

large, impersonal group of members that exists for a short period of time

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136
Q

just-world hypothesis

A

assumption that a person’s actions are inherently inclined to bring about morally fair consequences

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137
Q

facing forward in an elevator

A

folkway

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138
Q

peer

A

another individual that is of the same age, status, or other measure of equality to oneself

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139
Q

anonymity

A

no one can be found out

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140
Q

riots

A

undirected, highly emotional social eruptions that result in violence, typically in response to a social injustice that a group finds highly undesirable

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141
Q

collective behavior

A

social processes or behavior by group-like entities called collectives that do not reflect stable social culture but emerge spontaneously

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142
Q

foraging

A

searching for wild food sources

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143
Q

are western cultures more prone to individualistic or collectivist errors

A

individualistic

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144
Q

dispositional attributions

A

explaining behavior as a function of personality

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145
Q

obedience

A

observance with an order, law or submission to another’s authory

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146
Q

role strain

A

stressed among the roles associated with one particular status

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147
Q

social dropout

A

retreatism

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148
Q

primary socialization

A

most influential type of socialization, the accepting and learning of a set of norms and values, usually initiated by the family

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149
Q

social facilitation

A

individuals preform better on simple tasks when they are being observed by others but preform more poorly on complex tasks when observed

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150
Q

compliance

A

the action of following a wish or command

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151
Q

asch conformity study

A

placed a person with 7 others (who were instructed to give wrong answers) and subject asked to answer questions with very obvious answers

showed that 75% of people conformed to the wrong answer at least once though less than 1% of control subjects got the answer wrong when not in the group situation

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152
Q

non-consensual sex

A

taboo

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153
Q

deindividuation

A

loss of self-awareness in groups and gain of social identity of the group

154
Q

group polarization

A

tendency of groups to make decisions more extreme than any individual would acting alone

155
Q

fundamental attribution error

A

more likely to make dispositional than situational attributions about an undesirable action

156
Q

diffused responsibility

A

no one can be held directly responsible

157
Q

is collective behavior normative or defiant?

A

neither

158
Q

what type of communication is braille?

A

verbal

159
Q

internalization

A

process by which an individual accepts as his own a set of norms established by people or groups which are influential to that individual

160
Q

functional theorists

A

deviance not necessarily negative and is necessary for social order because it helps clarify the boundaries of social norms

161
Q

secure attachment

A

Childhood: constant caregiver present, child seeks comfort from caregiver

Adult: trusting, lasting relationships, high self esteem, seek social support

162
Q

innovation

A

reject conventional means to achieve a culturally approved goal

163
Q

macrosociology

A

large groups and social institutions

164
Q

microsociology

A

small groups or individuals

165
Q

six major sociological theories

A 
fundamentalism
conflict theory
symbolic interactionism
social constructionism
exchange theory
rational choice theory
166
Q

functionalism

A

society is a complex system of interdependent institutions working together to promote stability

167
Q

family is an example of what sociological theory

A

functionalism

168
Q

religion is an example of what sociological theory

A

functionalism

169
Q

conflict theory

A

social life is characterized by inequality and competition for scarce resources resulting in levels of wealth/power/prestige

170
Q

education system is an example of what sociological theory

A

conflict theory

171
Q

symbolic interactionism

A

society is the product of everyday interaction between individuals

172
Q

teen smoking culture is an example of what sociological theory

A

symbolic interactionism

173
Q

social constructionism

A

study of human experience in everyday life and how individuals perceive, think, and talk about social life

174
Q

exchange theory

A

people act rationally to get what they need by exchanging good and service with others

175
Q

marriage and divorce is an example of what sociological theory

A

exchange theory

176
Q

quitting a job is an example of what sociological theory

A

exchange theory

177
Q

rational choice theory

A

all actions are fundamentally rational and people analyze the costs and benefits

178
Q

voting is an example of what sociological theory

A

rational choice theory

179
Q

hidden curriculum

A

transmission of norms, values, beliefs conveyed in the classroom and social environment

180
Q

teacher expectancy

A

publicized curriculum that defines what students are meant to learn and the impacts of a teacher’s expectations on student performance

181
Q

segregation

A

students tend to be segregated into groups or classes within a school based on race, socioeconomic class

182
Q

stratification

A

students tend to be separated into different classes or schools that have stratified curriculum of unequal difficulty

183
Q

kinship

A

recognition of relationships derived from descent/marriage

184
Q

primary kinship

A

person belonging to the same nuclear family as ego

185
Q

father/mother is an example of what kinship

A

primary

186
Q

secondary kinship

A

primary kin of ego’s primary kin

187
Q

grandparents are an example of what kinship

A

secondary

188
Q

tertiary kinship

A

primary kin of the secondary kin

189
Q

cousins are an example of what kinship

A

tertiary

190
Q

nuclear family

A

mother, father, children

191
Q

diverse family

A

single parents, same sex parents

192
Q

are families becoming more nuclear or diverse?

A

diverse

193
Q

are divorce rates increasing or decreasing?

A

increasing

194
Q

child abuse

A

parent abusing a child physically, sexually, emotionally, or by neglect

195
Q

elder abuse

A

any knowing, intentional, or negligent act by a caregiver that causes harm or serious risk of harm to a vulnerable adult

196
Q

spousal abuse

A

willful intimidation, physical assault, battery, sexual assault as a part of a systematic pattern of power and control by one intimate partner against another

197
Q

religion

A

formal beliefs, doctrines, values taught or associated with a specific church or group

198
Q

religiosity

A

broad term encompassing any guiding belief or behavior by an individual regarding ultimate or transcendent issues

199
Q

church

A

religious organization that is part of the larger society and characterized by formal worship and universal appeal

200
Q

sect

A

religious organization that stands apart from larger society and is characterized by emotionally charged convictions and no universal appeal

201
Q

cult

A

religious organization that stands apart from larger society in a way that is deviant

202
Q

modernization

A

societal transformation away from a traditional, rural society to a secular, urban, industrial society

203
Q

secularization

A

transformation away from close identification with religious values towards non-religious institutions

204
Q

fundamentalism

A

religious movement focused on returning to and preserving values and teachings

205
Q

what type of religious change is intolerant and may lead to extremism or even terrorism

A

fundamentalism

206
Q

power

A

ability to obtain one’s desires or goals, even in the force of opposition

207
Q

authority

A

the legitimate, approved use of power by a leader over persons who recognize or have granted that power to the leader

208
Q

capitalism

A

means of production are privately owned

1- private ownership of property
2- pursuit of personal profit
3- competition and consumer choice

209
Q

socialism

A

means of production are collectively held

1- collective ownership of property
2- pursuit of collective goals
3- government control of economy

210
Q

monarchy

A

a single family rules from generation to generation

211
Q

constitutional monarchy

A

royal figureheads and power vested in elected officials

212
Q

democracy

A

political system in which power is given to the people

213
Q

authoritarianism

A

political system that denied people participation in the government

214
Q

totalitarianism

A

most extreme type of authoritarianism that is highly centralized and extensively regulates people’s lives

215
Q

oligarchy

A

social system under control of a small elite

216
Q

why oligarchy?

A

people prefer others to make decisions for them, people in power stay in power

217
Q

plutocracy

A

social system in which the wealthy rule

218
Q

power by wealth

A

plutocracy

219
Q

egalitarianism

A

social system where equality of all people in political, economic, and social life exists

220
Q

division of labor

A

range of social tasks must be completed in any society and there is usually some form of division of tasks among individuals usually based on specialization

221
Q

who is the theorist who believes that division of labor is beneficial to society for social and moral order

A

emile durkheim

222
Q

medicalization

A

the process by which all human illness, disability are assumed to have a medical cause of solution

223
Q

medical model

A

sees illness or impairment as the problem and diagnosis and treatment is the primary approach

224
Q

treatment as the primary approach

A

medical model

225
Q

prevention as the primary approach

A

social model

226
Q

social model

A

sees structures within society as the problem, prevention and integration over treatment

227
Q

sick role

A

a sick person has a unique role in society that includes rights and obligations

228
Q

rights of a sick person

A

exempt from normal social rules and expectations

229
Q

obligations of a sick person

A

attempt to get well quickly

230
Q

illness experience

A

ways in which individuals define and adapt to a perceived lack of good health

231
Q

illness

A

person’s subjective experience of a health problem

232
Q

disease

A

medical professional’s scientific definition of a health problem based on signs and symptoms

233
Q

epidemiology

A

branch of medicine focused on the incidence, prevalence, and widespread control of diseases and other factors relating to public health

234
Q

incidence

A

measure of disease that allows the predetermination of a persons’ probability of being diagnosed with a disease during a given time

235
Q

new cases/ people at risk

A

incidence

236
Q

prevalence

A

measure of disease that allows us to determine a person’s likelihood of having a disease

237
Q

total cases/ total population

A

prevalence

238
Q

morbidity

A

illness

239
Q

mortality

A

death

240
Q

culture

A

ways of thinking, acting, material objects that define way of life

241
Q

5 elements of culture

A 
beliefs 
language 
rituals 
symbols 
values
242
Q

material culture

A

the physical artifacts created by members of society

243
Q

who studies material culture

A

anthropologists and archaeologists

244
Q

symbolic culture

A

the ideas created by members of society

245
Q

who studies symbolic culture

A

sociologists

246
Q

culture shock

A

feeling of disorientation when experiencing an unfamiliar way of life

247
Q

culture lag

A

some cultures or cultural elements change more quickly than others causing conflict with the cultural system

248
Q

cultural barriers

A

beliefs, attitudes, customs, and practices may clash between people of different cultures

249
Q

language barrier

A

may occur when people who speak different languages interact

250
Q

assimilation

A

process by which minorities gradually adopt practices of the dominant culture

251
Q

mutli-culturalism

A

recognizes the cultural diversity of the US and promotes the equality between all cultures

252
Q

subculture

A

secondary culture existing within a mainstream culture that has its own set of values and norms, generally able to coextist with mainstream culture

253
Q

counter culture

A

secondary culture that is antagonistic toward mainstream culture and has the overt goal of changing it, often political in nature

254
Q

cultural transmission

A

cultural learning

the way a group of people learn as pass on new information

255
Q

cultural diffusion

A

spread of cultural beliefs and social activities from one group to the enxt

256
Q

mass media

A

methods or instruments of conveying information that allow for communication with large numbers of people at once

257
Q

does culture speed up or slow down evolution

A

speed up

258
Q

gerontology

A

scientific study of the biological, psychological, and social aspects of aging

259
Q

life course

A

theoretical approach to studying human experience, aging, and development that considers an individual’s entire lifetime, paying attention to transitions

260
Q

transition

A

significant, discrete change or event in one’s life

261
Q

examples of transitions

A

graduation, marriage

262
Q

trajectory

A

stable, long-term sequence of linked stages, roles, experiences

263
Q

examples of trajectories

A

education, career

264
Q

age cohorts

A

generational segments of society that share common characteristics or life experiences because of the time period they were born

265
Q

85+ cohort

A

increasing due to longer life expectancy

266
Q

what are the implications of the increasing 85+ cohor

A

elderly care, strains on the healthcare system

267
Q

baby boomers

A

born during the large increase in births following WWII

268
Q

what are the implications of the baby boomer chort

A

increasing retirement, strains on social security

269
Q

ageism

A

stereotyping or discrimination based on one’s age

270
Q

sex

A

biological

differences between males and females found in chromosomes, anatomy, and hormones

271
Q

gender

A

personal traits and societal positions that members of society attach to being male or female

272
Q

gender is socially

A

constructed

273
Q

how is gender socially constructed

A

dressing children, encouraging “boy” and “girl” behaviors and activities

274
Q

gender segregation

A

physical, legal, or social separation of individuals based on sex

275
Q

gender inequality

A

general term describing any aspect of society wherein individuals are treated differently based on gender

276
Q

patriarchy

A

societal, political, cultural, or familial structure wherein men have power, privilege, or rights over women

277
Q

calling the father the head of the household suggests

A

patriarchy

278
Q

race

A

inferred or determined subjectively based on a certain set of phenotypic traits such as facial features and skin color

279
Q

ethnicity

A

groups of people according to culture, religion, language or national origin

280
Q

racialization

A

ascribing a racial or ethnic identity to a group that does not self-identify as that race or ethnicity

281
Q

racial formation

A

racial identities are fluid and can be created, strengthened, and destroyed

282
Q

heterosexual

A

attracted to the opposite sex

283
Q

bisexual

A

attracted to both or either sex

284
Q

homosexual

A

attracted to the same sex

285
Q

demographic shift

A

change in the makeup of a population over time as measured by demographic factors such as age, population size, diversity

286
Q

Malthusian theory

A

unbridled population growth would lead to chaos because there would be competition for limited resources

287
Q

according to malthusian theory, how quickly do populations grow

A

2^x

288
Q

according to malthusian theory, how quickly do resources grow

A

1^x

289
Q

is growth of populations and resources sustainable according to malthusian theory

A

no

290
Q

fertility

A

average number of children born to each woman in a population

291
Q

fecundity

A

fertility

292
Q

mortality

A

number of deaths per unit time

293
Q

total fertility/mortality

A

average over applicable population

294
Q

crude fertility/mortality

A

average per 1,000 people in an entire population

295
Q

age-specific fertility/mortality

A

average per 1,00 people in a reference period

296
Q

demographic transition

A

trend observed in birth and death rates as a society transitions from pre to post industrial

297
Q

pre-industrial stages

A

1 and 2

298
Q

industrial stages

A

3 and 4

299
Q

stage one of demographic transition

A

high fertility and high mortality

300
Q

stage two of demographic transition

A

decreasing mortality

301
Q

why does mortality decrease in stage two

A

societal progress

302
Q

stage three of demographic transition

A

shift from agricultural to industrial, decreasing fertility

303
Q

why does fertility decrease in stage three

A

women’s rights, contraception, decreasing family sizes

304
Q

stage four of demographic transition

A

low fertility, low mortality

305
Q

population growth is ______ related to industrialization and modernization

A

inversely

306
Q

immigration

A

movement into a nation or region

307
Q

emigration

A

movement out of a nation or region

308
Q

push

A

aspects of society that encourage emigration

309
Q

examples of push factors

A

war

low wages

310
Q

examples of pull factors

A

high wages

political freedom

311
Q

pull

A

aspects of society that attract immigrants

312
Q

social movements

A

large alliance of individuals who share a common interest in creating or blocking social or political change

313
Q

relative deprivation

A

the experience of being deprived of something to which one feels entitled

314
Q

relative deprivation may cause

A

social movements and deviance

315
Q

loose organization

A

usually littler organization of the overall movement, leaders are often unofficial or even self-appointed

316
Q

social movement organizations

A

formal organizations that constitute a sub-component of the movement

317
Q

example of a social movement organization

A

non-profits

318
Q

strategy of a social movement

A

demand must be dramatic enough to draw support and attention but must still be reasonable with actionable steps for supporters to take

319
Q

confrontational tactics

A

obstruction, property damage, violence

320
Q

examples of obstructions

A

sit-ins, human chain

321
Q

peaceful tactics

A

candlelight vigils
mass demonstrations
cultural politics
political lobbying

322
Q

example of cultural politics

A

benefit concerts

323
Q

example of political lobbying

A

involving elected officials

324
Q

globalization

A

integration of individual economies and cultures into a more unified global economy and culture

325
Q

how does globalization occur

A

free trade between nations
economic interdependence
ease of travel
access to technology

326
Q

hyperglobalization perspective

A

globalization is a major new concept and will lead to blurring of national boundaries

327
Q

cause of globalization in hyperglobalization perspective

A

economic logic

328
Q

skeptical perspective

A

current globalization is fragmented and regionalized and already reached peak, nationalism a focus now

329
Q

causes of globalization in the skeptical perspective

A

none, globalization is not occurring

330
Q

transformationalist perspective

A

degree of globalization and the eventual outcomes of it are unclear

331
Q

causes of globalization in the transformationalist perspective

A

no single cause

332
Q

world systems theory

A

emphasizes a global inequality that is similar to the stratified inequality present in individual societies q

333
Q

core countries

A

dominate and control peripheral countries for labor and raw materials

334
Q

peripheral countries

A

dependent on core countries, especially for capital

335
Q

semi-peripheral countries

A

characteristics of core and peripheral countries

336
Q

civil unrest

A

may result from globalization as the world becomes a single capitalist market
globalization may highlight relative deprivations and lead to uprisings

337
Q

what might civil unrest cause

A

uprisings

338
Q

terrorism

A

may impede globalization due to free flow of people, goods, and money

339
Q

what could be a main exacerbation of terrorism in the modern world

A

technology

340
Q

urbanization

A

tendency of populations to move away from rural settings and be concentrated in urban centers

341
Q

what is a main cause of urbanization

A

economic opportunity

342
Q

hyper-urbanization

A

when global trade is centralized in one city

343
Q

industrial and urban growth

A

society and economy become industrialized and people migrate to urban centers

344
Q

suburbanization and urban decline

A

urban overcrowding leads to suburbs, urban centers become slums and ghettos

345
Q

gentrification and urban renewal

A

revitalization projects convert less desirable urban areas to right-rent apartments and shopping
only affordable to the wealthy

346
Q

spatial inequality

A

inequality between persons living in geographical locations

different quality or resources based on area

347
Q

residential segregation

A

physical separation of people into different neighborhoods according to race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status

348
Q

do poorer neighborhoods tend to be more or less safe?

A

more crime, less safe

349
Q

environmental justice

A

when the benefits of interacting with the environment are distributed across all people independent of race, ethnicity, class

350
Q

social class

A

segregation of a society into hierarchical classes or divisions

351
Q

class consciousness

A

social condition in which members of a social class are aware of their class

352
Q

what class is the most conscious of their position

A

working class

353
Q

false consciousness

A

members of a class are unaware of themselves as a class and this causes a distorted perception of the reality of class and its consequences

354
Q

cultural capital

A

ideas and knowledge people draw upon as they engage in social life

355
Q

examples of cultural capital

A

public speaking

good manners

356
Q

social capital

A

expected collective or economic benefits derived from the preferential treatment and cooperation between individuals and groups

357
Q

social reproduction

A

process through which entire societies and their cultural, structural, ecological characteristics are reproduced

358
Q

power

A

the ability to control others, events, or resources and to have desirable events happen in the face of obstacles or opposition

359
Q

privilege

A

financial or emotion advantages over another/another group

360
Q

prestige

A

honor or deference attached to a social status and distributed unequally

361
Q

intersectionality

A

various forms of oppression, domination, discrimination interact to create new forms of these experiences

362
Q

global inequality

A

countries are stratified in the world just as individuals are within societies

363
Q

intergenerational mobility

A

change in social class by one or more members of a family between generations

364
Q

intragenerational mobility

A

change in social class by an individual within their lifespan

365
Q

vertical mobility

A

change in social status of class

366
Q

example of vertical mobility

A

marrying rich

367
Q

horizontal mobility

A

change in position within class

368
Q

example of horizontal mobility

A

small pay raise or promotion

369
Q

meritocracy

A

advancement or opportunity is based on merit

370
Q

relative poverty

A

low income compared to other individuals

371
Q

absolute poverty

A

income too low to provide life necessities, persisting for a period long enough to cause harm

372
Q

social exclusion

A

systematic blocking of a segment of society from common rights and opportunities

373
Q

neighborhood effect

A

segregation of groups into housing projects that lead to social exclusion

374
Q

socioeconomic gradients

A

health improves with socioeconomic status

375
Q

increases in ____, _____, and _____ lead to health improvements

A

income
occupation
education

376
Q

health disparity

A

higher burden of illness, injury, disability, or mortality experienced by one population relative to another

377
Q

healthcare disparity

A

differences between groups in healthcare coverage, access to care, and quality of care

378
Q

_____ and ____ are strongly related to overall health while ____ is less correlated?

A 
class and race
gender
379
Q

are poor or wealthy people more likely to be sick?

A

poor

380
Q

are poor or wealthy people more likely to engage in risky behaviors?

A

poor

381
Q

do men or women have a higher life expectancy

A

women

382
Q

what diseases are men more prone to than women?

A

diabetes, heart disease, asthma

MCAT 1 (10 decks)

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