Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MCAT 1 > Biology > Flashcards

Biology Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
MCAT flashcards
1
Q

mismatch repair system

A

enzymes scan, locate, excise, and replaced mismatched pairs missed by DNA polymerase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

when do fungi reproduce sexually

A

when life is hard

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

heterotrophic

A

must ingest organic molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

example of convergent evolution

A

bat and bird wings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

by how many bonds do A and T bond

A

two

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

nervous tissue

A

main component of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, regulates and controls body functions and activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

western blot

A

used on protein segments, probes used are radiolabeled antibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

telophase

A

chromatids reach the poles of the cell, elongation continues, nuclear membrane reforms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

when does transcription occur in the lac operon

A

in the presence of lactose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what proteins are made in the cytosol?

A

proteins for all the other organelles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

large subunit

A

portion of the ribosome that joins amino acids to form polypeptide chains

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

phospholipids

A

polar head group and nonpolar tail that are vital in form in the membrane bi-layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

linkage

A

linked genes do not sort independently, inheriting one gene changes the probability of inheriting the other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

parasitic

A

one participant benefits and the other is harmed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

spindle apparatus

A

array of microtubules that grow outward from centrioles during mitosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

by how many bonds do C and G bond

A

three

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is the strongest junction

A

desmosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

sliding clamp

A

protein that helps keep DNA polymerase tightly associated with the strand

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

pure-breeding

A

homozygous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

mismatched base pairs

A

error caused during replication, methylation of guanine causes pairing with T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what proteins are made in the RER?

A

for the RER, golgi, lysosomes, endosomes, plasma membrane, and secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

initiation

A

mRNA, tRNA, and the first amino acid all come together in the ribosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

sex-linked inheritance

A

patterns of X and Y chromosome inheritance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

spirilla

A

spiral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

when is active transport requires

A

moving things against their gradient or against an action potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

S phase of the cell cycle

A

DNA replication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

chromatin

A

DNA and protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

restriction endonucleases

A

enzymes that cut DNA at specific sequences, creating sticky ends

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what is the mitotic spindle made of

A

microtubules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

pleiotropy

A

one single gene contributes to multiple phenotypic traits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

point mutation

A

a single base pair substitution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

where are lipids synthesized?

A

ER

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

cancer

A

uncontrolled cell division due to failure of the cell’s normal regulatory mechanisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

DNA

A

polymer of deoxyribose nucleotides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what is the pH of the mitochondrial matrix

A

7.8

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

what system do second messengers operate under

A

endocrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

what inhibits the lac operon

A

glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

phototrophs

A

capture energy directly from the sun via photosynthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

dihybrid crosses

A

used when considering two traits

draw to separate punnett squares and multiply the individual probabilities for each trait

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

polymorphisms

A

random variations in genetic sequence among individuals that create variable forms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

is phagocytosis specific?

A

yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

endocytosis

A

process by which a cell takes up small particles by invagination of the plasma membrane to form a vesicle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

frameshift mutation

A

changes the reading frame

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

mendels laws

A

law of segregation

law of independent assortment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

law of independent assortment

A

genes located on different chromosomes assort independently

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

from 1-23 do the chromosomes increase or decrease in size?

A

decrease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

histone

A

proteins around which the DNA helix is wrapped when condensed into chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

lysogenic

A

dormant cycle of the virus when viral DNA is incorporated into host genome but new viruses are not being assembled

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

covered with ribosomes that are actively translocating proteins to the ER lumen as they are translated

start of post-translational modifications

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

transduction

A

viruses accidentally incorporate host genetic material into their nucleic acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

gene pool

A

complete set of genes and/or alleles in a population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

autocrine system

A

signaling molecule secreted by a cell bind to receptors on the same cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

bacili

A

rod shaped

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

nucleosome

A

set of 8 histone proteins in a cube shape with DNA coiled around it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

vaccine

A

inactive virus or portion of virus such that the immune system can develop antibodies without infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

incomplete penetrance

A

various individuals have the same genotype but some have a diseased phenotype and others do not

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

how do lysosomes form

A

budding off from the golgi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

helicase

A

unzips the double helix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

tumor suppressor genes

A

protect cells from uncontrolled growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

what are fungi cell walls made of

A

chitin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

pH of the inter-membrane space

A

6.4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

peroxisomes

A

detoxify chemicals and participate in lipid metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

reverse transciptase

A

virus enzyme that can translate RNA into DNA to be incorporated into the host genome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

survival of the fittest

A

natural selection

individual best suited to its environment will be most likely to survive and pass along its genetic information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

prokaryotic flagella

A

spinning motion, simple helicies of flagellin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

metaphase

A

chromosomes move to the central plate by spindle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

could rRNA be considered an enzyme and why

A

yes because they act in the polymerization of proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

smooth muscle

A

walls of blood vessels and lymphatic tracts, non-striated, involuntary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

carcinogens

A

large polycyclic compounds that bind to the DNA and create bulky side groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

nucleoside

A

base and sugar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

post-translational modifications

A

usually includes the addition of polysaccharides, lipids, phosphates, and occurs at the ER and golgi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

genetic imprinting

A

one gene is expressed differently depending which parent it originated from

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

how do bacteria reproduce

A

binary fission

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

what does A bond with

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

G0 phase of the cell cycle

A

halt of division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

primates

A

opposable thumbs, nails

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

proto-onco genes

A

normal genes that could become oncogenes if mutated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

isotonic

A

same solute concentration inside and outside

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

are lipids metabolized in the smooth ER?

A

no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

transcription

A

the first step in gene expression by which DNA is copied to mRNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

surface proteins

A

peripheral proteins that do not enter the hydrophobic core

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

what is the bond between amino acids called

A

peptide bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

do mitochondria use the same genetic code as the nucleus

A

no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

origin of replication

A

location on the chromosome where replication begins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

what make up the cilia and the flagella

A

microtubules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

5’ end

A

phosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

cilia

A

lining on cavities, protrusions on epithelial cells

movement of extracellular material and fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

what are found in the mitochondrial matrix?

A

DNA
Granules
ATP Synthase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q

G1 phase of the cell cycle

A

growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
90
Q

anaphase

A

microtubules shorten drawing chromatids to opposite ends of the cell, unattached microtubules elongate stretching the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
91
Q

example of divergent evolution

A

adaptive radiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
92
Q

hardy-weinberg equations

A

p^2+2pq+q^2=1

p+q=1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
93
Q

Hardy-Weinberg assumption (5)

A

large population

no mutation

no immigration or emigration

random mating

no natural selection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
94
Q

T

A

thymine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
95
Q

sister chromatids

A

duplicated chromosome joined at center by a centromere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
96
Q

introns

A

non-coding DNA spliced out of the mRNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
97
Q

C

A

cytosine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
98
Q

what cells are in G0?

A

fully differentiated neurons and cardiac muscle cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
99
Q

germ cells

A

only cells passed on to offspring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
100
Q

phage

A

virus that infects bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
101
Q

poly-adenosine (poly-A) tail

A

added to the 3’ end

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
102
Q

meiosis

A

specialized cell division that produces 4 genetically distinct, haploid reproductive cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
103
Q

golgi apparatus

A

cellular “post office” for proteins to organize, continue modifications, excrete proteins in vesicles for transport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
104
Q

example of a lytic virus

A

AIDS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
105
Q

p1 generation

A

first parental generation, both parents are homozygous for their trait
one TT and one tt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
106
Q

test cross

A

cross between a homozygous recessive and a dominant phenotype

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
107
Q

transport proteins

A

transmembrane proteins that create tunnels for the passage of ions, proteins, or other substances through the hydrophobic core

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
108
Q

mosaicism

A

different cells in the same individual contain non-identical genotypes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
109
Q

what is the bacterial cell wall made of

A

peptidoglycan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
110
Q

flagella

A

longer, use a whip-like motion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
111
Q

haploid

A

n

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
112
Q

how many cycles of replication does a telomere last

A

50

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
113
Q

anatomy

A

shared parts/organization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
114
Q

transfer RNA (tRNA)

A

contains an anticodon on one end and is covalently bonded to the associated anticodon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
115
Q

single-stranded binding proteins

A

coat the individual strands and prevent re-annealing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
116
Q

mitosis

A

process by which a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells, both diploid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
117
Q

nervous system

A

communication between cells via electrical potentials on neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
118
Q

tight junction

A

waterproof barrier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
119
Q

lac operon

A

regulates the expression of lactase in bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
120
Q

degenerative

A

amino acid sequence will not give the DNA sequence because each amino acid has multiple codons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
121
Q

wild type

A

normal or typical phenotype

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
122
Q

cholesterol

A

amphipathic molecule with a steroid and polar region, inserted between phospholipids at high concentrations in eukaryotic cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
123
Q

muscle cell types

A

cardiac, smooth, skeletal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
124
Q

messenger RNA (mRNA)

A

complementary RNA copied from DNA template stand

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
125
Q

nondisjunction

A

chromosomes fail to separate properly during anaphase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
126
Q

semi-conservative

A

each new formed stand of DNA is made up of one old strand paired with one new strand

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
127
Q

metastasis

A

spreading of a cancer from one tissue or organ to another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
128
Q

small subunit

A

portion of the ribosome that reads mRNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
129
Q

mychorrhizae

A

symbiosis between fungi and plant roots

130
Q

nucleus

A

where the DNA is stored, surrounded by a dual bi-layer membrane

131
Q

fossils

A

records may reveal past shared traits

132
Q

probability of EITHER/OR

A

add

133
Q

integral proteins

A

proteins with multiple segments embedded within the phospholipid bilayer

134
Q

example of co-dominance

A

blood type

135
Q

what hormones bind to intracellular receptors

A

lipid soluble

136
Q

recognition sequence

A

specific base sequence recognized by an endonculease

137
Q

exon

A

coding sequence in mature mRNA, stay in the nucleus

138
Q

hypertonic

A

high solute concentration outside, water flows out

139
Q

telomeres

A

long sections of repetitive DNA found at the ends of each chromosome

140
Q

lichen

A

symbiosis between fungi and algae

141
Q

commensalism

A

one participant benefits and the other is neutral

142
Q

what is the waterproof junction

A

tight junction

143
Q

diploid

A

2n

144
Q

G

A

guanine

145
Q

immature mRNA

A

contains introns, not processed

146
Q

divergent evolution

A

process by which species develop different forms and even new species from a common ancestor

147
Q

A

A

adenine

148
Q

tubulin

A

globular protein that polymerizes to microtubules

149
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

doesnt require ATP

150
Q

translation

A

the process by which ribosomes create proteins

151
Q

epithelial tissue

A

lines the cavities and surfaces of blood vessels and organs

152
Q

phylogeny

A

shared evolutionary history

153
Q

do males or females more easily contract x-linked traits

A

Males

154
Q

5’ cap

A

altered nucleotide at 5’ end of transcript

155
Q

external chemicals/radiation

A

pyrimidines dimerize when exposed to radiation, chemicals may cause alkylation of base functional groups

156
Q

myosin

A

motor protein

157
Q

3’ end

A

-OH

158
Q

vector

A

segment of DNA used to transfer a desired sequence into the cell

159
Q

gram negative

A

stain pink
thin cell wall
no endospores
two membranes (on either end of the cell wall)

160
Q

conjugation

A

F+ to F-

sex pilus

161
Q

juxtacrine

A

signaling requires direct contact between two cells

162
Q

niche

A

the specific status or role an organism plays in its ecosystem

163
Q

where does translation occur

A

cytoplasm and rough ER

164
Q

hyphae

A

long, intertwining branches

165
Q

p^2

A

homozygous dominant

166
Q

centromere

A

region of the chromosome that joins the two sister chromatids

167
Q

osmosis

A

diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane

168
Q

f1 generation

A

offspring from the p1 generation

all Tt

169
Q

example of cilia

A

respiratory/nervous/reproductive systems

170
Q

mutualistic

A

both participants benefit equally

171
Q

species distinction

A

organisms classified as different species should not be able to mate with one another and produce viable, fertile offspring

172
Q

incomplete dominance

A

dominant and recessive phenotypes blended in heterozygotes

173
Q

can DNA leave the nucleus

A

no

174
Q

mature mRNA

A

ready for translation, had a 5’ cap and a poly-A tail

175
Q

how many recessive alleles does a tumor suppressor gene require to lose function

A

two

176
Q

what function do proto-onco genes fill

A

cell division, cell cycle, growth, apoptosis

177
Q

spontaneous hydrolysis

A

DNA reacts in solution spontaneously

amine groups react with water to a carbonyl
DNA base hydrolyzed to a hydroxyl

178
Q

semi-discontinuous

A

the leading strand is synthesized continuously and the lagging strand is synthesized in okazaki fragments

179
Q

skeletal muscle

A

voluntary control of somatic nervous system, striated

180
Q

RNA polymerase

A

reads the template strand 3’ to 5’ creating a pre-mRNA transcript that matches the coding strand, with U for T

181
Q

intracrine system

A

singaling molecules bind to receptors inside the same cell, never secreted

182
Q

post-transcriptional processing

A

large sections of introns are spliced out

183
Q

what is the purpose of a telomere

A

provide a buffer region of non-coding DNA so that the loss of DNA doesn’t impact a gene

184
Q

alternative splicing

A

exons can be assembled in various orders following intron removal

185
Q

allele

A

one of various forms of the same gene

186
Q

what mutations are heritable

A

mutations in germ cells

187
Q

is pinocytosis specific?

A

no

188
Q

gene

A

segment of DNA that codes for a protein

189
Q

mutations

A

any change in DNA sequence

190
Q

G2 phase of the cell cycle

A

growth

191
Q

neutral mutation

A

does not negatively impact the fitness of the individual

192
Q

chemotroph

A

oxidize organic or inorganic compounds for energy

193
Q

first amino acid

A

methionine

194
Q

secondary active transport

A

no direct coupling of ATP required

195
Q

pinocytosis

A

ingestion of extracellular fluid and small particles

196
Q

what type of tissue is blood

A

connective

197
Q

apoptosis

A

programmed cell death featuring autolysis of cell contents by lysosomes

198
Q

cocci

A

spherical

199
Q

primase

A

RNA polymerase first constructs short RNA primers on both strands because DNA polymerase can only add to an existing 3’ OH group

200
Q

desmosomes

A

weld cells together, protect against stress

201
Q

what activates the lac operon

A

cAMP

202
Q

what does C bond with

A

G

203
Q

polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

A

known DNA sequence
2primers to anneal with DNA on either end of the target sequence
heated to denature helix
primers and taq polymerase added
cooled to allow for annealing
heated for the synthesis of two new strands

204
Q

evolutionary bottleneck

A

sudden decrease in the number of individuals in a population

205
Q

when is nondisjunction most common

A

meiosis one

206
Q

tissue organization ordering

A

organ systems, organs, tissues, cells

207
Q

viruses

A

acellular species that cannot survive, grow, or reproduce on their own

208
Q

law of segregation

A

alleles segregate independently of one another when forming gametes

209
Q

endosymbiotic theory

A

mitochondria evolved from aerobic prokaryotes that were engulfed by an ancient eukaryote

210
Q

connective tissue

A

connects, supports, binds, or separates other tissues/organs

211
Q

genotype

A

specific alleles held by an individual

212
Q

example of paracrine molecules

A

neurotransmitters in the synaptic gap

213
Q

ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

A

polymer of which ribosomes are constructed

214
Q

adaptive radiation

A

rapid formation of a variety of species from one ancestral species

215
Q

where are lipids metabolized?

A

mitochondria

216
Q

transformation

A

bacteria pick up DNA from the environment

217
Q

nucleotide

A

phosphate, sugar, and base

218
Q

prophase

A

nuclear membrane and nucleolus break down, DNA condenses to chromosomes, mitosis spindle forms and connects to the kinetochore

219
Q

bidirectional

A

replication proceeds in both directions simultaneously from the origin

220
Q

hybridization

A

single stranded pieces of DNA anneal to complementary strands

221
Q

chromosomes

A

efficiently package DNA to be stored between divisions and moved during division

222
Q

what explains the MCAT deviations from phenotypic ratios

A

linkage

223
Q

criteria for natural selection (2)

A

individual must have a polymorphism that provides and evolutionary advantage

advantage must result in the individual producing more offspring

224
Q

where besides the nucleus is DNA found

A

mitochondria

225
Q

embryology

A

two organisms may have similarities only present during development

226
Q

benign

A

tumors growing slowly, have not invaded other tissues, could later be cancerous

227
Q

phenotype

A

expression of the gene in terms of visible or observable characteristics

228
Q

lytic

A

viral genes are actively being transcribed and new viruses being assembled
infected cells eventually burst to release large numbers of new viruses

229
Q

how many pairs of chromosomes does a human have?

A

23

22 autosomes and 1 sex

230
Q

classification levels

A 
kingdom
phylum
class
order
family
genus
species
231
Q

where does the centriole attach and when?

A

the centrosome of the chromosome at the metaphase plate

232
Q

probability of BOTH/AND

A

multiply

233
Q

silent mutation

A

does not alter the amino acid sequence

234
Q

chordata

A

deuterosomes, notochord, gills

235
Q

malignant

A

cancerous tumor, exhibiting uncontrolled growth

236
Q

epigenetic

A

any heritable phenotype resulting from a modification of gene expression rather than alteration of the genetic code itself

237
Q

q^2

A

homozygous recessive

238
Q

bacterial growth

A

exponential

239
Q

crossing over

A

exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes that results in recombinant chromosomes during sexual reproduction

240
Q

gram positive

A

stain purple
thick cell wall
endospores
single membrane

241
Q

actin

A

protein monomer that polymerizes to microfilaments

242
Q

active transport

A

requires ATP

243
Q

any two fragments cut by the same endonuclease will be

A

complimentary

244
Q

polygenic

A

many genes contribute toward one phenotypic trait

245
Q

can RNA exit the nucleus

A

yes

246
Q

binary fission

A

distribution of DNA is random, daughter cell may not get a copy

247
Q

DNA sequencing

A

sequencing may reveal otherwise hidden connections, add legitimacy to current models

248
Q

convergent evolution

A

two individuals happen to have the same or similar form but arrived at the form from very different paths

249
Q

elongation

A

addition of amino acids by the formation of peptide bonds

250
Q

nucleolus

A

site of rRNA transcription and ribosome assembly

251
Q

locus

A

specific physical location of a gene on a chromosome

252
Q

hypotonic

A

low solute concentration inside, water flows in

253
Q

which bases are pyrimidines

A

C and T (and U)

254
Q

animalia

A

multicellular, motile, heterotrophic

255
Q

what is the pH of a lysosome

A

5

256
Q

Base excision

A

DNA glycosylase excizes the base, other enzymes excise the rest, DNA polymerase and ligase replace the bases

257
Q

lysosomes

A

digest cell parts, fuse with phagocytotic vesicles and participate in cell death

258
Q

DNA ligase

A

fills in the last nucleotide of the lagging strand and completes the final phosphodiester bond

259
Q

autotrophic

A

capable of fixing CO2 and can use it as a carbon source

260
Q

which bases are purines

A

A and G

261
Q

start codon

A

AUG

262
Q

adherens junction

A

strong mechanical attachment

263
Q

2pq

A

heterozygous

264
Q

when does crossing over occur

A

prophase one

265
Q

f2 generation

A

offspring from f1 generation

3: 1 phenotype dominant:recessive
1: 2:1 genotype TT:Tt:tt

266
Q

helicase

A

unwinds the DNA and creates a transcription bubble

267
Q

cardiac muscle

A

heart walls, striated, involuntary

268
Q

fluid mosaic model

A

dual-layer model of the phospholipid bilayer creating a cytosolic and extracellular face, phospholipids are fluid

269
Q

where do neurotransmitters bind to receptors

A

post-synaptic membrane

270
Q

what carbon on RNA has a hydroxyl group

A

2’

271
Q

somatic cells

A

any cell that is not a reproductive cell

272
Q

eastern blot

A

used to verify post-translational modification, probes bind to lipids, carbs, phosphate

273
Q

paracrine system

A

signaling molecules secreted by one cell bind to receptors on other cells in the local area

274
Q

eukaryotic flagella

A

whipping motion, microtubules of tubulin

275
Q

smooth ER

A

lipid synthesis and modification

276
Q

mammalia

A

warm blooded, vertebrates, hair, live birth

277
Q

missense mutation

A

change the codon such that a different amino acid is incorporated

278
Q

homologues

A

related, non-identical chromosomes

279
Q

evolution

A

any change in the gene pool across generations

280
Q

example of cell with flagella

A

sperm

281
Q

M phase of the cell cycle

A

mitosis

282
Q

are fungi auto or heterotrophic

A

heterotrophic

283
Q

genetic drift

A

change in the allele frequency in a population due to random, non-genetic, non-selective factors

284
Q

unambiguous

A

given a codon, must know the amino acid

285
Q

where is rRNA assembled

A

nucleolus

286
Q

when do the centromeres split in meisos

A

meiosis two

287
Q

is connective tissue dense?

A

no

288
Q

microtubule

A

one of the three cytoskeleton structures, heterodimer of tubulin, move vesicles and organelles

289
Q

simple diffusion

A

doesn’t require ATP

290
Q

co-dominance

A

both phenotypes are expressed at the same time in a heterozygote

291
Q

promoter

A

site where RNA polymerase binds to DNA

292
Q

endocrine system

A

hormone signaling

hormones made and secreted in endocrine glands and travel in the bloodstream, then bind to receptors in the membrane of cytosol

293
Q

saprophytic

A

eat dead or decaying matter

294
Q

nucleotide excision

A

removal of multiple bases surrounding an error

295
Q

microfilaments

A

provide the cell with structure, make up the thin filament of the muscle to track along which mysoin and motor proteins move during muscle contraction

296
Q

cytoskeleton

A

network of microtubules, intermediate filaments, and microfilaments that provide the cell with structure and highway of intracellular transport

297
Q

okazaki fragments

A

short segments of new DNA synthesized on the lagging strand

298
Q

oncogenes

A

cancer causing

299
Q

permanent (or semi permanent) repression

A

methylation or covalent modifications that prevent or reduce transcription

300
Q

nonsense mutation

A

changes a codon to a premature stop codon

301
Q

example of lysogenic virus

A

HIV without AIDS symptoms

302
Q

kinetochore

A

specialized group of proteins to which the spindle fibers attach directly during mitosis and meiosis

303
Q

stop codons

A

UAG
UAA
UGA

304
Q

phagocytosis

A

receptor mediated endocytosis that involves ingestion of bacteria and large particles

305
Q

g protein cascade

A

changes form, GDP –> GTP on the alpha subunit, alpha attaches andenyl cyclase, which produces cAMP from ATP, cAMP to protein kinase A, phosphorylation

306
Q

northern blot

A

southern blot for RNA

307
Q

southern blot

A

used to verify the presence/absence of a specific DNA sequence, indicates the relative size of restriction fragments

308
Q

taq polymerase

A

from thermophilic bacteria, work at high temperatures

309
Q

gap junction

A

tunnels between adjacent cells allowing exchange

310
Q

limited expressivity

A

various individuals have the same genotype and show the disease phenotype but individuals are impacted to varying degrees

311
Q

centrosome

A

amorphous area of proteins and nucleating factors containing centrioles

organizes microtubules, plays a role in cell division

312
Q

chromosomal mutations

A

duplications
deletions
translocations
inversions

313
Q

membrane receptors

A

a protein that specifically binds a signaling molecule and initiates a cellular response

314
Q

examples of frameshift mutations

A

insertion or deletion

315
Q

exocytosis

A

process by which a vesicle on the inside of the plasma membrane fuses with the membrane, dumping its contents into the extracellular environment

316
Q

carrying capacity

A

maximum number of individuals an ecosystem or environment can sustain

317
Q

telomerase

A

any enzyme that adds length to the telomeres

318
Q

lactase

A

enzyme tat digests lactose

319
Q

termination

A

release factors read a stop codon, synthesis stops, polypeptide released

320
Q

proofreading

A

DNA polymerase often catches and replaces mismatched pairs

321
Q

when do fungi reproduce asexually

A

when life is good

322
Q

why are phages important

A

vectors can be inserted into phages or plasmids to copy it

MCAT 1 (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions