Psych Flashcards
conditioned reinforcer
has no value until paired with a primary reinforcer
GABA works in
CNS
petectum
control of pupillary light reflex
somatosensation
touch, texture, pressure, pain, T
parallel processing
visual world is processed in streams and then tied together
typicality effect
using a typical example of a concept increases recall or verification rate
what is the dominant hemisphere of someone who is right handed
left
where does acetylcholine work
PNS and CNS
is deep processing maintenance or elaborative?
elaborative
heuristic judgements
unconscious determination of the source based on clues or shortcuts associated with the memory
gestalt therapy
treatment of the individual as a whole
what is hard to see in far-sighted
close
learned behavior
predominantly environmental, learned through experience
positive reinforcement
presenting something that makes a behavior more likely
long term depression
persistent weakening of a synapse based on decreased activity
unconditioned stimulus
naturally elicits a response
examples of semantic memory
colors, alphabet, capitals
risk factors for bipolar
MS and family
what do schemas assume
assume similarities, characterize difference as exceptions
serotonin works in the
CNS
lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) is part of the
thalamus
olfactory cells
chemoreceptors
controlled processing
requires active attention and effort, when repeated over a long period of time may become automatic
do infants have more or less neurons than adults
same number
retroactive interference
new memories impact the recall of old ones
when does brain size peak
20s
personality disorders
enduring pattern of personal experience and behavior that deviates from expectations
positive and negative recall
positive memories are remembered more easily and negative memories forgotten more easily
- more pronounced in older adults
- equal when suffering from depression
what do jung’s archetypes exist within
collective unconscious
elaborative rehearsal is also known as
semantic rehearsal
hierarchy of needs (highest to lowest)
physiological safety love/belonging esteem self-actualization
maintenance rehearsal
rote, repetitive rehearsal of new information without thinking about meaning or context
reaction formation
behaving in direct contradiction to one’s true feelings
client centered therapy
client directs the discussion, therapist must be empathetic and positive
do fixed schedules lead to straight or jagged lines
jagged
animal breeding
animals can be bred to target behaviors
how long does working memory last
10-15 seconds without rehearsal
alzheimer’s comes from a deficiency in
acetylcholine
biological predispositions
predispose one to an adaptive response, makes a conditioned response contrary unlikely
differentiate faces
feature receptors
amacrine cell functions in the
retina
same genes, different environment
environment changes gene expression, disease or no
Jung’s dichotomies
extra vs intraverted
sensing vs intuition
thinking vs feeling
nocireceptors
pain receptors
basal ganglia
smooth motor movements
acquisition
process by which the neutral stimulus becomes the conditioned stimulus
alfred alder
human behavior is guided through self-improvement and success
carl rogers
client-centered therapy
risk factors for schizophrenia
family
rorschach inkblot test
presentation of a series of inkblots to a test taker asked to describe what they see
E
extraverted
when is temperament established
birth
closure
see a shape even with missing pieces
optic nerve
bundle of two fibers, one from the left and one from the right
retrograde amnesia
inability to remember memories from prior to an amnesia causing event
example of projection
someone interested in someone other than their spouse then thinks their spouse is cheating
regulatory genes
code for a substance that promotes or inhibits transcription
F
feeling
scientist involved in observational learning
albert bandura
regulation of photoreceptor input
horizontal cell
theory that a person is defined by their neuroses
psychoanalytic personality theory
feature detectors
cells sensitive enough to discriminate between complex stimuli
did girls or boys show more aggressive behavior
boys
self-actualization
morality, creativity, problem solving
myers briggs type inventory
Jung’s dichotomies plus:
judging and perceiving
Cluster A personality disorders
paranoid
schizotypal
schizoid
when do antisocial personality disorder symptoms start
under 15
which theory focuses on unique differences
trait personality
semantic networks
adding context and meaning to facts
CNS
brain and spinal cord
thematic apperception test
presented with a series of pictures and asked to come up with a dramatic story
type B
more relaxed and reflective, lower anxiety, creativity
are sensation and perception equal
no
neuropeptides response
slower and longer lasting
serotonin in the CNS
regulation of sleep and appetite
variable ratio
rewarded sporadically
avoidant personality disorder
extreme shyness, sensitivity to criticism, low self esteem
variable interval
rewarded when a behavior occurring after a random amount of time
amnesia
memory loss as a result of brain damage, injury, or psychological trauma
norepi in the PNS
stress response
declarative memory
explicit
interneurons
relay/association neuron
alzheimer’s disease
memory loss, impaired cognition, language deterioration
what causes forgetting
insufficient repetition
who is a supporter of social cognitive theory
bandura
trait theorist view
personality is a large continuum
biological basis of parkinson’s
decreased dopamine
automatic processing
requires no attention or conscious effort
when is the ego present
develops from the id
examples of high order brain center
amygdala, hippocampus, orbitofrontal cortex
do infants have more or less glial cells than adults
fewer
diseases associated with dopamine
parkinson’s
huntington’s
tourette’s
schizophrenia
conversion disorder
conversation of psychological stress into actual neurological deficits
invasive brain studies
direct electrode stimulation, human brain injury cases, lab animal
low levels of norepi
anxiety and depression
Bobo doll experiment preformed by
bandura
afferent neurons
receive information from sensory organs and transmit to CNS
who thought there is a personal and collective unconscious
jung
optic chiasma
portion where the optic nerves cross one another
semantic memory
part of long-term memory that processes ideas, concepts that are not from personal experience
automatic nervous system
unconsciously directed functions such as breathing
defense mechanisms
resorted to when the ego attempts to resolve anxiety between ego and superego
biomedical approach
psych disorders are caused by biological or chemical dysfunction
procedural memory
part of long-term memory, responsible for moving/motor skills
george kelly
personal construct theory
animus
male in a female, Jesus
sensation
detection of environmental stimuli by the sensory receptors, conversion to an electrical impulse, transmission of the impulse to CNS
what are schemas used for
processing information quickly
cat to mammal is what link
superordinate
DSM-5 stands for
diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders
episodic memory
memory of autobiographic events
vestibular sense
balance and spatial orientation
which portions of the brain decrease with alzheimer’s
temporofrontal and frontal cortex, hippocampus
symmetry
objects form around a center point
anterograde amnesia
inability to create new memories occurring after an event
contralateral
sensory and motor functions of the left side and processed in the right side
relearning
increased learning efficiency when reinforcing an existing memory
secondary
surface only in certain situations
controls body activities
CNS
superego
conscious, pre-conscious, unconscious, moral standards
collective unconscious
inherited, universal themes
far-sighted
eye is too short or cornea doesn’t curve enough
testing effect
forced active recall during the learning phase dramatically increases retention
Glycine works in the
brain stem and spinal cord
synaptic pruning
selective destruction of some synapses and strengthening of others
personal construct theory
personality is the various mental constructs through which people view reality
spontaneous recovery
conditioned stimulus will occasionally elicit the conditioned response even after extinction has occurred
past experience
seeing red, yellow, green as a traffic light
behavioral personality theory
personality is the sum of reinforced behavior
superior colliculus is in the
midbrain
lateral gangliate nucleus
visual perception
S
sensing
punishment
stopping or reducing a behavior
spreading activation
how semantic networks process recall events
pinna
earlobe
familiarity effect
using a familiar example of a concept increases recall or verification rate
Abraham maslow
hierarchy of needs
when is the superego present
age 5
stereocilia
sound amplification
do cones see color or black and white
color
what is the opposite of sensitization
habituation
threshold of conscious perception
the lowest limit of sensibility, point where a stimulus is barely received
borderline personality disorder
instability in moods, relationship, self-image, may be self-destructive
blind spot in the eye
optic nerve
memory includes
encoding, storage, retrieval
shadow
embodies certain danger in an alluring way
albert bandura
aggression study and observational learning
semantic encoding
encoding of a meaning, understanding, or interrelation with other stored information
acetylcholine in PNS
arousal and attention
encoding
initial process in memory creation, includes sensation and transient storage in working memory
biological basis of bipolar
increased monoamine
middle ear includes
tympanic membrane, malleus, incus, stapes
bipolar cell
transmit signals from photoreceptors to the ganglion cells
raymond cattell
16 personality factor questionairre
what often causes korsakoff’s and why
chronic alcohol abuse
inhibits activation of thiamin to thiamine phosphate
P
percieving
long term potentiation causes a _______ in pre-synaptic neurotransmitter bundles
increase
tau protein
structural protein associated with microtubules
negative punishment
taking something good away
emotional interference
when a long term memory increases at a heightened emotional state, it also decreases the strength of memories before or at the same time as the emotional event
big five model
openness to experience conscientiousness agreeableness extraversion neuroticism
where is the medial geniculate nucleus found
thalamus
variable interval leads to
slow and steady response
where does epinephrine function
PNS
problem solving skills
corpus callosum
elaborative rehearsal
rehearsal of new information by thinking about its meaning, purpose, relation to known concepts
structural encoding
encoding what things look like
psychoanalytic personality theories
personality as a function of underlying, internal, unconscious influences
priming effect
presenting a related word increases recall or verification rate
id
100% unconscious, instinctive behavior
primary process and wish fulfillment
observational learning
general learning that results from the observation of the behavior of others
did girls or boys show more aggressive language
girls
ratio of JND to magnitude of original stimulus is a constant
weber’s law
near-sighted
elongation of the eye or severe curvature of the cornea
visual encoding
encoding of an image or visualization
acoustic encoding
encoding of a sound
denial
inability to accept some reality
Parkinson’s disease
neurodegenerative disease of slow, halting movements, tremors, muscle rigidity, shuffling gait
maybe dementia and language difficulties
chunking
organizing information simply into short segments or bullet points or visually simply
what is the strongest type of encoding
semantic
somatic symptom disorder
physical symptoms of illness of injury that cannot be explained by any general condition
anxiety and distress over symptoms
sensation triggers
action potential
desirable difficulties
challenging learning processes that require time and effort produce memories that are difficult to forget
long term potentiation
persistent strengthening of a synapse based on increased activity at that synapse
left hemisphere
linguistic
how is the distance of the line related to the strength of association in a semantic network
inversely
six most common psych disorders
anxiety depression substance abuse PTSD antisocial personality schizophrenia
kinesthetic sense
movement
general diagnostic rile
symptoms must cause significant distress or impairment of normal functioning
unconditioned response
instinctual response that occurs following the unconditioned stimulus
negative reinforcement
removing something that is uncomfortable of upsetting
norepi in the CNS
attention and emotional processing
automatic association
unconscious, unintentional, stimulus-driven
what did freud think of unconscious
storage of unacceptable and repressed desires
recall
retrieval and active statement or correct application of a memory
does the image focus too early or late in near-sightedness
too early
somatic nervous system is part of
PNS
deep processing
encoding meaning, context, and connections
pheromones
odors released by one individual that elicit behaviors in another
what theory believes that people are inherently good
humanistic
do infants have more or less synapses than adults
more
absolute threshold
degree of stimulus intensity required for it to be correctly identified 50% of the time
systematic judgements
conscious determination of the source based on intentional logical evaluation of the details remembered
dishabituation
increased response to a stimulus after habituation has already occurred
memory
information (encoding, storage, retrieval)
fixed ratio
rewarded every n times that a behavior occurs
gordon allport
three basic traits:
cardinal
central
secondary
do rods see color or black and white
black and white
examples of episodic memory
time, place, emotions of life events
low levels of serotonin associated with
depression
does epi work in the parasympathetic or sympathetic
sympathetic
J
judging
when is antisocial personality disorder diagnosed
over 18
innate behavior
predominantly genetic, present regardless of environment
glial cells
support cells
physiological changes inside the cell during alzheimer’s
tau protein hyper-phosphorylated, insoluble tangles
reinforcement
operant conditioning
continuity
continue beyond the endpoint
petectum is in the
midbrain
retrieval
any use or application or application of a stored memory
reinforcement
making a behavior more likely
adoptive value
degree to which a behavior increases fitness
positive punishment
presenting something undesirable
internal locus of control
I control outcomes
neurotransmitter response
faster and shorter lasting
interdependence
environment and genes are constantly changing one another
olfaction
smell
which theory focuses on a single or small set of traits
type theorist
is shallow processing maintenance or elaborative?
maintenance
what is LTM the result of
physical changes to the neuron
just noticeable difference
the amount something must be changed to detect a difference 50% of the time
which of the id, ego, and superego is idealistic
superego
explicit memory
declarative, requires conscious recall
ganglion cells
final output neuron from eyes to brain
interference effects
a new memory similar to an existing one can cause difficulty recalling the original
increasing irrelevant connections can decrease recall rate
freud
id, ego, superego
different genes, same environment
genes change environment
people are more than the sum of their neuroses
humanistic
cat to whiskers is what link
modifier
illness anxiety disorder
heightened bodily sensations and intense anxiousness about the possibility of undiagnosed illness
eye lens
converging
biopsychosocial approach
psych disorders are caused by a combo of biochemical, psychological and sociological factors
thiamine
vitamin B
schemas
preconceived frameworks for viewing the world based on past experience
which of the id, ego, and superego is instinctual
id
learning
behavior (stable change based on experience)
how do stereocilia differ from cilia
they are moved by the surrounding fluid
corti
spiral organ, receptor for hearing
dependent personality disorder
chronic pattern of dependent, submissive, needy behavior
sensory memory
information is first processed, short lived
myopia
near sighted
epi in the PNS
stress response
self-reference effect
the brain encodes information more easily and forms stronger memories when the information is more closely related to oneself
fixed interval
rewarded every time a behavior occurs after a certain amount of time
schizotypal personality disorder
DISTORTED
eccentric perception, “magical thinking”, mind reading and future telling
risk factors for depression
family
mnemonics
any pattern of letters, symbols or associations that help remember something
diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders
official reference manual used to diagnose mental disorders
ganglion cells function in the
retina
who is associated with an inferiority complex
alfred alder
schizoid personality disorder
DISRUPTIVE
severe detachment, indifference to feedback
example of neuropeptide
endorphin
is maintenance rehearsal effective?
no
ego
conscious, pre-conscious, unconscious, realization of id desires, balance of superego tendencies
secondary process and reality principle
shallow processing
structural or phonemic
sentence completion test
asked to finish a sentence in a personally meaningful way
method of loci
associations of word with visual checkpoints such as a hallway or running route
where is the olfactory bulb found
forebrain
converging image
positive, real, inverted
risk factors for alzheimer’s
family
women
lateral gangliate nucleus is in the
thalamus
monoamines
seratonin, dopamin, norepi
misinformation effect
presentation of inaccurate post-event information can cause an accurate memory to be altered or recalled inaccurately
state-dependent learning
memory encoded in a particular place/ setting or in conjunction with a sight/smell/sound, memory is enhanced when attempted in the same state
instinctive drift
tendency of a subject to revert from a conditioned to an instinctive response
efferent neurons
send impulses from CNS to limbs and organs
self-efficacy
belief in ability is closely related to actual ability
regression
reverting to patterns of behavior used at earlier stages of life to deal with stress
glycine in the CNS
inhibitory
social cognitive personality theories
personality as a result of observational learning, situational influences and cognitive processes
norepinephrine works in the
CNS and PNS
tympanic membrane
eardrum
Jung’s archetypes
universal images or concepts within the collective unconscious that influence behavior and thought
extinction
conditioned response no longer occurs following the conditioned stimulus
rod/cones to ganglion cells
bipolar cells
CNS injury
reassignment of brain region functioning following a traumatic injury
bottom-up processing
individual elements put together into a whole
how often is long-term memory decaying
constantly
habituation
decreased response to a stimulus after it has been presented multiple times
amacrine cell
inhibitory neurons
who is a supporter of behavioral personality theory
skinner
instinct
classical conditioning
shaping
reinforcing successive approximation of some target behavior
how does STM work
temporary chemical and electrical traces
start at the subsystem, end at the full system
bottom-up processing
trait personality theories
personality is the sum of broad, stable characteristics
locus of control
personal belief to the degree to which one can control life events or outcomes
displacement
diversion of unacceptable feelings onto someone other than their own source (neutral source)
similarity
group based on a common characteristic: color, size, shape
operant conditioning
learning to associate one behavior with a punishment
acetylcholine in CNS
neuromuscular junction, ANS
horizontal cell functions in the
retina
examples of procedural memory
walking, talking
modifier links
links a concept to its properties
which memories show the sharpest decline
episodic
source
sensitization
increased response to a stimulus after the stimulus has already been presented
category size effect
recall and verification rate increasing if the category has fewer members
sociopath
severe deficit of conscience
common fate
things moving together are a unit
what did freud think of ego
conscious, pre-conscious, unconscious
what increases in size with alzheimer’s
ventricle
escape learning
adopt a behavior to reduce or end an unpleasant stimulus
psychological factors
personality, behavior
sensory adaptation
when first exposed to a stimulus, brain responsiveness increases but then decreases to the background if repeated
threshold
minimum magnitude of a stimulus or the minimum difference in magnitude between two stimuli that can be perceived by the CNS
what did freud think of behavior
repressed childhood desires
conditioned stimulus
elicits a response after being paired with the unconditioned stimulus
what is the opposite of habituation
sensitization
external locus of control
other events beyond my control determines outcomes
non-invasive brain studies
EEG
TDCS
rCBF
mask represents
persona
dominant hemisphere
side of the brian used to control the preferred arm or leg
when is the id present
from birth
dopamine in the CNS
sensorimotor integration and reward processing
type theorist view
personality exists as discrete, fixed categories and people fall into one or the other
central
present to some degree in everyone
EEG
electroencephalography
neural plasticity
ability of the brain and its neurons to physically change in response to stimuli
variable ratio leads to
high and steady response
examples of implicit memory
skills, procedures, conditioned responses
what are jung’s archetypes
self
shadow
anima
persona
N
intuition
peg-word system
two step method using a peg list such as:
1- run
2- blue
3- free
uses these words to remember a list
self
entire mind in unified
persona
how one presents themselves to the world
good gestalt
elements grouped together based on a pattern
jung
contemporary and supporter of Freud
two types of twin studies
1- MZ twins raised in the same family compared to DZ twins raised in the same family
2-MZ twins raised in the same family compared to MZ twins raised apart
prospective memory
ability to remember to do something at a future time
corpus callosum
transfer of information between hemispheres
generalization
conditioned response spreads to stimuli that are similar but not identical to the conditioned stimulus
are rods or cones more sensitive
rods
psychophysics
use of precise, quantitative measurement of physical stimuli to understand the relationships between external stimuli and sensation
perception triggers
mind process
ipsilateral
same side
bell/tone
neutral stimulus and becomes conditioned stimulus
covalent DNA modifications lead to
changes in physiology
modeling
process of learning by watching others and mimicking their behavior
conditioned response
elicited by the conditioned stimulus
three types of encoding
visual, acoustic, semantic
neutral stimulus
does not elicit a response in the absence of learning
long term potentiation causes a _______ in post-synaptic ion channel receptors
increase
fixed interval leads to
high response rate at the end of the interval
dopamine works in the
CNS
top-down processing
whole broken down into individual elements
rule-based processing
conscious and intentional, driven by stimulus as well as language and congition
what did Jung think of libido
more generalized view of energy
who believed in reciprocal determinism
bandura
anima
female in a male, virgin mary
implicit memory
non-declarative memory, automatic recall
histrionic personality disorder
excessive but shallow emotions, attention-seeking, manipulative
where is the olfactory sensory neuron found
upper nasal cavity
automatic nervous system is part of
PNS
when does alzheimer’s onset
65+
long term potentiation causes a _______ in gene expression
increase
signal detection theory
means to quantify the ability to discern between information-beaning patterns and random, distracting patterns
response bias
range of elements that influence the response of participants away from accuracy
outer ear includes
pinna and auditory canal
temperament
general emotional dispition
do rods or cones see better resolution
cones
recognition
associating new information with an existing memory
antisocial personality disorder
pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others, animal cruelty, lack of concern and empathy
serial position effect
presenting order or position on a list impacts recall based on the primacy and recency effects
what is hard to see in near-sighted
far away
how many pigments do cones have
three
TDCS
transcranial direct current stimulation
do variable schedules lead to straight or jagged lines
straight
malleus, incus, stapes
middle ear bones
continuation
assume no change in direction
biological basis of depression
decreased monoamines
increased cortisol and glucose metabolism
hippocampus atrophy
catecholamines
Epi
Norepi
Dopamine
GABA stands for
gamma aminobutyric acid
proximity
groupings close together show associations
superior colliculus
control of eye movements
level of detail
positive memories are usually accompanied with more details than negative memories
sublimation
channeling unacceptable thoughts or urges into something more acceptable
taste pathway
taste buds, brain stem, taste center
classical conditioning
learning to instinctually associate one stimulus with another
korsakoff’s syndrome
brain disorder resulting from severe thiamine deficiency
what triggers olfactory cells
membrane receptors that bind airborne chemicals
where is the olfactory nerve found
cranial nerve I
biological personality theory
personality is predominantly the result of gene expression
what is the first example of personality types
Jung’s dichotomies
mirror neurons
neurons that have been shown to fire when you feel an emotion as well as when you observe another feeling that emotion
what are projective tests used to overcome
repression
how does horney define neuroses
basic anxiety resulting from relationship struggles in childhood
state depending learning
mood and emotional similarity during recall enhance memory
paranoid personality disorder
DISRUPTIVE
pervasive distrust or suspicion
Cluster C of personality disorders
Avoidant
Dependent
sociological factors
culture, peer pressure
latent learning
learning without presentation of a reward
working memory
actively being engaged with
reciprocal determinism
individual, behavior and environment affect one another
behavior may mold environment
reciprocal determinism
kurt lewin
field theory
wernickes syndrome
precursor to korsakoff’s that can be treated with IV vitamines and cessation of alcohol intake
superordinate links
connects the concept to the category name
true-false effect
true statements are verified quicker than false statements are negated
narcissistic personality disorder
excessive sense of self-importance, lack of empathy, constant need for attention
processes visual stimuli
lateral geniculate nucleus
where is the taste center
thalamus
who set the big five model
Mccrae and costa
repression
information unconsciously pushed out of awareness
token economy
positive behavior is reinforced with tokens that can be later exchanged for prizes
karen horney
humanistic, rejected sexual urges
heightened emotional states
memories coded during heightened emotional states are remembered more easily
who are developers of psychoanalytic personality theories
Freud and Jung
how many pigments do rods have
one, rhodopsin
inner ear includes
cochlea, vestibule, semicircular canal, vestibulocochlear nerve
humanistic personality theory
personality as the conscious feelings we have as we strive to reach goals
suprachiamatic nucleus is in the
hypothalamus
does brain size increase or decrease from the peak
decrease
examples of prospective memory
take medication, return a book
avoidance learning
adopt a behavior to avoid an unpleasant stimulus
memory construction
creation, fabrication, or recall of false memories
horizontal cell
laterally connect neurons with cell bodies
salivation at the tone
conditioned response
what did jung think of behavior
past experiences and future aspirations
phonemic encoding
encoding what things sound like
who developed the curve of memory decay
herman ebbinghaus
psychopath
complete lack of conscience
what did freud think of libido
the driving energy of the Id is sexual
auditory processing pathway
hair cells, vestibulocochlear nerve, brainstem, medial geniculate nucleus, auditory cortex
weber’s law
minimum JND is proportional to the magnitude of the original stimulus
max wertheimer
gestalt therapy
rCBF
regional cerebral blood flow
automatic spreading activation
said to occur when the primer is a category name and the target is an example
confabulation
fabrication of false but usually vivid and detailed memories to fill in the gaps of a coherent story
biological basis of schizophrenia
increased dopamine
T
thinking
word association test
provided with a word and asked to provide a word associated
suprachiamatic nucleus
hormonal changes
food
unconditioned stimulus
dementia
gradual, long-term decline in one’s general mental function or capability that is severe enough to interfere with daily life
convexity
convex more likely than concave
cardinal
dominate personality
what did jung think of unconscious
storage place of repressed memories, good and bad
example of displacement
directing anger at one’s husband onto their children
what does lasik surgery reshape
cornea
source monitoring errors
recall errors in which the source of the memory is inaccurately identified
rationalization
creating excuses to justify something unacceptable
catecholamines are made up of
phenylalanine and tyrosine
personal unconscious
not aware, affects behaviors, maybe revealed in dreams
fixed ratio leads to
high and steady response, pause after reward
right hemisphere
visuospatial processing, emotional information
I
intraverted
who developed the Type A and B personalities
two cardiologists
Friedman and Rosenman
proactive interference
old memories impact the formation of new ones
PNS
connect the DNS to the limbs and organs
learning
relatively long-lasting change in behavior resulting from experience
Cluster B personality disorders
Antisocial
Borderline
Histrionic
Narcissistic
situational personality theory
personality and behavior is the result of situational factors
physiological changes outside the cell during alzheimer’s
beta-amyloid plaques develop between CNS neurons
olfactory pathway
olfactory sensory neurons, olfactory nerve, olfactory bulb, high order brain center
lateral geniculate nucleus
relay center between optic nerve and the visual cortex
spacing effect
material is learned most effectively when studied several times spaced out rather than in a short period
what did jung think of ego
only conscious
type A
competitive, time urgency, hostility
field theory
state of mind is the interaction between personality and environment
GABA in the CNS
inhibitory, reduces stress and excitatory responses
PEN model
psychoticism
extraversion
neuroticism
relay information from the spinal cord
PNS
start at the system, end at the subsystems
top-down processing
familial concordance
behaviors shown to run in a family or to be more frequent in children with parents who exhibit the trait
projection
attribution of one’s own unwelcome thoughts onto someone else
discrimination
conditioned response can only occur when the stimulus is identical to the conditioned one
bipolar cell cell functions in the
retina
hans and sybil eysenck
PEN Model
somatic nervous system
voluntary control of body movement
inner retina surface
ganglion cells
