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Sociology > Sociology Founding > Flashcards

Sociology Founding Flashcards

1
Q

Sociology

A

systematic study of the relationship between the individual & society & of the consequences of differences

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2
Q

Sociology Focuses

A

1) social relationships influence people’s attitudes and behaviors

2) Major social institutions affect us

3) Our affect on other individuals, groups, & organizations

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3
Q

Sociological Perspective

A

helps us to see general social patterns in the behavior of particular individuals

look beyond our social world and discover new levels of reality

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4
Q

Sociological Imagination

A

see our experiences & personal difficulties as entwined with the structural arrangements of our society & the times in which we live

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5
Q

Social Marginality

A

state of being excluded from social activity as an “outsider”

aware of social patterns others rarely think of

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6
Q

Globalization

A

development of economic, political, and social relationships that stretch worldwide

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7
Q

Benefits of SP

A

assess the truth of “common sense”

assess both opportunities & constraints in our lives

empowers us to be active participants in our society

help us live in a diverse world

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8
Q

Reasons of Development of Sociology

A

French and Industrial Revolution

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9
Q

Auguste Comte (1798-1857)

A

Founder of Sociology

Positivism

Goal: understand society as it operates

3 Stages of Historical Development: theological, metaphysical, scientific

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10
Q

Emile Durkheim (1858-1917)

A

French

ties that bond us together

Mechanical Solidarity: traditional societies are united by social similarities

Organic Solidarity: modern societies are united by interdependence

Anomie: Rapid social change leads to loss of social norms and produces many social problems

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11
Q

Karl Marx (1818-1883)

A

German

involved in social change

social scientists should help improve society

struggle between owners and workers

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12
Q

Max Weber (1864-1920)

A

German

impact of industrialization on peoples’ lives

Support for value free studies (unbiased) & objective research

Rationalization:

-traditional societies emphasize emotion and personal ties

-modern emphasize calculation, efficiency, self control

-Personal ties decline & people become “disenchanted”

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13
Q

Harriet Martineau

A

Feminist

Researcher

studied social life in Britain and US

translated Comte

studied impact of inequality

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14
Q

Herbert Spencer

A

Social Darwinism

Evolutionary model of society

Thought that attempts at social reform were wrong

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15
Q

First department of sociology

A

University of Chicago

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16
Q

W.E.B. DuBois (1868-1963)

A

did investigative fieldwork

inequality based on race

combined analysis of everyday life with commitment to investigating power

revealed social processes that contributed to racial separation

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17
Q

Ida Wells-Barnett (1862-1931)

A

Feminist

Argued: societies can be judges on whether the principles they claim to believe match their actions

used analysis of society to resist oppression

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18
Q

Contemporary Sociology

A

Critical Theory (influence of Marxist View)

Feminism

Postmodernism (deep distrust of science & principle of objectivity)

C. Wright Mills

Paul Lazarsfeld

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19
Q

Theory

A

statement of how and why specific facts are related

20
Q

Goal of theories

A

explain social behavior in the real world

21
Q

Theories are the base for

A

theoretical paradigms

22
Q

Theoretical paradigms

A

sets of assumptions that guide thinking and research

Functionalist perspective

Social-Conflict perspective

Symbolic-Interactionist perspective

23
Q

Functionalist Perspective

A

Sees society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability

society guided by social structures

Macro-level Orientation

24
Q

Social-Conflict Perspective

A

Sees society as a collection of parts held together by social power

inequality makes conflict and motivation for change

society held together by those in power at time

power allows dominance which leads to conflict

Attempt: understand society and reduce social inequality

Macro-level Orientation

25
Q

Symbolic-Interactionist Perspective

A

Sees society as socially constructed by everyday encounters between people

Complex, changing, subjective

Everyone has their own views, experiences, memories, thoughts, and expectations

Humans communicate through symbols

Attempt: explain how individuals experience society

Social Exchange Theory

Micro-level Orientation

26
Q

Social Structures

A

relatively stable patterns of social behavior

made of social functions: functional or dysfunctional

26
Q

Functional

A

actions that have positive consequences

27
Q

Dysfunctional

A

actions that have negative consequences

28
Q

Robert Merton’s concepts of social functions

A

Manifest Functions

Latent Functions

Social Dysfunction

29
Q

Manifest Functions

A

intended consequences

30
Q

Latent Functions

A

unintended consequences

31
Q

Social Dysfunction

A

undesirable consequences

32
Q

Macro-Level Orientation

A

a broad focus on social structures that shape society as a whole

33
Q

Issues of social-conflict perspective

A

ignore social unity based on mutual interdependence and shared values

explicitly political

sees society on terms of broad abstractions

34
Q

Social Exchange Theory

A

people weigh benefits and risks of personal relationships

35
Q

Micro-level Orientation

A

focuses on patterns of social interaction in specific settings

36
Q

Anomie

A

a social condition in which norms are weak, conflicting, or absent

37
Q

Key Concepts of Functionalist Perspective

A

Manifest Functions

Latent Functions

Dysfunctions

Anomie

38
Q

Key Concepts of Social-Conflict Perspective

A

Conflict

Dominance

Inequality

Alienation

39
Q

Key Concepts of Symbolic-Interactionist Perspective

A

Symbols

Meaning

Significant Others

Definition of the Situation

40
Q

Decline of Functionalist Perspective

A

focuses on stability, ignoring inequalities of social class, race, and gender

41
Q

Issues of Symbolic-Interactionist Perspective

A

Micro-level orientation could result in error of ignoring influence of larger social structures

Emphasizing what is unique, risk overlooking effects of culture, class, gender, and race

42
Q

Sociology’s Four Realms

A

Basic Structures: expanding knowledge

Critical Sociology: debate, arguments, and controversy

Applied Research: application of knowledge to real-world problems

Public Activism: working for social change

43
Q

Applied Sociology

A

use of sociology to “real world” problems

44
Q

Clinical Sociology

A

involves patients to address medical and psychological issues

Sociology (6 decks)

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