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MCAT 1 > SMRM > Flashcards

SMRM Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

1/8

A

0.125

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2
Q

sqrt(1)

A

1

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3
Q

sqrt(2)

A

1.41

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4
Q

sqrt(3)

A

1.73

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5
Q

sqrt(4)

A

2

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6
Q

sqrt(5)

A

2.24

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7
Q

sqrt(6)

A

2.45

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8
Q

sqrt(7)

A

2.67

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9
Q

sqrt(8)

A

2.83

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10
Q

sqrt(9)

A

3

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11
Q

sqrt(10)

A

3.16

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12
Q

sqrt(11)

A

3.32

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13
Q

sqrt(12)

A

3.46

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14
Q

sqrt(13)

A

3.61

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15
Q

sqrt(14)

A

3.74

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16
Q

sqrt(15)

A

3.87

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17
Q

deci

A

10^-1

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18
Q

centi

A

10^-2

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19
Q

milli

A

10^-3

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20
Q

micro

A

10^-6

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21
Q

nano

A

10^-9

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22
Q

pico

A

10^-12

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23
Q

femto

A

10^-15

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24
Q

deca

A

10^1

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25
Q

hecto

A

10^2

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26
Q

kilo

A

10^3

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27
Q

mega

A

10^6

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28
Q

giga

A

10^9

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29
Q

tetra

A

four measures

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30
Q

sin(0)

A

0

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31
Q

sin(30)

A

1/2

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32
Q

sin(45)

A

sqrt(2)/2

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33
Q

sin(60)

A

sqrt(3)/2

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34
Q

sin(90)

A

1

35
Q

cos(0)

A

1

36
Q

cos(30)

A

sqrt(3)/2

37
Q

cos(45)

A

sqrt(2)/2

38
Q

cos(60)

A

1/2

39
Q

cos(90)

A

0

40
Q

cosecant

A

1/sin

41
Q

secant

A

1/cosine

42
Q

cotan

A

1/tan

43
Q

tangent

A

sin/cos

44
Q

pi radians

A

180 degrees

45
Q

distance

A

x=(1/2)at^2

46
Q

Force

A

F=Gmm/r^2

F=ma

47
Q

velocity

A

v=sqrt(2gh)

48
Q

ideal gas

A

PV=nRT

49
Q

selection bias

A

method is not random, results are not representative

50
Q

types of selection bias

A 
specific real area
self-selection
pre-screening
exclusion
healthy user
Berkson's fallacy
overmatching
survivorship
51
Q

specific real area

A

neglecting a subset of the population that is not present

52
Q

self-selection

A

decision whether to participate

53
Q

pre-screening

A

choosing a subset to prove a hypothesis

54
Q

exclusion

A

keeping a subset out of the population

55
Q

healthy user

A

subset better off than the general population

56
Q

Berkson’s fallacy

A

subset less healthy than general population (hospital)

57
Q

overmatching

A

correlation of data with a confounder as a result of exposure

58
Q

survivorship

A

only the remaining subjects are selected, neglecting those not left anymore

59
Q

observer bias

A

subject knows the goals and/or hypotheses of the study

60
Q

demand characteristics

A

formed interpretation of the purpose of the study

61
Q

information bias (two types)

A

wrong or inexact recording of variables
measurement error: involves a continuous variable
misclassification: categorical variable

62
Q

confounding variable

A

extraneous variable that influences the study variable

placebo effect: pt with a blank treatment experiences health benefits

63
Q

detection bias

A

systematic differences between groups in terms of treatment (doctor cares better for a test subject)

64
Q

experimenter bias (two types)

A

errors based on expectations
confirmation bias: more likely to favor information that confirms the hypothesis and to ignore information that denies the hypothesis
reporting bias: systematic difference in what information is reported

65
Q

accuracy

A

the degree to which a measurement conforms to the standard “correct” value
systematic error

66
Q

precision

A

relates to the reproducibility or repeatability of the results
random error

67
Q

reliability (two types)

A

results that are consistent and repeatable
test-retest: test results are consistent over time
inter-rater: degree of consensus among judges

68
Q

validity (two types)

A

test what it is meant to measure and is done under scientific standards

external: generalizable, extrapolation
internal: justifiable

69
Q

correlation

A

r^2

amount of variance in y that is accounted for by x

70
Q

causation

A

one thing is found to be both necessary and sufficient to cause another
VERY DIFFICULT TO PROVE

71
Q

Hill’s criteria (9)

A 
temporality
strength
consistency
testable 
specificity
plausibility
dose-response relationship
coherence
analogy
72
Q

normal distribution

A

1SD: 68%
2SD: 95%
3SD: 99%

73
Q

probability

A

assumes outcomes are independent and mutually exclusive
AND: multiply
OR: add

74
Q

directional hypothesis testing

A

p>alpha, cannot reject Ho

75
Q

non-directional hypothesis testing

A

p>alpha/2, cannot reject Ho

76
Q

standard error of mean (SEM)

A

how precisely the mean represents the true population mean

decreases with increasing population size

77
Q

type I error

A

claimed different when none existed

78
Q

type II error

A

no claimed difference when one existed

79
Q

how do you deal with percentages in proportionality

A

convert to fractions

80
Q

distance

A

d=rt

81
Q

how is the density of air related to elevation?

A

density decreases with height

82
Q

is a bird a mammal

A

no

83
Q

how does a linear relationship change on a semilog plot

A

it becomes non-linear

MCAT 1 (10 decks)

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