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MCAT 1 > Psych > Flashcards

Psych Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

conditioned reinforcer

A

has no value until paired with a primary reinforcer

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2
Q

GABA works in

A

CNS

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3
Q

petectum

A

control of pupillary light reflex

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4
Q

somatosensation

A

touch, texture, pressure, pain, T

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5
Q

parallel processing

A

visual world is processed in streams and then tied together

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6
Q

typicality effect

A

using a typical example of a concept increases recall or verification rate

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7
Q

what is the dominant hemisphere of someone who is right handed

A

left

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8
Q

where does acetylcholine work

A

PNS and CNS

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9
Q

is deep processing maintenance or elaborative?

A

elaborative

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10
Q

heuristic judgements

A

unconscious determination of the source based on clues or shortcuts associated with the memory

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11
Q

gestalt therapy

A

treatment of the individual as a whole

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12
Q

what is hard to see in far-sighted

A

close

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13
Q

learned behavior

A

predominantly environmental, learned through experience

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14
Q

positive reinforcement

A

presenting something that makes a behavior more likely

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15
Q

long term depression

A

persistent weakening of a synapse based on decreased activity

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16
Q

unconditioned stimulus

A

naturally elicits a response

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17
Q

examples of semantic memory

A

colors, alphabet, capitals

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18
Q

risk factors for bipolar

A

MS and family

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19
Q

what do schemas assume

A

assume similarities, characterize difference as exceptions

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20
Q

serotonin works in the

A

CNS

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21
Q

lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) is part of the

A

thalamus

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22
Q

olfactory cells

A

chemoreceptors

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23
Q

controlled processing

A

requires active attention and effort, when repeated over a long period of time may become automatic

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24
Q

do infants have more or less neurons than adults

A

same number

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25
Q

retroactive interference

A

new memories impact the recall of old ones

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26
Q

when does brain size peak

A

20s

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27
Q

personality disorders

A

enduring pattern of personal experience and behavior that deviates from expectations

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28
Q

positive and negative recall

A

positive memories are remembered more easily and negative memories forgotten more easily

  • more pronounced in older adults
  • equal when suffering from depression
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29
Q

what do jung’s archetypes exist within

A

collective unconscious

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30
Q

elaborative rehearsal is also known as

A

semantic rehearsal

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31
Q

hierarchy of needs (highest to lowest)

A 
physiological
safety
love/belonging
esteem
self-actualization
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32
Q

maintenance rehearsal

A

rote, repetitive rehearsal of new information without thinking about meaning or context

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33
Q

reaction formation

A

behaving in direct contradiction to one’s true feelings

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34
Q

client centered therapy

A

client directs the discussion, therapist must be empathetic and positive

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35
Q

do fixed schedules lead to straight or jagged lines

A

jagged

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36
Q

animal breeding

A

animals can be bred to target behaviors

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37
Q

how long does working memory last

A

10-15 seconds without rehearsal

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38
Q

alzheimer’s comes from a deficiency in

A

acetylcholine

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39
Q

biological predispositions

A

predispose one to an adaptive response, makes a conditioned response contrary unlikely

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40
Q

differentiate faces

A

feature receptors

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41
Q

amacrine cell functions in the

A

retina

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42
Q

same genes, different environment

A

environment changes gene expression, disease or no

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43
Q

Jung’s dichotomies

A

extra vs intraverted
sensing vs intuition
thinking vs feeling

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44
Q

nocireceptors

A

pain receptors

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45
Q

basal ganglia

A

smooth motor movements

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46
Q

acquisition

A

process by which the neutral stimulus becomes the conditioned stimulus

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47
Q

alfred alder

A

human behavior is guided through self-improvement and success

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48
Q

carl rogers

A

client-centered therapy

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49
Q

risk factors for schizophrenia

A

family

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50
Q

rorschach inkblot test

A

presentation of a series of inkblots to a test taker asked to describe what they see

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51
Q

E

A

extraverted

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52
Q

when is temperament established

A

birth

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53
Q

closure

A

see a shape even with missing pieces

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54
Q

optic nerve

A

bundle of two fibers, one from the left and one from the right

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55
Q

retrograde amnesia

A

inability to remember memories from prior to an amnesia causing event

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56
Q

example of projection

A

someone interested in someone other than their spouse then thinks their spouse is cheating

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57
Q

regulatory genes

A

code for a substance that promotes or inhibits transcription

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58
Q

F

A

feeling

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59
Q

scientist involved in observational learning

A

albert bandura

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60
Q

regulation of photoreceptor input

A

horizontal cell

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61
Q

theory that a person is defined by their neuroses

A

psychoanalytic personality theory

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62
Q

feature detectors

A

cells sensitive enough to discriminate between complex stimuli

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63
Q

did girls or boys show more aggressive behavior

A

boys

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64
Q

self-actualization

A

morality, creativity, problem solving

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65
Q

myers briggs type inventory

A

Jung’s dichotomies plus:

judging and perceiving

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66
Q

Cluster A personality disorders

A

paranoid
schizotypal
schizoid

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67
Q

when do antisocial personality disorder symptoms start

A

under 15

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68
Q

which theory focuses on unique differences

A

trait personality

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69
Q

semantic networks

A

adding context and meaning to facts

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70
Q

CNS

A

brain and spinal cord

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71
Q

thematic apperception test

A

presented with a series of pictures and asked to come up with a dramatic story

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72
Q

type B

A

more relaxed and reflective, lower anxiety, creativity

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73
Q

are sensation and perception equal

A

no

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74
Q

neuropeptides response

A

slower and longer lasting

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75
Q

serotonin in the CNS

A

regulation of sleep and appetite

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76
Q

variable ratio

A

rewarded sporadically

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77
Q

avoidant personality disorder

A

extreme shyness, sensitivity to criticism, low self esteem

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78
Q

variable interval

A

rewarded when a behavior occurring after a random amount of time

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79
Q

amnesia

A

memory loss as a result of brain damage, injury, or psychological trauma

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80
Q

norepi in the PNS

A

stress response

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81
Q

declarative memory

A

explicit

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82
Q

interneurons

A

relay/association neuron

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83
Q

alzheimer’s disease

A

memory loss, impaired cognition, language deterioration

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84
Q

what causes forgetting

A

insufficient repetition

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85
Q

who is a supporter of social cognitive theory

A

bandura

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86
Q

trait theorist view

A

personality is a large continuum

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87
Q

biological basis of parkinson’s

A

decreased dopamine

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88
Q

automatic processing

A

requires no attention or conscious effort

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89
Q

when is the ego present

A

develops from the id

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90
Q

examples of high order brain center

A

amygdala, hippocampus, orbitofrontal cortex

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91
Q

do infants have more or less glial cells than adults

A

fewer

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92
Q

diseases associated with dopamine

A

parkinson’s
huntington’s
tourette’s
schizophrenia

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93
Q

conversion disorder

A

conversation of psychological stress into actual neurological deficits

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94
Q

invasive brain studies

A

direct electrode stimulation, human brain injury cases, lab animal

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95
Q

low levels of norepi

A

anxiety and depression

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96
Q

Bobo doll experiment preformed by

A

bandura

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97
Q

afferent neurons

A

receive information from sensory organs and transmit to CNS

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98
Q

who thought there is a personal and collective unconscious

A

jung

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99
Q

optic chiasma

A

portion where the optic nerves cross one another

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100
Q

semantic memory

A

part of long-term memory that processes ideas, concepts that are not from personal experience

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101
Q

automatic nervous system

A

unconsciously directed functions such as breathing

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102
Q

defense mechanisms

A

resorted to when the ego attempts to resolve anxiety between ego and superego

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103
Q

biomedical approach

A

psych disorders are caused by biological or chemical dysfunction

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104
Q

procedural memory

A

part of long-term memory, responsible for moving/motor skills

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105
Q

george kelly

A

personal construct theory

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106
Q

animus

A

male in a female, Jesus

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107
Q

sensation

A

detection of environmental stimuli by the sensory receptors, conversion to an electrical impulse, transmission of the impulse to CNS

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108
Q

what are schemas used for

A

processing information quickly

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109
Q

cat to mammal is what link

A

superordinate

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110
Q

DSM-5 stands for

A

diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders

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111
Q

episodic memory

A

memory of autobiographic events

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112
Q

vestibular sense

A

balance and spatial orientation

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113
Q

which portions of the brain decrease with alzheimer’s

A

temporofrontal and frontal cortex, hippocampus

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114
Q

symmetry

A

objects form around a center point

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115
Q

anterograde amnesia

A

inability to create new memories occurring after an event

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116
Q

contralateral

A

sensory and motor functions of the left side and processed in the right side

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117
Q

relearning

A

increased learning efficiency when reinforcing an existing memory

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118
Q

secondary

A

surface only in certain situations

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119
Q

controls body activities

A

CNS

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120
Q

superego

A

conscious, pre-conscious, unconscious, moral standards

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121
Q

collective unconscious

A

inherited, universal themes

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122
Q

far-sighted

A

eye is too short or cornea doesn’t curve enough

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123
Q

testing effect

A

forced active recall during the learning phase dramatically increases retention

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124
Q

Glycine works in the

A

brain stem and spinal cord

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125
Q

synaptic pruning

A

selective destruction of some synapses and strengthening of others

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126
Q

personal construct theory

A

personality is the various mental constructs through which people view reality

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127
Q

spontaneous recovery

A

conditioned stimulus will occasionally elicit the conditioned response even after extinction has occurred

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128
Q

past experience

A

seeing red, yellow, green as a traffic light

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129
Q

behavioral personality theory

A

personality is the sum of reinforced behavior

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130
Q

superior colliculus is in the

A

midbrain

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131
Q

lateral gangliate nucleus

A

visual perception

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132
Q

S

A

sensing

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133
Q

punishment

A

stopping or reducing a behavior

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134
Q

spreading activation

A

how semantic networks process recall events

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135
Q

pinna

A

earlobe

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136
Q

familiarity effect

A

using a familiar example of a concept increases recall or verification rate

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137
Q

Abraham maslow

A

hierarchy of needs

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138
Q

when is the superego present

A

age 5

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139
Q

stereocilia

A

sound amplification

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140
Q

do cones see color or black and white

A

color

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141
Q

what is the opposite of sensitization

A

habituation

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142
Q

threshold of conscious perception

A

the lowest limit of sensibility, point where a stimulus is barely received

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143
Q

borderline personality disorder

A

instability in moods, relationship, self-image, may be self-destructive

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144
Q

blind spot in the eye

A

optic nerve

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145
Q

memory includes

A

encoding, storage, retrieval

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146
Q

shadow

A

embodies certain danger in an alluring way

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147
Q

albert bandura

A

aggression study and observational learning

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148
Q

semantic encoding

A

encoding of a meaning, understanding, or interrelation with other stored information

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149
Q

acetylcholine in PNS

A

arousal and attention

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150
Q

encoding

A

initial process in memory creation, includes sensation and transient storage in working memory

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151
Q

biological basis of bipolar

A

increased monoamine

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152
Q

middle ear includes

A

tympanic membrane, malleus, incus, stapes

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153
Q

bipolar cell

A

transmit signals from photoreceptors to the ganglion cells

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154
Q

raymond cattell

A

16 personality factor questionairre

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155
Q

what often causes korsakoff’s and why

A

chronic alcohol abuse

inhibits activation of thiamin to thiamine phosphate

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156
Q

P

A

percieving

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157
Q

long term potentiation causes a _______ in pre-synaptic neurotransmitter bundles

A

increase

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158
Q

tau protein

A

structural protein associated with microtubules

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159
Q

negative punishment

A

taking something good away

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160
Q

emotional interference

A

when a long term memory increases at a heightened emotional state, it also decreases the strength of memories before or at the same time as the emotional event

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161
Q

big five model

A 
openness to experience 
conscientiousness
agreeableness
extraversion
neuroticism
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162
Q

where is the medial geniculate nucleus found

A

thalamus

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163
Q

variable interval leads to

A

slow and steady response

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164
Q

where does epinephrine function

A

PNS

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165
Q

problem solving skills

A

corpus callosum

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166
Q

elaborative rehearsal

A

rehearsal of new information by thinking about its meaning, purpose, relation to known concepts

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167
Q

structural encoding

A

encoding what things look like

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168
Q

psychoanalytic personality theories

A

personality as a function of underlying, internal, unconscious influences

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169
Q

priming effect

A

presenting a related word increases recall or verification rate

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170
Q

id

A

100% unconscious, instinctive behavior

primary process and wish fulfillment

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171
Q

observational learning

A

general learning that results from the observation of the behavior of others

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172
Q

did girls or boys show more aggressive language

A

girls

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173
Q

ratio of JND to magnitude of original stimulus is a constant

A

weber’s law

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174
Q

near-sighted

A

elongation of the eye or severe curvature of the cornea

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175
Q

visual encoding

A

encoding of an image or visualization

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176
Q

acoustic encoding

A

encoding of a sound

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177
Q

denial

A

inability to accept some reality

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178
Q

Parkinson’s disease

A

neurodegenerative disease of slow, halting movements, tremors, muscle rigidity, shuffling gait
maybe dementia and language difficulties

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179
Q

chunking

A

organizing information simply into short segments or bullet points or visually simply

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180
Q

what is the strongest type of encoding

A

semantic

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181
Q

somatic symptom disorder

A

physical symptoms of illness of injury that cannot be explained by any general condition

anxiety and distress over symptoms

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182
Q

sensation triggers

A

action potential

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183
Q

desirable difficulties

A

challenging learning processes that require time and effort produce memories that are difficult to forget

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184
Q

long term potentiation

A

persistent strengthening of a synapse based on increased activity at that synapse

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185
Q

left hemisphere

A

linguistic

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186
Q

how is the distance of the line related to the strength of association in a semantic network

A

inversely

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187
Q

six most common psych disorders

A 
anxiety
depression
substance abuse
PTSD
antisocial personality
schizophrenia
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188
Q

kinesthetic sense

A

movement

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189
Q

general diagnostic rile

A

symptoms must cause significant distress or impairment of normal functioning

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190
Q

unconditioned response

A

instinctual response that occurs following the unconditioned stimulus

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191
Q

negative reinforcement

A

removing something that is uncomfortable of upsetting

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192
Q

norepi in the CNS

A

attention and emotional processing

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193
Q

automatic association

A

unconscious, unintentional, stimulus-driven

194
Q

what did freud think of unconscious

A

storage of unacceptable and repressed desires

195
Q

recall

A

retrieval and active statement or correct application of a memory

196
Q

does the image focus too early or late in near-sightedness

A

too early

197
Q

somatic nervous system is part of

A

PNS

198
Q

deep processing

A

encoding meaning, context, and connections

199
Q

pheromones

A

odors released by one individual that elicit behaviors in another

200
Q

what theory believes that people are inherently good

A

humanistic

201
Q

do infants have more or less synapses than adults

A

more

202
Q

absolute threshold

A

degree of stimulus intensity required for it to be correctly identified 50% of the time

203
Q

systematic judgements

A

conscious determination of the source based on intentional logical evaluation of the details remembered

204
Q

dishabituation

A

increased response to a stimulus after habituation has already occurred

205
Q

memory

A

information (encoding, storage, retrieval)

206
Q

fixed ratio

A

rewarded every n times that a behavior occurs

207
Q

gordon allport

A

three basic traits:
cardinal
central
secondary

208
Q

do rods see color or black and white

A

black and white

209
Q

examples of episodic memory

A

time, place, emotions of life events

210
Q

low levels of serotonin associated with

A

depression

211
Q

does epi work in the parasympathetic or sympathetic

A

sympathetic

212
Q

J

A

judging

213
Q

when is antisocial personality disorder diagnosed

A

over 18

214
Q

innate behavior

A

predominantly genetic, present regardless of environment

215
Q

glial cells

A

support cells

216
Q

physiological changes inside the cell during alzheimer’s

A

tau protein hyper-phosphorylated, insoluble tangles

217
Q

reinforcement

A

operant conditioning

218
Q

continuity

A

continue beyond the endpoint

219
Q

petectum is in the

A

midbrain

220
Q

retrieval

A

any use or application or application of a stored memory

221
Q

reinforcement

A

making a behavior more likely

222
Q

adoptive value

A

degree to which a behavior increases fitness

223
Q

positive punishment

A

presenting something undesirable

224
Q

internal locus of control

A

I control outcomes

225
Q

neurotransmitter response

A

faster and shorter lasting

226
Q

interdependence

A

environment and genes are constantly changing one another

227
Q

olfaction

A

smell

228
Q

which theory focuses on a single or small set of traits

A

type theorist

229
Q

is shallow processing maintenance or elaborative?

A

maintenance

230
Q

what is LTM the result of

A

physical changes to the neuron

231
Q

just noticeable difference

A

the amount something must be changed to detect a difference 50% of the time

232
Q

which of the id, ego, and superego is idealistic

A

superego

233
Q

explicit memory

A

declarative, requires conscious recall

234
Q

ganglion cells

A

final output neuron from eyes to brain

235
Q

interference effects

A

a new memory similar to an existing one can cause difficulty recalling the original
increasing irrelevant connections can decrease recall rate

236
Q

freud

A

id, ego, superego

237
Q

different genes, same environment

A

genes change environment

238
Q

people are more than the sum of their neuroses

A

humanistic

239
Q

cat to whiskers is what link

A

modifier

240
Q

illness anxiety disorder

A

heightened bodily sensations and intense anxiousness about the possibility of undiagnosed illness

241
Q

eye lens

A

converging

242
Q

biopsychosocial approach

A

psych disorders are caused by a combo of biochemical, psychological and sociological factors

243
Q

thiamine

A

vitamin B

244
Q

schemas

A

preconceived frameworks for viewing the world based on past experience

245
Q

which of the id, ego, and superego is instinctual

A

id

246
Q

learning

A

behavior (stable change based on experience)

247
Q

how do stereocilia differ from cilia

A

they are moved by the surrounding fluid

248
Q

corti

A

spiral organ, receptor for hearing

249
Q

dependent personality disorder

A

chronic pattern of dependent, submissive, needy behavior

250
Q

sensory memory

A

information is first processed, short lived

251
Q

myopia

A

near sighted

252
Q

epi in the PNS

A

stress response

253
Q

self-reference effect

A

the brain encodes information more easily and forms stronger memories when the information is more closely related to oneself

254
Q

fixed interval

A

rewarded every time a behavior occurs after a certain amount of time

255
Q

schizotypal personality disorder

A

DISTORTED

eccentric perception, “magical thinking”, mind reading and future telling

256
Q

risk factors for depression

A

family

257
Q

mnemonics

A

any pattern of letters, symbols or associations that help remember something

258
Q

diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders

A

official reference manual used to diagnose mental disorders

259
Q

ganglion cells function in the

A

retina

260
Q

who is associated with an inferiority complex

A

alfred alder

261
Q

schizoid personality disorder

A

DISRUPTIVE

severe detachment, indifference to feedback

262
Q

example of neuropeptide

A

endorphin

263
Q

is maintenance rehearsal effective?

A

no

264
Q

ego

A

conscious, pre-conscious, unconscious, realization of id desires, balance of superego tendencies

secondary process and reality principle

265
Q

shallow processing

A

structural or phonemic

266
Q

sentence completion test

A

asked to finish a sentence in a personally meaningful way

267
Q

method of loci

A

associations of word with visual checkpoints such as a hallway or running route

268
Q

where is the olfactory bulb found

A

forebrain

269
Q

converging image

A

positive, real, inverted

270
Q

risk factors for alzheimer’s

A

family

women

271
Q

lateral gangliate nucleus is in the

A

thalamus

272
Q

monoamines

A

seratonin, dopamin, norepi

273
Q

misinformation effect

A

presentation of inaccurate post-event information can cause an accurate memory to be altered or recalled inaccurately

274
Q

state-dependent learning

A

memory encoded in a particular place/ setting or in conjunction with a sight/smell/sound, memory is enhanced when attempted in the same state

275
Q

instinctive drift

A

tendency of a subject to revert from a conditioned to an instinctive response

276
Q

efferent neurons

A

send impulses from CNS to limbs and organs

277
Q

self-efficacy

A

belief in ability is closely related to actual ability

278
Q

regression

A

reverting to patterns of behavior used at earlier stages of life to deal with stress

279
Q

glycine in the CNS

A

inhibitory

280
Q

social cognitive personality theories

A

personality as a result of observational learning, situational influences and cognitive processes

281
Q

norepinephrine works in the

A

CNS and PNS

282
Q

tympanic membrane

A

eardrum

283
Q

Jung’s archetypes

A

universal images or concepts within the collective unconscious that influence behavior and thought

284
Q

extinction

A

conditioned response no longer occurs following the conditioned stimulus

285
Q

rod/cones to ganglion cells

A

bipolar cells

286
Q

CNS injury

A

reassignment of brain region functioning following a traumatic injury

287
Q

bottom-up processing

A

individual elements put together into a whole

288
Q

how often is long-term memory decaying

A

constantly

289
Q

habituation

A

decreased response to a stimulus after it has been presented multiple times

290
Q

amacrine cell

A

inhibitory neurons

291
Q

who is a supporter of behavioral personality theory

A

skinner

292
Q

instinct

A

classical conditioning

293
Q

shaping

A

reinforcing successive approximation of some target behavior

294
Q

how does STM work

A

temporary chemical and electrical traces

295
Q

start at the subsystem, end at the full system

A

bottom-up processing

296
Q

trait personality theories

A

personality is the sum of broad, stable characteristics

297
Q

locus of control

A

personal belief to the degree to which one can control life events or outcomes

298
Q

displacement

A

diversion of unacceptable feelings onto someone other than their own source (neutral source)

299
Q

similarity

A

group based on a common characteristic: color, size, shape

300
Q

operant conditioning

A

learning to associate one behavior with a punishment

301
Q

acetylcholine in CNS

A

neuromuscular junction, ANS

302
Q

horizontal cell functions in the

A

retina

303
Q

examples of procedural memory

A

walking, talking

304
Q

modifier links

A

links a concept to its properties

305
Q

which memories show the sharpest decline

A

episodic

source

306
Q

sensitization

A

increased response to a stimulus after the stimulus has already been presented

307
Q

category size effect

A

recall and verification rate increasing if the category has fewer members

308
Q

sociopath

A

severe deficit of conscience

309
Q

common fate

A

things moving together are a unit

310
Q

what did freud think of ego

A

conscious, pre-conscious, unconscious

311
Q

what increases in size with alzheimer’s

A

ventricle

312
Q

escape learning

A

adopt a behavior to reduce or end an unpleasant stimulus

313
Q

psychological factors

A

personality, behavior

314
Q

sensory adaptation

A

when first exposed to a stimulus, brain responsiveness increases but then decreases to the background if repeated

315
Q

threshold

A

minimum magnitude of a stimulus or the minimum difference in magnitude between two stimuli that can be perceived by the CNS

316
Q

what did freud think of behavior

A

repressed childhood desires

317
Q

conditioned stimulus

A

elicits a response after being paired with the unconditioned stimulus

318
Q

what is the opposite of habituation

A

sensitization

319
Q

external locus of control

A

other events beyond my control determines outcomes

320
Q

non-invasive brain studies

A

EEG
TDCS
rCBF

321
Q

mask represents

A

persona

322
Q

dominant hemisphere

A

side of the brian used to control the preferred arm or leg

323
Q

when is the id present

A

from birth

324
Q

dopamine in the CNS

A

sensorimotor integration and reward processing

325
Q

type theorist view

A

personality exists as discrete, fixed categories and people fall into one or the other

326
Q

central

A

present to some degree in everyone

327
Q

EEG

A

electroencephalography

328
Q

neural plasticity

A

ability of the brain and its neurons to physically change in response to stimuli

329
Q

variable ratio leads to

A

high and steady response

330
Q

examples of implicit memory

A

skills, procedures, conditioned responses

331
Q

what are jung’s archetypes

A

self
shadow
anima
persona

332
Q

N

A

intuition

333
Q

peg-word system

A

two step method using a peg list such as:
1- run
2- blue
3- free

uses these words to remember a list

334
Q

self

A

entire mind in unified

335
Q

persona

A

how one presents themselves to the world

336
Q

good gestalt

A

elements grouped together based on a pattern

337
Q

jung

A

contemporary and supporter of Freud

338
Q

two types of twin studies

A

1- MZ twins raised in the same family compared to DZ twins raised in the same family

2-MZ twins raised in the same family compared to MZ twins raised apart

339
Q

prospective memory

A

ability to remember to do something at a future time

340
Q

corpus callosum

A

transfer of information between hemispheres

341
Q

generalization

A

conditioned response spreads to stimuli that are similar but not identical to the conditioned stimulus

342
Q

are rods or cones more sensitive

A

rods

343
Q

psychophysics

A

use of precise, quantitative measurement of physical stimuli to understand the relationships between external stimuli and sensation

344
Q

perception triggers

A

mind process

345
Q

ipsilateral

A

same side

346
Q

bell/tone

A

neutral stimulus and becomes conditioned stimulus

347
Q

covalent DNA modifications lead to

A

changes in physiology

348
Q

modeling

A

process of learning by watching others and mimicking their behavior

349
Q

conditioned response

A

elicited by the conditioned stimulus

350
Q

three types of encoding

A

visual, acoustic, semantic

351
Q

neutral stimulus

A

does not elicit a response in the absence of learning

352
Q

long term potentiation causes a _______ in post-synaptic ion channel receptors

A

increase

353
Q

fixed interval leads to

A

high response rate at the end of the interval

354
Q

dopamine works in the

A

CNS

355
Q

top-down processing

A

whole broken down into individual elements

356
Q

rule-based processing

A

conscious and intentional, driven by stimulus as well as language and congition

357
Q

what did Jung think of libido

A

more generalized view of energy

358
Q

who believed in reciprocal determinism

A

bandura

359
Q

anima

A

female in a male, virgin mary

360
Q

implicit memory

A

non-declarative memory, automatic recall

361
Q

histrionic personality disorder

A

excessive but shallow emotions, attention-seeking, manipulative

362
Q

where is the olfactory sensory neuron found

A

upper nasal cavity

363
Q

automatic nervous system is part of

A

PNS

364
Q

when does alzheimer’s onset

A

65+

365
Q

long term potentiation causes a _______ in gene expression

A

increase

366
Q

signal detection theory

A

means to quantify the ability to discern between information-beaning patterns and random, distracting patterns

367
Q

response bias

A

range of elements that influence the response of participants away from accuracy

368
Q

outer ear includes

A

pinna and auditory canal

369
Q

temperament

A

general emotional dispition

370
Q

do rods or cones see better resolution

A

cones

371
Q

recognition

A

associating new information with an existing memory

372
Q

antisocial personality disorder

A

pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others, animal cruelty, lack of concern and empathy

373
Q

serial position effect

A

presenting order or position on a list impacts recall based on the primacy and recency effects

374
Q

what is hard to see in near-sighted

A

far away

375
Q

how many pigments do cones have

A

three

376
Q

TDCS

A

transcranial direct current stimulation

377
Q

do variable schedules lead to straight or jagged lines

A

straight

378
Q

malleus, incus, stapes

A

middle ear bones

379
Q

continuation

A

assume no change in direction

380
Q

biological basis of depression

A

decreased monoamines
increased cortisol and glucose metabolism
hippocampus atrophy

381
Q

catecholamines

A

Epi
Norepi
Dopamine

382
Q

GABA stands for

A

gamma aminobutyric acid

383
Q

proximity

A

groupings close together show associations

384
Q

superior colliculus

A

control of eye movements

385
Q

level of detail

A

positive memories are usually accompanied with more details than negative memories

386
Q

sublimation

A

channeling unacceptable thoughts or urges into something more acceptable

387
Q

taste pathway

A

taste buds, brain stem, taste center

388
Q

classical conditioning

A

learning to instinctually associate one stimulus with another

389
Q

korsakoff’s syndrome

A

brain disorder resulting from severe thiamine deficiency

390
Q

what triggers olfactory cells

A

membrane receptors that bind airborne chemicals

391
Q

where is the olfactory nerve found

A

cranial nerve I

392
Q

biological personality theory

A

personality is predominantly the result of gene expression

393
Q

what is the first example of personality types

A

Jung’s dichotomies

394
Q

mirror neurons

A

neurons that have been shown to fire when you feel an emotion as well as when you observe another feeling that emotion

395
Q

what are projective tests used to overcome

A

repression

396
Q

how does horney define neuroses

A

basic anxiety resulting from relationship struggles in childhood

397
Q

state depending learning

A

mood and emotional similarity during recall enhance memory

398
Q

paranoid personality disorder

A

DISRUPTIVE

pervasive distrust or suspicion

399
Q

Cluster C of personality disorders

A

Avoidant

Dependent

400
Q

sociological factors

A

culture, peer pressure

401
Q

latent learning

A

learning without presentation of a reward

402
Q

working memory

A

actively being engaged with

403
Q

reciprocal determinism

A

individual, behavior and environment affect one another

404
Q

behavior may mold environment

A

reciprocal determinism

405
Q

kurt lewin

A

field theory

406
Q

wernickes syndrome

A

precursor to korsakoff’s that can be treated with IV vitamines and cessation of alcohol intake

407
Q

superordinate links

A

connects the concept to the category name

408
Q

true-false effect

A

true statements are verified quicker than false statements are negated

409
Q

narcissistic personality disorder

A

excessive sense of self-importance, lack of empathy, constant need for attention

410
Q

processes visual stimuli

A

lateral geniculate nucleus

411
Q

where is the taste center

A

thalamus

412
Q

who set the big five model

A

Mccrae and costa

413
Q

repression

A

information unconsciously pushed out of awareness

414
Q

token economy

A

positive behavior is reinforced with tokens that can be later exchanged for prizes

415
Q

karen horney

A

humanistic, rejected sexual urges

416
Q

heightened emotional states

A

memories coded during heightened emotional states are remembered more easily

417
Q

who are developers of psychoanalytic personality theories

A

Freud and Jung

418
Q

how many pigments do rods have

A

one, rhodopsin

419
Q

inner ear includes

A

cochlea, vestibule, semicircular canal, vestibulocochlear nerve

420
Q

humanistic personality theory

A

personality as the conscious feelings we have as we strive to reach goals

421
Q

suprachiamatic nucleus is in the

A

hypothalamus

422
Q

does brain size increase or decrease from the peak

A

decrease

423
Q

examples of prospective memory

A

take medication, return a book

424
Q

avoidance learning

A

adopt a behavior to avoid an unpleasant stimulus

425
Q

memory construction

A

creation, fabrication, or recall of false memories

426
Q

horizontal cell

A

laterally connect neurons with cell bodies

427
Q

salivation at the tone

A

conditioned response

428
Q

what did jung think of behavior

A

past experiences and future aspirations

429
Q

phonemic encoding

A

encoding what things sound like

430
Q

who developed the curve of memory decay

A

herman ebbinghaus

431
Q

psychopath

A

complete lack of conscience

432
Q

what did freud think of libido

A

the driving energy of the Id is sexual

433
Q

auditory processing pathway

A

hair cells, vestibulocochlear nerve, brainstem, medial geniculate nucleus, auditory cortex

434
Q

weber’s law

A

minimum JND is proportional to the magnitude of the original stimulus

435
Q

max wertheimer

A

gestalt therapy

436
Q

rCBF

A

regional cerebral blood flow

437
Q

automatic spreading activation

A

said to occur when the primer is a category name and the target is an example

438
Q

confabulation

A

fabrication of false but usually vivid and detailed memories to fill in the gaps of a coherent story

439
Q

biological basis of schizophrenia

A

increased dopamine

440
Q

T

A

thinking

441
Q

word association test

A

provided with a word and asked to provide a word associated

442
Q

suprachiamatic nucleus

A

hormonal changes

443
Q

food

A

unconditioned stimulus

444
Q

dementia

A

gradual, long-term decline in one’s general mental function or capability that is severe enough to interfere with daily life

445
Q

convexity

A

convex more likely than concave

446
Q

cardinal

A

dominate personality

447
Q

what did jung think of unconscious

A

storage place of repressed memories, good and bad

448
Q

example of displacement

A

directing anger at one’s husband onto their children

449
Q

what does lasik surgery reshape

A

cornea

450
Q

source monitoring errors

A

recall errors in which the source of the memory is inaccurately identified

451
Q

rationalization

A

creating excuses to justify something unacceptable

452
Q

catecholamines are made up of

A

phenylalanine and tyrosine

453
Q

personal unconscious

A

not aware, affects behaviors, maybe revealed in dreams

454
Q

fixed ratio leads to

A

high and steady response, pause after reward

455
Q

right hemisphere

A

visuospatial processing, emotional information

456
Q

I

A

intraverted

457
Q

who developed the Type A and B personalities

A

two cardiologists

Friedman and Rosenman

458
Q

proactive interference

A

old memories impact the formation of new ones

459
Q

PNS

A

connect the DNS to the limbs and organs

460
Q

learning

A

relatively long-lasting change in behavior resulting from experience

461
Q

Cluster B personality disorders

A

Antisocial
Borderline
Histrionic
Narcissistic

462
Q

situational personality theory

A

personality and behavior is the result of situational factors

463
Q

physiological changes outside the cell during alzheimer’s

A

beta-amyloid plaques develop between CNS neurons

464
Q

olfactory pathway

A

olfactory sensory neurons, olfactory nerve, olfactory bulb, high order brain center

465
Q

lateral geniculate nucleus

A

relay center between optic nerve and the visual cortex

466
Q

spacing effect

A

material is learned most effectively when studied several times spaced out rather than in a short period

467
Q

what did jung think of ego

A

only conscious

468
Q

type A

A

competitive, time urgency, hostility

469
Q

field theory

A

state of mind is the interaction between personality and environment

470
Q

GABA in the CNS

A

inhibitory, reduces stress and excitatory responses

471
Q

PEN model

A

psychoticism
extraversion
neuroticism

472
Q

relay information from the spinal cord

A

PNS

473
Q

start at the system, end at the subsystems

A

top-down processing

474
Q

familial concordance

A

behaviors shown to run in a family or to be more frequent in children with parents who exhibit the trait

475
Q

projection

A

attribution of one’s own unwelcome thoughts onto someone else

476
Q

discrimination

A

conditioned response can only occur when the stimulus is identical to the conditioned one

477
Q

bipolar cell cell functions in the

A

retina

478
Q

hans and sybil eysenck

A

PEN Model

479
Q

somatic nervous system

A

voluntary control of body movement

480
Q

inner retina surface

A

ganglion cells

MCAT 1 (10 decks)

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