Sociology I Flashcards
getting a divorce
role exit
organizations
group entities organized and defined by a specific purpose
social group
two+ people who interact with one another, share similar characteristics, and feel a sense of unity
differential association theory
deviant behavior learned through interaction with others, especially with criminal behavior
altruism
behavior by an individual or group that benefits another at the expense of its own group
social construction model of expressing and detecting emotion
emotional responses are not biologically predetermined and is entirely based on experience and context
formal social control
laws, sanctions, regulations enforced by an authority figure
out-group stereotyping
group members view those outside of the group as biased, ignorant, or morally inferior
complex task
one which is still new or difficult
individualistic
more prone to fundamental attribution error
network
established pattern of social relationships between individuals
hidden cirriculum
unofficial social norms taught at school
altering behavior when asked
compliance
dyad
smallest possible group, tend to be emotionally unstable, less likely to survive
agression
behavior intended to injure, harm, intimidate, or inflict pain upon another
norms
rules and expectations by which members of society are expected to follow
what type of communication is tone?
non-verbal
groups inherent morality
group setting fosters a belief that the groups’ actions are above moral reproach
mass hysteria
spontaneous, socially contagious, irrational behavior of a group of people in response to an event
back stage
rehearsing, regrouping, rejuvenating
does performance decline more steeply with high arousal on a simple or complex task?
complex
deviance plays a positive role in initiating social change
functional theory
retreatism
individual rejects societies’ goals as well as the conventional means to achieve goals
stigma
extreme dislike or negativity towards a person or group based on perceived defiance
attribute substitution
when faced with a complex mental task or judgment, tend to sub the actual situation with a simpler one
self-censorship
individuals who may doubt the group do not voice their concerns to the group
status
one’s hierarchical position in society
reliance on central traits
tendency to organize the perception of others based on traits and personal characteristics of the target most important to the perceiver
identification
process of incorporating the characteristics of a parent or other influential person by adopting their appearance, attitudes, behaviors
social perception
how we perceive others, form impressions of them, and make judgements about them
polygyny
one man and multiple women
secondary social group
short-lived, superficial bonds
polyandry
one woman and multiple men
role conflict
clash between roles associated with two or more statuses
one silent, one betrays in prisoner’s dilemma
betrayer goes free, silent serves longest sentence
simultaneous move
players act at the same time or in a way that make it impossible for one to know how the other acted
social loafing
phenomenon of a person exerting less effect to achieve a goal when they work in a group than when they work alone
interpersonal attraction
we like people because of similarities, complimentary differences, reciprocity, physical appearance, proximity
primary group
small group of members who share an intense, intimate bond that is long lasting and influential
sequential move
moves are made in order with later players having some knowledge of the previous players’ actions
situational attributions
explaining behavior as a function of context and circumstances under which behavior occurred
cultural relativism
an individual persons’ beliefs and activities should be understood by others in terms of that individuals own culture
McDonaldization
tendency of large organizations to standardize operations to achieve consistency and efficiency though sometimes nonsensical
social control
societal or political mechanisms used to regulate the behavior of individuals to ensure conformity and compliance to the established rules of that group
5 mechanisms for choosing a mate
direct phenotypic benefits sensory bias fisherian runaway hypothesis indicator traits genetic compatibility
fischerian runaway hypothesis
male ornamentation
iron law of oligarchy
any large organization would develop a system of governance in which many people come under the control of a few
moral actions are eventually rewarded and evil actions are eventually punished
just world hypothesis
attribution
the tendency to infer that the behavior we observe in other can be attributed to specific causes
verbal communication
language
folkways
rules for casual social interaction
a student who is also married
role conflict
conformity
behavior in accordance with socially accepted conventions or standards
role of cognition
refers to what a person actually thinks rather than what they feel or do
taboos
most morally significant custom forbidding discussion of or participation in a particular practice
peer pressure
social influence exerted on an individual by a peer or a peer group
self-fulfilling prophecy
false yet highly held belief or prediction about an individual or group that is accepted as true
false beliefs elicit behaviors to match eventually causing what was originally false to be perceived as true
game theory
perspective that view social or group behavior as a game with players, winners, losers, prizes
non-verbal communication
eye contact, gestures, body language
rebellion
rejects the goals and means and forms a counterculture to support actions
group rationalization
group members do not question assumptions that are being made and ignore warnings that might deter them from the present course of action
stereotype threat
anxiety experienced by the target of a negative stereotype causing behavior to be interpreted as confirmation of the negative stereotype
illusion of invulnerability
group setting provides a heightened sense of optimism that can lead to riskier behaviors
socialization
lifelong process by which an individual acquires the habits, norms, and beliefs of society
appraisal model of expressing and detecting emotion
biologically programmed emotional response but the emotional response results from cognitive appraisals
out group
social groups that individuals feel competition or conflict towards
favoring of a child
role strain
both silent in prisoner’s dilemma
shortest sentence
Simple task
one which one is already proficient
agents of socialization
institutions or groups in society that play a definitive role in socialization
stereotyping
to view one as an oversimplified image of it
role
a set of expectations and norms that define how a person of a given status should behave
in group
social groups that members feel an affinity for or loyalty to
social support
support provided to an individual by a social group or network
monogamy
one spouse per person
That the probability of help is inversely related to the number of people around illustrates what concept?
bystander effect
prejudice verus discrimination
attitude versus behavior
ethnocentrism
judging another culture solely on the values of ones own culture
prisoner’s dilemma
self-interest causes a worse outcome for each than working together but risk betrayal
secondary socialization
process of learning the appropriate behavior as a member of a smaller group within society
seven characteristics of bureaucracy
formal hierarchal structure management by rules organized by functional specialty up focused or in focused mission purposely impersonal employment based on qualifications increasing staff
not drinking and driving
a more
self-serving bias
tendency to attribute positive events to their own character but attribute negative events to external factors
group size
increasing numbers increase anonymity and diffused responsibility
impression management
individuals attempt to shape, manipulate and manage how they are perceived by others
achieved status
earned through a personal effort or achievement
hawk-dove
beneficial for both players to yield but choice depends on what the other does
examples of collectives
crowd
mass
strain theory
society actually promotes deviant behavior
confirmation bias
tendency to interpret information as confirmation of one’s existing beliefs or theories
altering behavior by an authority
obedience
deviance is relative
labeling theory
large group
stability increases with group size but intimacy and bonding decrease
halo effect
tendency for an impression created in one area to influence opinion in another
suppression of dissension
individuals in the group feel pressure not to voice disagreements with the group
ambivalent attachment
Childhood: caregiver inconsistent, child not comforted when caregiver returns to them, may avoid or refuse comfort
Adult: reluctant to form relationships, worry their partner doesn’t reciprocate their love, devastated by breakups
polygamy
two or more spouses per person
primary social group
long-lasting, close interactions, unlikely to dissolve
triad
addition of one person adds stability, disputes are often mediated by the third member
collectives
unplanned activity among a larger number of people that may result in social change
informal social control
socialization or any means used to encourage adherence to societal norms and values for acceptable behavior
(shame, ridicule, criticize)
collectivist
more prone to make situational attributions
front stage
preforming for an audience
altering behavior to fit a context
conformity
illusions of unanimity
group members believe that the view of the majority is held by everyone in the group
Yerkes-Dodson law
empirical relationship between arousal and performance in which performance increases with physical and mental arousal but only to a point after which the level of arousal becomes too high and performance decreases
zero sum game
one’s own gains are completely canceled out by another’s losses
deviance
departing from usual or accepted standards
mass
temporary groups of people who share common concerns or beliefs
ritualism
overall rejection of a cultural goal but rigidly adhering to the rules anyway
both betray in prisoner’s dilemma
medium sentence
avoidant attachment
Childhood: caregiver absent or unresponsive, child shows no preference to caregiver over strangers, avoids caregiver
Adult: problems with intimate relationships, do not invest emotionally into relationships, promiscuous sexual activity
mores
norms that have a great moral significance and are widely accepted by members of society
primacy/recency effect
when given a list to memorize, the first and last items are the most likely to be recalled
can altruism be selfish? why?
yes, for a net benefit
Bystander effect
individuals do not offer any means of help to a victim when others are present
prejudice
preconceived belief or judgement about a person or group developed prior to, or not based upon, actual experience or knowledge
fads
unconventional social patterns that are embraces briefly and enthusiastically by large groups
anomie
normlessness, a state of instability due to a lack of social norms or the breakdown of social standards or values
examples of agents of socialization
family mass media peers workplace religion school government
mind guards
group members shield the group from any dissenting information
role exit
process by which people disengage from important social roles
labeling theory
symbiotic interactionists
deviance and conformity result from how others respond to one’s actions
self-presentation
how people display themselves to society
groups
two or more people interacting and identifying with one another
sanctions
consequences assigned by members of society as a result of a norm violation
non-zero sum game
one’s own gains are not direct losses by another
role of emotion
can exacerbate prejudice
tends to inhibit reasoned, factual judgment
ascribed status
assigned at birth or assumed based on race, lineage
out of ones control
groupthink
tendency of groups to make decisions that are incorrect or illogical based on a desire to maximize group consensus and minimize group conflict
basic model of expressing and detecting emotion
emotional expression is universal and is expressed similarly across cultures
physiological construction model of expressing and detecting emotion
takes physiological factors such as experience, mood, and language into account when seeing the wide array of emotional expressions
crowd
temporary collections of people in the same place at the same time
disorganized attachment
Childhood: caregiver inconsistent, erratic, potentially abusive, child displays a mixture of unclear attachment, may assume caregiver role
Adult: various outcomes, similar to avoidant
secondary group
large, impersonal group of members that exists for a short period of time
just-world hypothesis
assumption that a person’s actions are inherently inclined to bring about morally fair consequences
facing forward in an elevator
folkway
peer
another individual that is of the same age, status, or other measure of equality to oneself
anonymity
no one can be found out
riots
undirected, highly emotional social eruptions that result in violence, typically in response to a social injustice that a group finds highly undesirable
collective behavior
social processes or behavior by group-like entities called collectives that do not reflect stable social culture but emerge spontaneously
foraging
searching for wild food sources
are western cultures more prone to individualistic or collectivist errors
individualistic
dispositional attributions
explaining behavior as a function of personality
obedience
observance with an order, law or submission to another’s authory
role strain
stressed among the roles associated with one particular status
social dropout
retreatism
primary socialization
most influential type of socialization, the accepting and learning of a set of norms and values, usually initiated by the family
social facilitation
individuals preform better on simple tasks when they are being observed by others but preform more poorly on complex tasks when observed
compliance
the action of following a wish or command
asch conformity study
placed a person with 7 others (who were instructed to give wrong answers) and subject asked to answer questions with very obvious answers
showed that 75% of people conformed to the wrong answer at least once though less than 1% of control subjects got the answer wrong when not in the group situation
non-consensual sex
taboo
deindividuation
loss of self-awareness in groups and gain of social identity of the group
group polarization
tendency of groups to make decisions more extreme than any individual would acting alone
fundamental attribution error
more likely to make dispositional than situational attributions about an undesirable action
diffused responsibility
no one can be held directly responsible
is collective behavior normative or defiant?
neither
what type of communication is braille?
verbal
internalization
process by which an individual accepts as his own a set of norms established by people or groups which are influential to that individual
functional theorists
deviance not necessarily negative and is necessary for social order because it helps clarify the boundaries of social norms
secure attachment
Childhood: constant caregiver present, child seeks comfort from caregiver
Adult: trusting, lasting relationships, high self esteem, seek social support
innovation
reject conventional means to achieve a culturally approved goal
macrosociology
large groups and social institutions
microsociology
small groups or individuals
six major sociological theories
fundamentalism conflict theory symbolic interactionism social constructionism exchange theory rational choice theory
functionalism
society is a complex system of interdependent institutions working together to promote stability
family is an example of what sociological theory
functionalism
religion is an example of what sociological theory
functionalism
conflict theory
social life is characterized by inequality and competition for scarce resources resulting in levels of wealth/power/prestige
education system is an example of what sociological theory
conflict theory
symbolic interactionism
society is the product of everyday interaction between individuals
teen smoking culture is an example of what sociological theory
symbolic interactionism
social constructionism
study of human experience in everyday life and how individuals perceive, think, and talk about social life
exchange theory
people act rationally to get what they need by exchanging good and service with others
marriage and divorce is an example of what sociological theory
exchange theory
quitting a job is an example of what sociological theory
exchange theory
rational choice theory
all actions are fundamentally rational and people analyze the costs and benefits
voting is an example of what sociological theory
rational choice theory
hidden curriculum
transmission of norms, values, beliefs conveyed in the classroom and social environment
teacher expectancy
publicized curriculum that defines what students are meant to learn and the impacts of a teacher’s expectations on student performance
segregation
students tend to be segregated into groups or classes within a school based on race, socioeconomic class
stratification
students tend to be separated into different classes or schools that have stratified curriculum of unequal difficulty
kinship
recognition of relationships derived from descent/marriage
primary kinship
person belonging to the same nuclear family as ego
father/mother is an example of what kinship
primary
secondary kinship
primary kin of ego’s primary kin
grandparents are an example of what kinship
secondary
tertiary kinship
primary kin of the secondary kin
cousins are an example of what kinship
tertiary
nuclear family
mother, father, children
diverse family
single parents, same sex parents
are families becoming more nuclear or diverse?
diverse
are divorce rates increasing or decreasing?
increasing
child abuse
parent abusing a child physically, sexually, emotionally, or by neglect
elder abuse
any knowing, intentional, or negligent act by a caregiver that causes harm or serious risk of harm to a vulnerable adult
spousal abuse
willful intimidation, physical assault, battery, sexual assault as a part of a systematic pattern of power and control by one intimate partner against another
religion
formal beliefs, doctrines, values taught or associated with a specific church or group
religiosity
broad term encompassing any guiding belief or behavior by an individual regarding ultimate or transcendent issues
church
religious organization that is part of the larger society and characterized by formal worship and universal appeal
sect
religious organization that stands apart from larger society and is characterized by emotionally charged convictions and no universal appeal
cult
religious organization that stands apart from larger society in a way that is deviant
modernization
societal transformation away from a traditional, rural society to a secular, urban, industrial society
secularization
transformation away from close identification with religious values towards non-religious institutions
fundamentalism
religious movement focused on returning to and preserving values and teachings
what type of religious change is intolerant and may lead to extremism or even terrorism
fundamentalism
power
ability to obtain one’s desires or goals, even in the force of opposition
authority
the legitimate, approved use of power by a leader over persons who recognize or have granted that power to the leader
capitalism
means of production are privately owned
1- private ownership of property
2- pursuit of personal profit
3- competition and consumer choice
socialism
means of production are collectively held
1- collective ownership of property
2- pursuit of collective goals
3- government control of economy
monarchy
a single family rules from generation to generation
constitutional monarchy
royal figureheads and power vested in elected officials
democracy
political system in which power is given to the people
authoritarianism
political system that denied people participation in the government
totalitarianism
most extreme type of authoritarianism that is highly centralized and extensively regulates people’s lives
oligarchy
social system under control of a small elite
why oligarchy?
people prefer others to make decisions for them, people in power stay in power
plutocracy
social system in which the wealthy rule
power by wealth
plutocracy
egalitarianism
social system where equality of all people in political, economic, and social life exists
division of labor
range of social tasks must be completed in any society and there is usually some form of division of tasks among individuals usually based on specialization
who is the theorist who believes that division of labor is beneficial to society for social and moral order
emile durkheim
medicalization
the process by which all human illness, disability are assumed to have a medical cause of solution
medical model
sees illness or impairment as the problem and diagnosis and treatment is the primary approach
treatment as the primary approach
medical model
prevention as the primary approach
social model
social model
sees structures within society as the problem, prevention and integration over treatment
sick role
a sick person has a unique role in society that includes rights and obligations
rights of a sick person
exempt from normal social rules and expectations
obligations of a sick person
attempt to get well quickly
illness experience
ways in which individuals define and adapt to a perceived lack of good health
illness
person’s subjective experience of a health problem
disease
medical professional’s scientific definition of a health problem based on signs and symptoms
epidemiology
branch of medicine focused on the incidence, prevalence, and widespread control of diseases and other factors relating to public health
incidence
measure of disease that allows the predetermination of a persons’ probability of being diagnosed with a disease during a given time
new cases/ people at risk
incidence
prevalence
measure of disease that allows us to determine a person’s likelihood of having a disease
total cases/ total population
prevalence
morbidity
illness
mortality
death
culture
ways of thinking, acting, material objects that define way of life
5 elements of culture
beliefs language rituals symbols values
material culture
the physical artifacts created by members of society
who studies material culture
anthropologists and archaeologists
symbolic culture
the ideas created by members of society
who studies symbolic culture
sociologists
culture shock
feeling of disorientation when experiencing an unfamiliar way of life
culture lag
some cultures or cultural elements change more quickly than others causing conflict with the cultural system
cultural barriers
beliefs, attitudes, customs, and practices may clash between people of different cultures
language barrier
may occur when people who speak different languages interact
assimilation
process by which minorities gradually adopt practices of the dominant culture
mutli-culturalism
recognizes the cultural diversity of the US and promotes the equality between all cultures
subculture
secondary culture existing within a mainstream culture that has its own set of values and norms, generally able to coextist with mainstream culture
counter culture
secondary culture that is antagonistic toward mainstream culture and has the overt goal of changing it, often political in nature
cultural transmission
cultural learning
the way a group of people learn as pass on new information
cultural diffusion
spread of cultural beliefs and social activities from one group to the enxt
mass media
methods or instruments of conveying information that allow for communication with large numbers of people at once
does culture speed up or slow down evolution
speed up
gerontology
scientific study of the biological, psychological, and social aspects of aging
life course
theoretical approach to studying human experience, aging, and development that considers an individual’s entire lifetime, paying attention to transitions
transition
significant, discrete change or event in one’s life
examples of transitions
graduation, marriage
trajectory
stable, long-term sequence of linked stages, roles, experiences
examples of trajectories
education, career
age cohorts
generational segments of society that share common characteristics or life experiences because of the time period they were born
85+ cohort
increasing due to longer life expectancy
what are the implications of the increasing 85+ cohor
elderly care, strains on the healthcare system
baby boomers
born during the large increase in births following WWII
what are the implications of the baby boomer chort
increasing retirement, strains on social security
ageism
stereotyping or discrimination based on one’s age
sex
biological
differences between males and females found in chromosomes, anatomy, and hormones
gender
personal traits and societal positions that members of society attach to being male or female
gender is socially
constructed
how is gender socially constructed
dressing children, encouraging “boy” and “girl” behaviors and activities
gender segregation
physical, legal, or social separation of individuals based on sex
gender inequality
general term describing any aspect of society wherein individuals are treated differently based on gender
patriarchy
societal, political, cultural, or familial structure wherein men have power, privilege, or rights over women
calling the father the head of the household suggests
patriarchy
race
inferred or determined subjectively based on a certain set of phenotypic traits such as facial features and skin color
ethnicity
groups of people according to culture, religion, language or national origin
racialization
ascribing a racial or ethnic identity to a group that does not self-identify as that race or ethnicity
racial formation
racial identities are fluid and can be created, strengthened, and destroyed
heterosexual
attracted to the opposite sex
bisexual
attracted to both or either sex
homosexual
attracted to the same sex
demographic shift
change in the makeup of a population over time as measured by demographic factors such as age, population size, diversity
Malthusian theory
unbridled population growth would lead to chaos because there would be competition for limited resources
according to malthusian theory, how quickly do populations grow
2^x
according to malthusian theory, how quickly do resources grow
1^x
is growth of populations and resources sustainable according to malthusian theory
no
fertility
average number of children born to each woman in a population
fecundity
fertility
mortality
number of deaths per unit time
total fertility/mortality
average over applicable population
crude fertility/mortality
average per 1,000 people in an entire population
age-specific fertility/mortality
average per 1,00 people in a reference period
demographic transition
trend observed in birth and death rates as a society transitions from pre to post industrial
pre-industrial stages
1 and 2
industrial stages
3 and 4
stage one of demographic transition
high fertility and high mortality
stage two of demographic transition
decreasing mortality
why does mortality decrease in stage two
societal progress
stage three of demographic transition
shift from agricultural to industrial, decreasing fertility
why does fertility decrease in stage three
women’s rights, contraception, decreasing family sizes
stage four of demographic transition
low fertility, low mortality
population growth is ______ related to industrialization and modernization
inversely
immigration
movement into a nation or region
emigration
movement out of a nation or region
push
aspects of society that encourage emigration
examples of push factors
war
low wages
examples of pull factors
high wages
political freedom
pull
aspects of society that attract immigrants
social movements
large alliance of individuals who share a common interest in creating or blocking social or political change
relative deprivation
the experience of being deprived of something to which one feels entitled
relative deprivation may cause
social movements and deviance
loose organization
usually littler organization of the overall movement, leaders are often unofficial or even self-appointed
social movement organizations
formal organizations that constitute a sub-component of the movement
example of a social movement organization
non-profits
strategy of a social movement
demand must be dramatic enough to draw support and attention but must still be reasonable with actionable steps for supporters to take
confrontational tactics
obstruction, property damage, violence
examples of obstructions
sit-ins, human chain
peaceful tactics
candlelight vigils
mass demonstrations
cultural politics
political lobbying
example of cultural politics
benefit concerts
example of political lobbying
involving elected officials
globalization
integration of individual economies and cultures into a more unified global economy and culture
how does globalization occur
free trade between nations
economic interdependence
ease of travel
access to technology
hyperglobalization perspective
globalization is a major new concept and will lead to blurring of national boundaries
cause of globalization in hyperglobalization perspective
economic logic
skeptical perspective
current globalization is fragmented and regionalized and already reached peak, nationalism a focus now
causes of globalization in the skeptical perspective
none, globalization is not occurring
transformationalist perspective
degree of globalization and the eventual outcomes of it are unclear
causes of globalization in the transformationalist perspective
no single cause
world systems theory
emphasizes a global inequality that is similar to the stratified inequality present in individual societies q
core countries
dominate and control peripheral countries for labor and raw materials
peripheral countries
dependent on core countries, especially for capital
semi-peripheral countries
characteristics of core and peripheral countries
civil unrest
may result from globalization as the world becomes a single capitalist market
globalization may highlight relative deprivations and lead to uprisings
what might civil unrest cause
uprisings
terrorism
may impede globalization due to free flow of people, goods, and money
what could be a main exacerbation of terrorism in the modern world
technology
urbanization
tendency of populations to move away from rural settings and be concentrated in urban centers
what is a main cause of urbanization
economic opportunity
hyper-urbanization
when global trade is centralized in one city
industrial and urban growth
society and economy become industrialized and people migrate to urban centers
suburbanization and urban decline
urban overcrowding leads to suburbs, urban centers become slums and ghettos
gentrification and urban renewal
revitalization projects convert less desirable urban areas to right-rent apartments and shopping
only affordable to the wealthy
spatial inequality
inequality between persons living in geographical locations
different quality or resources based on area
residential segregation
physical separation of people into different neighborhoods according to race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status
do poorer neighborhoods tend to be more or less safe?
more crime, less safe
environmental justice
when the benefits of interacting with the environment are distributed across all people independent of race, ethnicity, class
social class
segregation of a society into hierarchical classes or divisions
class consciousness
social condition in which members of a social class are aware of their class
what class is the most conscious of their position
working class
false consciousness
members of a class are unaware of themselves as a class and this causes a distorted perception of the reality of class and its consequences
cultural capital
ideas and knowledge people draw upon as they engage in social life
examples of cultural capital
public speaking
good manners
social capital
expected collective or economic benefits derived from the preferential treatment and cooperation between individuals and groups
social reproduction
process through which entire societies and their cultural, structural, ecological characteristics are reproduced
power
the ability to control others, events, or resources and to have desirable events happen in the face of obstacles or opposition
privilege
financial or emotion advantages over another/another group
prestige
honor or deference attached to a social status and distributed unequally
intersectionality
various forms of oppression, domination, discrimination interact to create new forms of these experiences
global inequality
countries are stratified in the world just as individuals are within societies
intergenerational mobility
change in social class by one or more members of a family between generations
intragenerational mobility
change in social class by an individual within their lifespan
vertical mobility
change in social status of class
example of vertical mobility
marrying rich
horizontal mobility
change in position within class
example of horizontal mobility
small pay raise or promotion
meritocracy
advancement or opportunity is based on merit
relative poverty
low income compared to other individuals
absolute poverty
income too low to provide life necessities, persisting for a period long enough to cause harm
social exclusion
systematic blocking of a segment of society from common rights and opportunities
neighborhood effect
segregation of groups into housing projects that lead to social exclusion
socioeconomic gradients
health improves with socioeconomic status
increases in ____, _____, and _____ lead to health improvements
income
occupation
education
health disparity
higher burden of illness, injury, disability, or mortality experienced by one population relative to another
healthcare disparity
differences between groups in healthcare coverage, access to care, and quality of care
_____ and ____ are strongly related to overall health while ____ is less correlated?
class and race gender
are poor or wealthy people more likely to be sick?
poor
are poor or wealthy people more likely to engage in risky behaviors?
poor
do men or women have a higher life expectancy
women
what diseases are men more prone to than women?
diabetes, heart disease, asthma
