Sociology I Flashcards
1
Q
getting a divorce
A
role exit
2
Q
organizations
A
group entities organized and defined by a specific purpose
3
Q
social group
A
two+ people who interact with one another, share similar characteristics, and feel a sense of unity
4
Q
differential association theory
A
deviant behavior learned through interaction with others, especially with criminal behavior
5
Q
altruism
A
behavior by an individual or group that benefits another at the expense of its own group
6
Q
social construction model of expressing and detecting emotion
A
emotional responses are not biologically predetermined and is entirely based on experience and context
7
Q
formal social control
A
laws, sanctions, regulations enforced by an authority figure
8
Q
out-group stereotyping
A
group members view those outside of the group as biased, ignorant, or morally inferior
9
Q
complex task
A
one which is still new or difficult
10
Q
individualistic
A
more prone to fundamental attribution error
11
Q
network
A
established pattern of social relationships between individuals
12
Q
hidden cirriculum
A
unofficial social norms taught at school
13
Q
altering behavior when asked
A
compliance
14
Q
dyad
A
smallest possible group, tend to be emotionally unstable, less likely to survive
15
Q
agression
A
behavior intended to injure, harm, intimidate, or inflict pain upon another
16
Q
norms
A
rules and expectations by which members of society are expected to follow
17
Q
what type of communication is tone?
A
non-verbal
18
Q
groups inherent morality
A
group setting fosters a belief that the groups’ actions are above moral reproach
19
Q
mass hysteria
A
spontaneous, socially contagious, irrational behavior of a group of people in response to an event
20
Q
back stage
A
rehearsing, regrouping, rejuvenating
21
Q
does performance decline more steeply with high arousal on a simple or complex task?
A
complex
22
Q
deviance plays a positive role in initiating social change
A
functional theory
23
Q
retreatism
A
individual rejects societies’ goals as well as the conventional means to achieve goals
24
Q
stigma
A
extreme dislike or negativity towards a person or group based on perceived defiance
25
attribute substitution
when faced with a complex mental task or judgment, tend to sub the actual situation with a simpler one
26
self-censorship
individuals who may doubt the group do not voice their concerns to the group
27
status
one's hierarchical position in society
28
reliance on central traits
tendency to organize the perception of others based on traits and personal characteristics of the target most important to the perceiver
29
identification
process of incorporating the characteristics of a parent or other influential person by adopting their appearance, attitudes, behaviors
30
social perception
how we perceive others, form impressions of them, and make judgements about them
31
polygyny
one man and multiple women
32
secondary social group
short-lived, superficial bonds
33
polyandry
one woman and multiple men
34
role conflict
clash between roles associated with two or more statuses
35
one silent, one betrays in prisoner's dilemma
betrayer goes free, silent serves longest sentence
36
simultaneous move
players act at the same time or in a way that make it impossible for one to know how the other acted
37
social loafing
phenomenon of a person exerting less effect to achieve a goal when they work in a group than when they work alone
38
interpersonal attraction
we like people because of similarities, complimentary differences, reciprocity, physical appearance, proximity
39
primary group
small group of members who share an intense, intimate bond that is long lasting and influential
40
sequential move
moves are made in order with later players having some knowledge of the previous players' actions
41
situational attributions
explaining behavior as a function of context and circumstances under which behavior occurred
42
cultural relativism
an individual persons' beliefs and activities should be understood by others in terms of that individuals own culture
43
McDonaldization
tendency of large organizations to standardize operations to achieve consistency and efficiency though sometimes nonsensical
44
social control
societal or political mechanisms used to regulate the behavior of individuals to ensure conformity and compliance to the established rules of that group
45
5 mechanisms for choosing a mate
```
direct phenotypic benefits
sensory bias
fisherian runaway hypothesis
indicator traits
genetic compatibility
```
46
fischerian runaway hypothesis
male ornamentation
47
iron law of oligarchy
any large organization would develop a system of governance in which many people come under the control of a few
48
moral actions are eventually rewarded and evil actions are eventually punished
just world hypothesis
49
attribution
the tendency to infer that the behavior we observe in other can be attributed to specific causes
50
verbal communication
language
51
folkways
rules for casual social interaction
52
a student who is also married
role conflict
53
conformity
behavior in accordance with socially accepted conventions or standards
54
role of cognition
refers to what a person actually thinks rather than what they feel or do
55
taboos
most morally significant custom forbidding discussion of or participation in a particular practice
56
peer pressure
social influence exerted on an individual by a peer or a peer group
57
self-fulfilling prophecy
false yet highly held belief or prediction about an individual or group that is accepted as true
false beliefs elicit behaviors to match eventually causing what was originally false to be perceived as true
58
game theory
perspective that view social or group behavior as a game with players, winners, losers, prizes
59
non-verbal communication
eye contact, gestures, body language
60
rebellion
rejects the goals and means and forms a counterculture to support actions
61
group rationalization
group members do not question assumptions that are being made and ignore warnings that might deter them from the present course of action
62
stereotype threat
anxiety experienced by the target of a negative stereotype causing behavior to be interpreted as confirmation of the negative stereotype
63
illusion of invulnerability
group setting provides a heightened sense of optimism that can lead to riskier behaviors
64
socialization
lifelong process by which an individual acquires the habits, norms, and beliefs of society
65
appraisal model of expressing and detecting emotion
biologically programmed emotional response but the emotional response results from cognitive appraisals
66
out group
social groups that individuals feel competition or conflict towards
67
favoring of a child
role strain
68
both silent in prisoner's dilemma
shortest sentence
69
Simple task
one which one is already proficient
70
agents of socialization
institutions or groups in society that play a definitive role in socialization
71
stereotyping
to view one as an oversimplified image of it
72
role
a set of expectations and norms that define how a person of a given status should behave
73
in group
social groups that members feel an affinity for or loyalty to
74
social support
support provided to an individual by a social group or network
75
monogamy
one spouse per person
76
That the probability of help is inversely related to the number of people around illustrates what concept?
bystander effect
77
prejudice verus discrimination
attitude versus behavior
78
ethnocentrism
judging another culture solely on the values of ones own culture
79
prisoner's dilemma
self-interest causes a worse outcome for each than working together but risk betrayal
80
secondary socialization
process of learning the appropriate behavior as a member of a smaller group within society
81
seven characteristics of bureaucracy
```
formal hierarchal structure
management by rules
organized by functional specialty
up focused or in focused mission
purposely impersonal
employment based on qualifications
increasing staff
```
82
not drinking and driving
a more
83
self-serving bias
tendency to attribute positive events to their own character but attribute negative events to external factors
84
group size
increasing numbers increase anonymity and diffused responsibility
85
impression management
individuals attempt to shape, manipulate and manage how they are perceived by others
86
achieved status
earned through a personal effort or achievement
87
hawk-dove
beneficial for both players to yield but choice depends on what the other does
88
examples of collectives
crowd
| mass
89
strain theory
society actually promotes deviant behavior
90
confirmation bias
tendency to interpret information as confirmation of one's existing beliefs or theories
91
altering behavior by an authority
obedience
92
deviance is relative
labeling theory
93
large group
stability increases with group size but intimacy and bonding decrease
94
halo effect
tendency for an impression created in one area to influence opinion in another
95
suppression of dissension
individuals in the group feel pressure not to voice disagreements with the group
96
ambivalent attachment
Childhood: caregiver inconsistent, child not comforted when caregiver returns to them, may avoid or refuse comfort
Adult: reluctant to form relationships, worry their partner doesn't reciprocate their love, devastated by breakups
97
polygamy
two or more spouses per person
98
primary social group
long-lasting, close interactions, unlikely to dissolve
99
triad
addition of one person adds stability, disputes are often mediated by the third member
100
collectives
unplanned activity among a larger number of people that may result in social change
101
informal social control
socialization or any means used to encourage adherence to societal norms and values for acceptable behavior
(shame, ridicule, criticize)
102
collectivist
more prone to make situational attributions
103
front stage
preforming for an audience
104
altering behavior to fit a context
conformity
105
illusions of unanimity
group members believe that the view of the majority is held by everyone in the group
106
Yerkes-Dodson law
empirical relationship between arousal and performance in which performance increases with physical and mental arousal but only to a point after which the level of arousal becomes too high and performance decreases
107
zero sum game
one's own gains are completely canceled out by another's losses
108
deviance
departing from usual or accepted standards
109
mass
temporary groups of people who share common concerns or beliefs
110
ritualism
overall rejection of a cultural goal but rigidly adhering to the rules anyway
111
both betray in prisoner's dilemma
medium sentence
112
avoidant attachment
Childhood: caregiver absent or unresponsive, child shows no preference to caregiver over strangers, avoids caregiver
Adult: problems with intimate relationships, do not invest emotionally into relationships, promiscuous sexual activity
113
mores
norms that have a great moral significance and are widely accepted by members of society
114
primacy/recency effect
when given a list to memorize, the first and last items are the most likely to be recalled
115
can altruism be selfish? why?
yes, for a net benefit
116
Bystander effect
individuals do not offer any means of help to a victim when others are present
117
prejudice
preconceived belief or judgement about a person or group developed prior to, or not based upon, actual experience or knowledge
118
fads
unconventional social patterns that are embraces briefly and enthusiastically by large groups
119
anomie
normlessness, a state of instability due to a lack of social norms or the breakdown of social standards or values
120
examples of agents of socialization
```
family
mass media
peers
workplace
religion
school
government
```
121
mind guards
group members shield the group from any dissenting information
122
role exit
process by which people disengage from important social roles
123
labeling theory
symbiotic interactionists
| deviance and conformity result from how others respond to one's actions
124
self-presentation
how people display themselves to society
125
groups
two or more people interacting and identifying with one another
126
sanctions
consequences assigned by members of society as a result of a norm violation
127
non-zero sum game
one's own gains are not direct losses by another
128
role of emotion
can exacerbate prejudice
| tends to inhibit reasoned, factual judgment
129
ascribed status
assigned at birth or assumed based on race, lineage
| out of ones control
130
groupthink
tendency of groups to make decisions that are incorrect or illogical based on a desire to maximize group consensus and minimize group conflict
131
basic model of expressing and detecting emotion
emotional expression is universal and is expressed similarly across cultures
132
physiological construction model of expressing and detecting emotion
takes physiological factors such as experience, mood, and language into account when seeing the wide array of emotional expressions
133
crowd
temporary collections of people in the same place at the same time
134
disorganized attachment
Childhood: caregiver inconsistent, erratic, potentially abusive, child displays a mixture of unclear attachment, may assume caregiver role
Adult: various outcomes, similar to avoidant
135
secondary group
large, impersonal group of members that exists for a short period of time
136
just-world hypothesis
assumption that a person's actions are inherently inclined to bring about morally fair consequences
137
facing forward in an elevator
folkway
138
peer
another individual that is of the same age, status, or other measure of equality to oneself
139
anonymity
no one can be found out
140
riots
undirected, highly emotional social eruptions that result in violence, typically in response to a social injustice that a group finds highly undesirable
141
collective behavior
social processes or behavior by group-like entities called collectives that do not reflect stable social culture but emerge spontaneously
142
foraging
searching for wild food sources
143
are western cultures more prone to individualistic or collectivist errors
individualistic
144
dispositional attributions
explaining behavior as a function of personality
145
obedience
observance with an order, law or submission to another's authory
146
role strain
stressed among the roles associated with one particular status
147
social dropout
retreatism
148
primary socialization
most influential type of socialization, the accepting and learning of a set of norms and values, usually initiated by the family
149
social facilitation
individuals preform better on simple tasks when they are being observed by others but preform more poorly on complex tasks when observed
150
compliance
the action of following a wish or command
151
asch conformity study
placed a person with 7 others (who were instructed to give wrong answers) and subject asked to answer questions with very obvious answers
showed that 75% of people conformed to the wrong answer at least once though less than 1% of control subjects got the answer wrong when not in the group situation
152
non-consensual sex
taboo
153
deindividuation
loss of self-awareness in groups and gain of social identity of the group
154
group polarization
tendency of groups to make decisions more extreme than any individual would acting alone
155
fundamental attribution error
more likely to make dispositional than situational attributions about an undesirable action
156
diffused responsibility
no one can be held directly responsible
157
is collective behavior normative or defiant?
neither
158
what type of communication is braille?
verbal
159
internalization
process by which an individual accepts as his own a set of norms established by people or groups which are influential to that individual
160
functional theorists
deviance not necessarily negative and is necessary for social order because it helps clarify the boundaries of social norms
161
secure attachment
Childhood: constant caregiver present, child seeks comfort from caregiver
Adult: trusting, lasting relationships, high self esteem, seek social support
162
innovation
reject conventional means to achieve a culturally approved goal
163
macrosociology
large groups and social institutions
164
microsociology
small groups or individuals
165
six major sociological theories
```
fundamentalism
conflict theory
symbolic interactionism
social constructionism
exchange theory
rational choice theory
```
166
functionalism
society is a complex system of interdependent institutions working together to promote stability
167
family is an example of what sociological theory
functionalism
168
religion is an example of what sociological theory
functionalism
169
conflict theory
social life is characterized by inequality and competition for scarce resources resulting in levels of wealth/power/prestige
170
education system is an example of what sociological theory
conflict theory
171
symbolic interactionism
society is the product of everyday interaction between individuals
172
teen smoking culture is an example of what sociological theory
symbolic interactionism
173
social constructionism
study of human experience in everyday life and how individuals perceive, think, and talk about social life
174
exchange theory
people act rationally to get what they need by exchanging good and service with others
175
marriage and divorce is an example of what sociological theory
exchange theory
176
quitting a job is an example of what sociological theory
exchange theory
177
rational choice theory
all actions are fundamentally rational and people analyze the costs and benefits
178
voting is an example of what sociological theory
rational choice theory
179
hidden curriculum
transmission of norms, values, beliefs conveyed in the classroom and social environment
180
teacher expectancy
publicized curriculum that defines what students are meant to learn and the impacts of a teacher's expectations on student performance
181
segregation
students tend to be segregated into groups or classes within a school based on race, socioeconomic class
182
stratification
students tend to be separated into different classes or schools that have stratified curriculum of unequal difficulty
183
kinship
recognition of relationships derived from descent/marriage
184
primary kinship
person belonging to the same nuclear family as ego
185
father/mother is an example of what kinship
primary
186
secondary kinship
primary kin of ego's primary kin
187
grandparents are an example of what kinship
secondary
188
tertiary kinship
primary kin of the secondary kin
189
cousins are an example of what kinship
tertiary
190
nuclear family
mother, father, children
191
diverse family
single parents, same sex parents
192
are families becoming more nuclear or diverse?
diverse
193
are divorce rates increasing or decreasing?
increasing
194
child abuse
parent abusing a child physically, sexually, emotionally, or by neglect
195
elder abuse
any knowing, intentional, or negligent act by a caregiver that causes harm or serious risk of harm to a vulnerable adult
196
spousal abuse
willful intimidation, physical assault, battery, sexual assault as a part of a systematic pattern of power and control by one intimate partner against another
197
religion
formal beliefs, doctrines, values taught or associated with a specific church or group
198
religiosity
broad term encompassing any guiding belief or behavior by an individual regarding ultimate or transcendent issues
199
church
religious organization that is part of the larger society and characterized by formal worship and universal appeal
200
sect
religious organization that stands apart from larger society and is characterized by emotionally charged convictions and no universal appeal
201
cult
religious organization that stands apart from larger society in a way that is deviant
202
modernization
societal transformation away from a traditional, rural society to a secular, urban, industrial society
203
secularization
transformation away from close identification with religious values towards non-religious institutions
204
fundamentalism
religious movement focused on returning to and preserving values and teachings
205
what type of religious change is intolerant and may lead to extremism or even terrorism
fundamentalism
206
power
ability to obtain one's desires or goals, even in the force of opposition
207
authority
the legitimate, approved use of power by a leader over persons who recognize or have granted that power to the leader
208
capitalism
means of production are privately owned
1- private ownership of property
2- pursuit of personal profit
3- competition and consumer choice
209
socialism
means of production are collectively held
1- collective ownership of property
2- pursuit of collective goals
3- government control of economy
210
monarchy
a single family rules from generation to generation
211
constitutional monarchy
royal figureheads and power vested in elected officials
212
democracy
political system in which power is given to the people
213
authoritarianism
political system that denied people participation in the government
214
totalitarianism
most extreme type of authoritarianism that is highly centralized and extensively regulates people's lives
215
oligarchy
social system under control of a small elite
216
why oligarchy?
people prefer others to make decisions for them, people in power stay in power
217
plutocracy
social system in which the wealthy rule
218
power by wealth
plutocracy
219
egalitarianism
social system where equality of all people in political, economic, and social life exists
220
division of labor
range of social tasks must be completed in any society and there is usually some form of division of tasks among individuals usually based on specialization
221
who is the theorist who believes that division of labor is beneficial to society for social and moral order
emile durkheim
222
medicalization
the process by which all human illness, disability are assumed to have a medical cause of solution
223
medical model
sees illness or impairment as the problem and diagnosis and treatment is the primary approach
224
treatment as the primary approach
medical model
225
prevention as the primary approach
social model
226
social model
sees structures within society as the problem, prevention and integration over treatment
227
sick role
a sick person has a unique role in society that includes rights and obligations
228
rights of a sick person
exempt from normal social rules and expectations
229
obligations of a sick person
attempt to get well quickly
230
illness experience
ways in which individuals define and adapt to a perceived lack of good health
231
illness
person's subjective experience of a health problem
232
disease
medical professional's scientific definition of a health problem based on signs and symptoms
233
epidemiology
branch of medicine focused on the incidence, prevalence, and widespread control of diseases and other factors relating to public health
234
incidence
measure of disease that allows the predetermination of a persons' probability of being diagnosed with a disease during a given time
235
new cases/ people at risk
incidence
236
prevalence
measure of disease that allows us to determine a person's likelihood of having a disease
237
total cases/ total population
prevalence
238
morbidity
illness
239
mortality
death
240
culture
ways of thinking, acting, material objects that define way of life
241
5 elements of culture
```
beliefs
language
rituals
symbols
values
```
242
material culture
the physical artifacts created by members of society
243
who studies material culture
anthropologists and archaeologists
244
symbolic culture
the ideas created by members of society
245
who studies symbolic culture
sociologists
246
culture shock
feeling of disorientation when experiencing an unfamiliar way of life
247
culture lag
some cultures or cultural elements change more quickly than others causing conflict with the cultural system
248
cultural barriers
beliefs, attitudes, customs, and practices may clash between people of different cultures
249
language barrier
may occur when people who speak different languages interact
250
assimilation
process by which minorities gradually adopt practices of the dominant culture
251
mutli-culturalism
recognizes the cultural diversity of the US and promotes the equality between all cultures
252
subculture
secondary culture existing within a mainstream culture that has its own set of values and norms, generally able to coextist with mainstream culture
253
counter culture
secondary culture that is antagonistic toward mainstream culture and has the overt goal of changing it, often political in nature
254
cultural transmission
cultural learning
| the way a group of people learn as pass on new information
255
cultural diffusion
spread of cultural beliefs and social activities from one group to the enxt
256
mass media
methods or instruments of conveying information that allow for communication with large numbers of people at once
257
does culture speed up or slow down evolution
speed up
258
gerontology
scientific study of the biological, psychological, and social aspects of aging
259
life course
theoretical approach to studying human experience, aging, and development that considers an individual's entire lifetime, paying attention to transitions
260
transition
significant, discrete change or event in one's life
261
examples of transitions
graduation, marriage
262
trajectory
stable, long-term sequence of linked stages, roles, experiences
263
examples of trajectories
education, career
264
age cohorts
generational segments of society that share common characteristics or life experiences because of the time period they were born
265
85+ cohort
increasing due to longer life expectancy
266
what are the implications of the increasing 85+ cohor
elderly care, strains on the healthcare system
267
baby boomers
born during the large increase in births following WWII
268
what are the implications of the baby boomer chort
increasing retirement, strains on social security
269
ageism
stereotyping or discrimination based on one's age
270
sex
biological
| differences between males and females found in chromosomes, anatomy, and hormones
271
gender
personal traits and societal positions that members of society attach to being male or female
272
gender is socially
constructed
273
how is gender socially constructed
dressing children, encouraging "boy" and "girl" behaviors and activities
274
gender segregation
physical, legal, or social separation of individuals based on sex
275
gender inequality
general term describing any aspect of society wherein individuals are treated differently based on gender
276
patriarchy
societal, political, cultural, or familial structure wherein men have power, privilege, or rights over women
277
calling the father the head of the household suggests
patriarchy
278
race
inferred or determined subjectively based on a certain set of phenotypic traits such as facial features and skin color
279
ethnicity
groups of people according to culture, religion, language or national origin
280
racialization
ascribing a racial or ethnic identity to a group that does not self-identify as that race or ethnicity
281
racial formation
racial identities are fluid and can be created, strengthened, and destroyed
282
heterosexual
attracted to the opposite sex
283
bisexual
attracted to both or either sex
284
homosexual
attracted to the same sex
285
demographic shift
change in the makeup of a population over time as measured by demographic factors such as age, population size, diversity
286
Malthusian theory
unbridled population growth would lead to chaos because there would be competition for limited resources
287
according to malthusian theory, how quickly do populations grow
2^x
288
according to malthusian theory, how quickly do resources grow
1^x
289
is growth of populations and resources sustainable according to malthusian theory
no
290
fertility
average number of children born to each woman in a population
291
fecundity
fertility
292
mortality
number of deaths per unit time
293
total fertility/mortality
average over applicable population
294
crude fertility/mortality
average per 1,000 people in an entire population
295
age-specific fertility/mortality
average per 1,00 people in a reference period
296
demographic transition
trend observed in birth and death rates as a society transitions from pre to post industrial
297
pre-industrial stages
1 and 2
298
industrial stages
3 and 4
299
stage one of demographic transition
high fertility and high mortality
300
stage two of demographic transition
decreasing mortality
301
why does mortality decrease in stage two
societal progress
302
stage three of demographic transition
shift from agricultural to industrial, decreasing fertility
303
why does fertility decrease in stage three
women's rights, contraception, decreasing family sizes
304
stage four of demographic transition
low fertility, low mortality
305
population growth is ______ related to industrialization and modernization
inversely
306
immigration
movement into a nation or region
307
emigration
movement out of a nation or region
308
push
aspects of society that encourage emigration
309
examples of push factors
war
| low wages
310
examples of pull factors
high wages
| political freedom
311
pull
aspects of society that attract immigrants
312
social movements
large alliance of individuals who share a common interest in creating or blocking social or political change
313
relative deprivation
the experience of being deprived of something to which one feels entitled
314
relative deprivation may cause
social movements and deviance
315
loose organization
usually littler organization of the overall movement, leaders are often unofficial or even self-appointed
316
social movement organizations
formal organizations that constitute a sub-component of the movement
317
example of a social movement organization
non-profits
318
strategy of a social movement
demand must be dramatic enough to draw support and attention but must still be reasonable with actionable steps for supporters to take
319
confrontational tactics
obstruction, property damage, violence
320
examples of obstructions
sit-ins, human chain
321
peaceful tactics
candlelight vigils
mass demonstrations
cultural politics
political lobbying
322
example of cultural politics
benefit concerts
323
example of political lobbying
involving elected officials
324
globalization
integration of individual economies and cultures into a more unified global economy and culture
325
how does globalization occur
free trade between nations
economic interdependence
ease of travel
access to technology
326
hyperglobalization perspective
globalization is a major new concept and will lead to blurring of national boundaries
327
cause of globalization in hyperglobalization perspective
economic logic
328
skeptical perspective
current globalization is fragmented and regionalized and already reached peak, nationalism a focus now
329
causes of globalization in the skeptical perspective
none, globalization is not occurring
330
transformationalist perspective
degree of globalization and the eventual outcomes of it are unclear
331
causes of globalization in the transformationalist perspective
no single cause
332
world systems theory
emphasizes a global inequality that is similar to the stratified inequality present in individual societies q
333
core countries
dominate and control peripheral countries for labor and raw materials
334
peripheral countries
dependent on core countries, especially for capital
335
semi-peripheral countries
characteristics of core and peripheral countries
336
civil unrest
may result from globalization as the world becomes a single capitalist market
globalization may highlight relative deprivations and lead to uprisings
337
what might civil unrest cause
uprisings
338
terrorism
may impede globalization due to free flow of people, goods, and money
339
what could be a main exacerbation of terrorism in the modern world
technology
340
urbanization
tendency of populations to move away from rural settings and be concentrated in urban centers
341
what is a main cause of urbanization
economic opportunity
342
hyper-urbanization
when global trade is centralized in one city
343
industrial and urban growth
society and economy become industrialized and people migrate to urban centers
344
suburbanization and urban decline
urban overcrowding leads to suburbs, urban centers become slums and ghettos
345
gentrification and urban renewal
revitalization projects convert less desirable urban areas to right-rent apartments and shopping
only affordable to the wealthy
346
spatial inequality
inequality between persons living in geographical locations
different quality or resources based on area
347
residential segregation
physical separation of people into different neighborhoods according to race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status
348
do poorer neighborhoods tend to be more or less safe?
more crime, less safe
349
environmental justice
when the benefits of interacting with the environment are distributed across all people independent of race, ethnicity, class
350
social class
segregation of a society into hierarchical classes or divisions
351
class consciousness
social condition in which members of a social class are aware of their class
352
what class is the most conscious of their position
working class
353
false consciousness
members of a class are unaware of themselves as a class and this causes a distorted perception of the reality of class and its consequences
354
cultural capital
ideas and knowledge people draw upon as they engage in social life
355
examples of cultural capital
public speaking
| good manners
356
social capital
expected collective or economic benefits derived from the preferential treatment and cooperation between individuals and groups
357
social reproduction
process through which entire societies and their cultural, structural, ecological characteristics are reproduced
358
power
the ability to control others, events, or resources and to have desirable events happen in the face of obstacles or opposition
359
privilege
financial or emotion advantages over another/another group
360
prestige
honor or deference attached to a social status and distributed unequally
361
intersectionality
various forms of oppression, domination, discrimination interact to create new forms of these experiences
362
global inequality
countries are stratified in the world just as individuals are within societies
363
intergenerational mobility
change in social class by one or more members of a family between generations
364
intragenerational mobility
change in social class by an individual within their lifespan
365
vertical mobility
change in social status of class
366
example of vertical mobility
marrying rich
367
horizontal mobility
change in position within class
368
example of horizontal mobility
small pay raise or promotion
369
meritocracy
advancement or opportunity is based on merit
370
relative poverty
low income compared to other individuals
371
absolute poverty
income too low to provide life necessities, persisting for a period long enough to cause harm
372
social exclusion
systematic blocking of a segment of society from common rights and opportunities
373
neighborhood effect
segregation of groups into housing projects that lead to social exclusion
374
socioeconomic gradients
health improves with socioeconomic status
375
increases in ____, _____, and _____ lead to health improvements
income
occupation
education
376
health disparity
higher burden of illness, injury, disability, or mortality experienced by one population relative to another
377
healthcare disparity
differences between groups in healthcare coverage, access to care, and quality of care
378
_____ and ____ are strongly related to overall health while ____ is less correlated?
```
class and race
gender
```
379
are poor or wealthy people more likely to be sick?
poor
380
are poor or wealthy people more likely to engage in risky behaviors?
poor
381
do men or women have a higher life expectancy
women
382
what diseases are men more prone to than women?
diabetes, heart disease, asthma
