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Sociology > Culture > Flashcards

Culture Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Culture

A

beliefs, values, behavior, and material objects that form a person’s way of life

determines how we view world

traditions we inherit and pass on

Totality of our shared language, knowledge, material objects, and behavior

Shared way of life

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2
Q

Society

A

the structure of relationships within which culture is created and shared through regularized patterns of social interaction

provides context within which our relationships with the external world develop

how we structure society constrains the kind of culture we construct

cultural preferences vary across societies

the organized interaction of people in a nation or within some other boundary

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3
Q

Human Culture

A

only humans depend on culture rather than instincts to ensure survival

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4
Q

Nation

A

political entity

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5
Q

Multicultural

A

people follow various ways of life that blend and sometimes clash

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6
Q

Components of Culture

A

Symbols

Language

Values and Beliefs

Norms

Material Culture

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7
Q

Symbols

A

anything that carries a particular meaning recognized by people who share culture

meaning of same symbol can vary society to society, within a society, and over time

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8
Q

Language

A

system of symbols that allows people to communicate

written/spoken/both

cultural transmission

Sapir-Whorf Thesis

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9
Q

Cultural Transmission

A

process by which one generation passes culture to the next

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10
Q

Sapir-Whorf Thesis

A

people perceive the world through the cultural lens of language

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11
Q

Values

A

cultural standards by which people judge desirability, goodness, and beauty

serve as broad guidelines for social living

broad principles that underline beliefs

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12
Q

Beliefs

A

specific statements that people hold to be true

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13
Q

Norms

A

rules and expectations by which a society guides the behavior of its members

Proscriptive and Prescriptive

Formal Norms

Informal Norms

Mores

Folkways

Sanctions

Cultural Ideals

Real Culture

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14
Q

Proscriptive

A

prohibiting

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15
Q

Prescriptive

A

allowing

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16
Q

Formal Norms

A

express values as laws and regulations whose violation is strictly punished or enforced

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17
Q

Informal Norms

A

generally understood but which may be loosely defined

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18
Q

Mores

A

what is morally accepted

right vs wrong

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19
Q

Folkways

A

norms that govern everyday behaviors

right vs rude

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20
Q

Sanctions

A

central mechanism of social control

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21
Q

Social Control

A

encourages conformity

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22
Q

Cultural Ideals

A

social patterns mandated by culturally valued norms

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23
Q

Real Culture

A

actual social patterns that only approximate cultural expectations

24
Q

Material Culture

A

reflects a society’s values and technology

25
Q

Technology

A

knowledge that people apply to the task of living in their surroundings

26
Q

Non-Material Culture

A

reflects beliefs, values, concepts, customs

27
Q

Types of Cultures

A

High Culture

Popular Culture

Subculture

Counterculture

28
Q

High Culture

A

patterns that distinguish a society’s elite

29
Q

Popular Culture

A

designates cultural patterns that are widespread among a society’s population

30
Q

Subculture

A

distinguish some segment of a society’s population

involve not only difference but also hierarchy

31
Q

Counterculture

A

patterns that strongly oppose those widely accepted within a society

reject many standards of dominant culture

32
Q

Multi-Culturalism

A

recognizes cultural diversity & promoting the equality of all cultural traditions

US most multicultural industrial country

Japan most monocultural

33
Q

Language Diversity

A

US 21.6% of people over the age of 5 speak a language other than English in their home

34
Q

Eurocentrism

A

the dominance of European cultural patterns

35
Q

Afrocentrism

A

the dominance of African cultural patterns in people’s lives

36
Q

Multi-Culturalism Pros

A

helps us come to terms with our diversity

strengthens academic achievements or minority groups

37
Q

Multi-Culturalism Cons

A

encourages divisiveness rather than unity

38
Q

Ethocentrism

A

judging another culture by the standards of one’s own culture

opposite of cultural relativism

39
Q

Cultural Relativism

A

views the behavior of a person from the perspective of their own culture

40
Q

3rd World

A

Pre-Industrial

41
Q

2nd World

A

Industrial

42
Q

1st World

A

Post-Industrial

based on computers and new information

43
Q

Cultural Integration

A

close relationship among various elements

44
Q

Cultural Lag

A

cultural elements change at different rates, which may disrupt a cultural system

45
Q

Cultural Leveling

A

process in which different cultures become more and more the same

46
Q

Inventions

A

the process of creating new cultural elements

47
Q

diffusion

A

spread of cultural traits from one cultural system to another

48
Q

3 Factors Promoting Global Culture

A

Global Economy- flow of goods

Global Communications- flow of information

Global Migration- flow of people

49
Q

Limits to Global Culture

A

More advanced in some locations over others

Many can’t afford material aspects of global culture

Different people attribute different meanings to various aspects of global culture

50
Q

Virtual Culture

A

Bombarded with images that spring from the minds of contemporary cultures-makers via a screen

Many shape the views of people’s lives and beliefs

51
Q

Culture in Relation to Functionalist Paradigm

A

Complex strategy for meeting human needs

Cultural Universal

Strength: show how culture operates to meet human needs

Weakness: ignores cultural diversity & downplays the importance of change

52
Q

Cultural Universal

A

traits found in every known culture

53
Q

Culture in Relation to Social-Conflict Paradigm

A

rooted in materialism

cultural traits function to the advantage of some & the disadvantage of others

Strength: recognizes that many elements of a culture maintain inequality & promote the dominance of one group over others

Weakness: understates the way that cultural patterns integrate members into society

54
Q

Culture in Relation to Symbolic Interactionist Paradigm

A

little explanation

55
Q

Sociobiology

A

theoretical paradigm that explores ways in which human biology affects how we celebrate culture

rooted in evolution

Weakness: may promote racism and sexism

research is limited

Sociology (6 decks)

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