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sociology 201 > Sociology Final > Flashcards

Sociology Final Flashcards

1
Q

What is sex?

A

The biological traits that societies use to categorize people, often as either male or female

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2
Q

What is gender?

A

The cultural meaning that societies attach to sex categories. It consists of the behaviors that society considers “normal” for a person of a particular sex - sociological term that refers to the roles and characteristics society assigns to women and men

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3
Q

What is gender role?

A

Set of attitudes and expectations concerning behavior that relates to the sex we are assigned at birth

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3
Q

What is sexuality?

A

The feelings of sexual desire and attraction and how these are expressed; like sex and gender, sexuality is fluid and often changes over time

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4
Q

What is Cisgender?

A

Someone who feels affinity with the socially constructed sex category they were assigned at birth, typically either male or female

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5
Q

What is transsexual?

A

Someone with the physical characteristics of one sex category with a drive to belong to another

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6
Q

What is Two-spirit people?

A

An umbrella term to describe those who identify with one of the many gender roles beyond male and female

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7
Q

What is feminism?

A

A theoretical approach that advocates for the rights of women in the society

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8
Q

Waves

A

Feminism evolved in a series of “waves,” each distinguished by a different set of objectives

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9
Q

Beatrice Kachuck divides the diverse range of feminist theories into 4 categories:

A

Liberal Feminism
Essentialist Feminism
Socialist Feminism
Postmodernist Feminism

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10
Q

What is Liberal Feminism?

A

Seeks to secure equal rights for women in all phases of public life

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11
Q

What is the criticism of Liberal Feminism?

A

Reflects mainly the concerns and interests of white, middle-class, heterosexual, cisgender Western women - Less successful in promoting the interests of women who differ in class, race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, and nationality

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12
Q

What is essentialist feminism?

A

Argues that women and men are essentially different in the way they think

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13
Q

What are Kachuck’s 3 main criticisms of essentialist feminism?

A

It universalizes women, assuming erroneously that all women experience gender alike;
It confuses natural instincts with strategies that women have devised for coping with the demands of a patriarchal society
It encourages us to see women “as social housekeepers in worlds that men build”

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14
Q

What is Socialist Feminism?

A

Looks at intersections of oppression between class and gender

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15
Q

What is the Criticism of socialist feminism?

A

“Race,” ethnicity, ableism, and sexual orientation get overlooked in the focus on class

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16
Q

What is postmodernist feminism?

A

Argues there is no natural basis for identities based on gender, ethnicity, “race” and so on

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17
Q

What is the criticism of postmodernist feminism?

A

postmodernist generally problematize, but fail to arrive at conclusions

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18
Q

How are certain jobs and post-secondary programs are gendered?

A

One gender will be prevalent
The work itself is typically imbued with gendered meanings and defined in gendered terms

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19
Q

How does society organize itself in ways that are gendered?

A

Different places for men and women to get haircut
Pink is always an option in products for girls

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20
Q

The feminization of work

A

The feminization of an occupational sphere occurs when a particular job, profession, or industry comes to be dominated by or predominantly associated with women
feminization of an industry is linked to lower earnings, less job protection, fewer benefits

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21
Q

Sargent’s research on men in early childhood education drew on Connell’s 4 performances of masculinity

A
  1. Hegemonic masculinity
  2. Subordinate masculinity
  3. Marginalized masculinity
  4. Complicit masculinity
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22
Q

What is Hegemonic masculinity?

A

Practices that normalize and naturalize men’s dominance and women’s subordination

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23
Q

What is Subordinate masculinity?

A

Practices that could threaten the legitimacy of hegemonic masculinity

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24
Q

What is marginalized masculinity?

A

Adaptation of masculinities to issues such as race and class

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25
Q

What is complicit masculinity?

A

Practices that do not embody hegemonic processes, but benefit them

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26
Q

What did Sargent’s research found about being a minority in a gendered job

A

Has profound impact on one’s gender performance at work

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27
Q

What is employment mismatch?

A

Women with STEM degrees are more likely to be underemployed

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28
Q

Racial prejudice and discrimination can often reinforce what?

A

Bender bias and vice versa

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29
Q

Family is core to what?

A

individual and collective survival in Canada and beyond

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30
Q

Families have played a central role in what?

A

Social formation, political and economic systems, and culture

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31
Q

Typical successful families have what? (4 things)

A

Provide emotional support for family members
Take care of elders
Raise the next generation
Are inclusive

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32
Q

Nuclear family

A

A parent or parents and children

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33
Q

Extended family

A

Includes parents, children, grandparents, aunts, uncles, and cousins

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34
Q

Simple Households

A

Unrelated adults with or without children

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35
Q

Complex Households

A

2 or more adults who are related but not married to each other and hence could reasonably be expected to live separately

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36
Q

Conjugal/marital roles

A

The distinctive roles of the husband and wife that result from the division of labor within the family

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37
Q

Bott Hypothesis

A

Elizabeth Bott characterized conjugal roles as segregated and joint

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38
Q

Segregated conjugal roles

A

Tasks, interests, and activities are clearly different

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39
Q

Joint conjugal roles

A

Many tasks, interests, and activities are shared

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40
Q

complementary roles

A

Cast men primarily as earners/breadwinners and women involved primarily in the unpaid work of childcare and housework

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41
Q

companionate roles

A

Breadwinning and caretaking roles overlap

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42
Q

Double burden / Second shift

A

working married women do more unpaid work at home than men

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43
Q

Double Ghetto

A

The marginalization of working women experience inside and outside the home

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44
Q

Gender strategy

A

Plan of action through which a person tried to solve problems at hand, given cultural notions of gender at play

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45
Q

Occupational segregation

A

Women choose occupations that have greatest flexibility in terms of childcare-related work interruptions

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46
Q

Segregated conjugal roles dominate who?

A

recent immigrants in some ethnic groups

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47
Q

Endogamy

A

Marrying someone of the same ethnic, religious, or cultural group as oneself

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48
Q

Exogamy

A

Marrying outside ones group

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49
Q

What is religion

A

A belief system

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50
Q

Religion is a cultural institution and instrument for…

A

The satisfaction of needs
Consisting culturally patterned interaction with culturally postulated superhuman beings

51
Q

Theism

A

pivot around a belief in a sacred higher power which has the power of control over human behavior

52
Q

What are the different kinds of theism?

A

Monotheism
Polytheistic religion
Animism
Totemism

53
Q

Monotheism

A

Belief in one divine power or God

54
Q

Polytheistic Religion

A

Belief in many gods

55
Q

Animism

A

Belief in ghosts or spirits which may be forces for good or evil

56
Q

Totemism

A

Associated with small scale tribal societies, clan and cultures

57
Q

Atheism

A

The opposite of theism that disputes against belief in any form of supernatural influence in the affairs of humans

58
Q

Agnosticism

A

Advocates the doctrine that humans cannot know of the existence of anything beyond the phenomena of their experience

59
Q

What are the 4 structural elements of religion according to Eddie Floyd?

A

Belief, ritual, emotions and organization

60
Q

Beliefs

A

Strongly held conviction by the people who are adherents to a religion that their object of worship can solve their problems

61
Q

Ritual

A

Religious acts, ceremonial practices and customs that are geared towards the worship of the sacred

62
Q

Emotions

A

The spirit of reverence, humility, ecstasy, frenzy and even terror that is evoked in the believers as they present themselves in the presence of the sacred

63
Q

Organization

A

All religions are characterized by some form of organization

64
Q

What are the 4 ideal types of religious organization?

A

The church, denominations, sects, cults

65
Q

The church

A

Usually monopolistic, hierarchy bureaucratic with flexible membership and complex division of labor

66
Q

Denominations

A

Come into existence when churches lose their religious monopoly in a society

67
Q

Sects

A

Smaller, less organized religious bodies of committed members

68
Q

Cults

A

They are service-based and organized around some sort of supernatural or mystical ideas rather than exclusive set of religious beliefs or doctrine that must be rigidly followed

69
Q

Social Fact

A

Religion serves as a form of external constraint

70
Q

Order/Social control

A

Most religions promote a standard of behavior in keeping with the tenets of their system of belief - promotes social solidarity

71
Q

Bronislaw Malinowski

A

Religion is primarily concerned with conditions of emotional stress that threaten social harmony - Religion is a tool for teaching social norms and values

72
Q

Herbert Spencer

A

Functionalist differentiation
Reductionist of disharmony

73
Q

Emile Durkheim

A

Studied aboriginal Australians and found that religion helped to integrate the people into a moral whole through:
Collective consciousness
Collective effervescence
Moral order
Rituals
Separation of the sacred from the profane
Society exists over and above us - society as a moral entity or moral reality

74
Q

Talcott Parsons

A

Religion provides general guideline for conduct
Provision of consensus

75
Q

Karl Marx

A

Religion is the Opiate of the Masses

76
Q

What do Postmodernist believe about religion

A

That it is influenced, interpreted or shaped by postmodern philosophies - in constant pursuit of lifestyle choices and the construction of personal identity

77
Q

Spiritual Shopping

A

Belief that religion is losing its traditional power to impose religious beliefs on people

78
Q

Liberation theology

A

A progressive school of thought that advocates social justice for the poor

79
Q

Engels - Marxists

A

Recognize that religion in some special circumstances could bring about radical social change

80
Q

Protestant

A

belief in a predestined “elect” who would be saved during the second coming of Christ

81
Q

Disengagement

A

An important part of secularization

82
Q

Categorization

A

Educational creates an enduring set of ideas about education and how it can be used to accomplish that are deemed important to society

83
Q

Tool

A

Education serves as a powerful instrument for promoting ideas among impressionable youth, provide skills, modify behaviors, social interaction and conflict are negotiated

84
Q

How did Industrial Revolution affect schooling

A

Interest in educating the masses
Industrial Revolution demanded a more disciplined, trainable, and literate workforce

85
Q

Education is a tool of what?

A

assimilation

86
Q

What does education produce?

A

Social order and ensue social control by subverting potential social conflict among immigrants

87
Q

Human capital thesis

A

Industrial societies invest in schools to enhance the knowledge and skills of their workers

88
Q

What are the 3 models of public education in Canada

A

The Assimilation Model
Multicultural Education
Anti-racism and Anti-oppression Education

89
Q

The Assimilation Model

A

Education in Canada has historically been based on a monocultural model that emphasizes assimilation into the dominant culture

90
Q

Multicultural Education

A

Study and celebration of lifestyles, traditions, and histories of diverse cultures

91
Q

What are the 3 fundamental assumptions of multicultural education

A
  1. Learning about one’s culture would improve educational achievement
  2. Learning about one’s culture would promote equality of opportunity
  3. Learning about other cultures would reduce prejudice and discrimination
92
Q

Hidden Curriculum

A

The lessons about expectations for behavior that tend to be more informal or unwritten

93
Q

Correspondence principle

A

Argument that the norms and values instilled in school correspond to the norms and values expected of individuals in a capitalist society

94
Q

Inclusive Eduction

A

Decolonizing knowledge through engaging in multiple ways of knowing and being
Centering the benefit of transformative learning

95
Q

Anti-Racism and Anti-Oppression Education

A

Seeks to expose and eliminate the institutional and individual barriers to equity

96
Q

What is a key part of the hidden curriculum

A

Discipline

97
Q

Docile Body

A

An individual that has been conditioned, through a specific set of procedures and practices, to behave precisely the way administrators want it to

98
Q

What are the 3 forms of disciplinary control docile bodies are conditioned?

A
  1. Hierarchal observation - people are controlled through observation and surveillance
  2. Normalizing judgement - Individuals are judged on how their actions rank when compared with the performance of others
  3. The examination - A normalizing gaze establishes over individuals a visibility through which one differentiates them and judges them
99
Q

Stereotype Threat

A

Idea that negative stereotypes about a group to which an individual belongs will have negative impacts on their academic performance

100
Q

Tracking

A

Oakes defined tracking as “the process whereby students are divided into categories so that they can be assigned in groups to various kinds of classes

101
Q

What are the 5 categorization of schools?

A
  1. Working-class schools
  2. Semi-skilled or unskilled jobs
  3. Middle-class schools
  4. Affluent professional schools
  5. Executive elite schools
102
Q

Working-class schools

A

Students’ fathers held semi-skilled or unskilled jobs; some were unemployed
Schoolwork primarily entailed:
-Following the steps of a procedure
-Mechanical adherence to rules
-Very little decision making or choice

103
Q

Middle-class schools

A

Students’ parents worked in skilled, well paid trades, professional jobs or owned small businesses
Schoolwork focused on getting “right answers”

104
Q

Affluent Professional Schools

A

Students’ parents were employed as corporate lawyers, engineers, executives
Schoolwork entailed:
-Creative activity carried out independently
-Students are continually asked to express and apply ideas and concepts
-Work involves individual thought, expressiveness, expansion, illustration, and choice of method
-Work should show individuality

105
Q

Executive elite schools

A

Students’ fathers held jobs as vice-presidents or presidents of major corporations
Schoolwork required:
-Developing one’s analytical intellectual powers
-Reasoning through a problem, producing intellectual products that are both logically sound and top academic quality
-Conceptualizing rules and applying those rules to solving a problem

106
Q

Disqualified knowledges

A

Knowledges that have been disqualified as inadequate to their task

107
Q

Credentialism

A

Practice of valuing credentials over actual knowledge and ability in the hiring and promotion of staff

108
Q

What are the 5 best practices to ensure Indigenous students’ success

A
  1. Collaboration between school district personnel and local Indigenous communities
  2. Commitment by administrators and teachers to incorporating Indigenous content into the curriculum
  3. Creation of influential positions dedicated to Indigenous education
  4. Relationship-building between Indigenous and non-Indigenous communities in the district
  5. Willingness of school district authorities to share responsibility for making decisions with Indigenous communities
109
Q

Issues in Post-Secondary Education

A

Long-term adjunct instructors: An educational Underclass
Online teaching
McJobs
Plagiarism

110
Q

Alienation

A

Separation between people and the work they are paid to do due to administrative monitoring and control

111
Q

5 interpretations of social change

A
  1. Modernism
  2. Conservatism
  3. Postmodernism
  4. Evolution
  5. Fashion
112
Q

Modernism

A

Holds that change equals progress, that what is modern or new will automatically be better than the older thing it replaces

113
Q

Social Darwinism

A

Posits that societies naturally proceed from simple to complex and only the strongest triumph

114
Q

What are the 3 distinct stages Lewis Henry Morgan argued societies progress through?

A

Savagery, Barbarism, Civilization

115
Q

Conservative thinkers

A

See social change as potentially more destructive than constructive, especially in emotionally charged areas of life such as family, gender roles, sexuality, and environment

116
Q

Cycle of civilization

A

The belief that civilizations rise and fall in a predictable cycle

117
Q

Slippery Slope Argument

A

Citing one instance of social change as evidence for imminent collapse of entire social order

118
Q

Manufacturing of need

A

Creation of consumer demand for inessential products

119
Q

What are the 2 kinds of opposition to globalization?

A

Particularist protectionist and Universalist protectionists

120
Q

Particularist protectionist

A

Opponents of globalization focus on the socioeconomic, political, and cultural problems caused in their home territory by increasing processes of globalization

121
Q

Universalist protectioinst

A

Promote the interests of the poor and marginalized groups worldwide

122
Q

Postmodernism

A

A social theory, relates largely to narrations

123
Q

Virtual Class

A

Those whose power and wealth are derived from making the world “virtual”

124
Q

What are the 3 ways in which the virtual class acts like a class

A
  1. Responsible for the loss of jobs by those who don’t belong to the class
  2. Limits access to information on the internet “Priveleged corporate codes”
  3. Restricts the freedom of creativity, promoting instead “the value of pattern-maintenance
125
Q

Evolution

A

A model of social change in which change is seen as an adaptation to a set of circumstances

126
Q

Fashion

A

A model of social change that promotes change for its own sake

sociology 201 (4 decks)

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