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Sociology 201 > Socialization, Racialization and Sex and Gender > Flashcards

Socialization, Racialization and Sex and Gender Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is social inequality?

A

The long-term existence of significant differences in access to goods and services among social groups
A function of many factors

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2
Q

What is Auguste Comte’s Model?

A

According to Comte, human society have passed through 3 stages
1. The Theological stage
2. The Metaphysical stage
3. The Positive stage

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3
Q

What is the Theological stage?

A

People fetishizing things and believe in deities

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3
Q

What is the Metaphysical stage?

A

Similar to the theological stage but different by the way of abstraction of belief in objective/concrete God

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4
Q

What is the Positive stage?

A

Scientific thinking is preeminent

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4
Q

What is the difference between Growth and Development?

A

Growth can occur without development, but development cannot occur without growth
Growth is quantitative
Development is qualitative

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5
Q

Adam Smith - What are the Nature and Causes of Wealth

A
  • Insatiability of human wants
  • Utilization of resources (involving politics)
  • Enhanced productivity
  • Need to increase satisfaction
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6
Q

Thomas Hobbes beliefs

A
  • Astronomical population growth
  • Defends materialism - view that only material things are real
  • Social Contract (political philosophy)
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7
Q

When did Modern Historical Trends start?

A

Started with the Industrial Revolution - England was at the forefront

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8
Q

What did England witness during the Industrial Revolution

A
  • Departure from crude implements
  • Mechanization
  • Introduction of specialty crops
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9
Q

What is the main term used to talk about social inequality and was popularized by who?

A

Class, was popularized by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels

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10
Q

Class is relational

A

reflects the relationship of people to what he (Marx) called the means of production

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11
Q

What is the means of production?

A

The resources needed to produce goods
Is capital - funds and properties necessary for large-scale manufacturing and trading

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12
Q

What are the 2 possible relationships to the means of production that Marx identified?

A

The owner (aristocrats)
The workers (peasants)

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13
Q

Who are the Bourgeoisie?

A

Collective of capitalists who own the means of production

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14
Q

Who are the Proletariat?

A

Are the class of workers who succeeded the peasant class of the pre-industrial era

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15
Q

What are 2 further sub-classes that Marx identified?

A

Petty (petite) bourgeoisie and Lumpenproletariat

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16
Q

Who are the Petite bourgeoisie?

A

Small-time owners with little capital

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17
Q

Who are the Lumpenproletariat?

A

Small-time criminals, beggars and the unemployed

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18
Q

According to Marx, class has what?

A

corporate (or organic) identity as a real social group

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19
Q

What is Dialectical materialism

A

Prevalence of laissez-faire market practices
Struggle between capitalist interests and workers’ rights

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20
Q

What is class consciousness?

A

An awareness of what is in the best interests of one’s class
The owner class always possesses class consciousness

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21
Q

What is false consciousness

A

A belief that something is in one’s best interests when it is not

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22
Q

What are Weber’s agreements/disagreements with Marx?

A

Agree: Society is divided into economic classes
Disagree: Weber believes social inequality is about more than ownership of the means of production

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23
Q

What are the 3 elements that Weber stressed contribute to social equity?

A
  1. Wealth
  2. Prestige
  3. Power
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24
Q

Wealth

A

includes factories, other property used to make money and properties that are highly respected by members of the society

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25
Q

Prestige

A

The degree of respect an individuals, their socially valued possessions, and their master statuses are viewed by majority of people in a society

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26
Q

Power

A

The ability of individuals or groups to achieve their goals despite the opposition of others

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27
Q

Dominant Capital class

A

Composed of those who own or control large-scale production

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28
Q

Middle class

A

Representing a mixed… middle category of small businesspeople, educated professional-technical or administrative personnel, credentialed salaried employees and wage earners

29
Q

Working class (proletariat)

A

People who lack resources or capacities apart from their own labor power

30
Q

What are mobility sports?

A

Sports that offer people from poorer socio-economic backgrounds opportunities to achieve financial rewards

31
Q

What is social stratification?

A

Describes society as though it is divided into a series of layers

32
Q

What is Stratum?

A

A group to which people belong on the bases of their income, education, or income for the purpose of statistical analysis

33
Q

What is Strata?

A

Used as units of analysis in stratified sampling, a research method in which equal samples are drawn from each stratum of the population

34
Q

What is a Quintile?

A

A segment, or stratum, representing each of 5 groups in to which the population is divided
- each makes up 20% of the population

35
Q

What is ideology?

A

Ideology is a set of beliefs about society and the people in it, usually forming the basis of a particular economic or political theory

36
Q

What is Dominant Ideology?

A

The set of beliefs put forwarded by, and generally supportive of, society’s dominant culture and/or classes

36
Q

What is the trickle-down theory?

A

If the wealthy are given the freedom to generate more wealth, other societies will benefit

37
Q

What is Neoliberalism/Neoliberal Ideology?

A

A dominant ideology that views the individual as an independent player on the sociological scene

38
Q

What is social mobility?

A

The ability of individuals to move (generally upward) from 1 class, or stratum, to another

39
Q

What is counter-ideology?

A

Offers a critique of a dominant ideology, challenges its justice and its universal applicability to societies - seeks to create significant social change

40
Q

Was Antonio Gramsci supportive or critical of dominant ideology?

A

He was a critic

41
Q

What is hegemony and what is it used for?

A

A set of non-coercive methods of maintaining power used by the dominant class

42
Q

What is Global Capitalism?

A

The global system is made up of the core countries (capitalist West), the semi-peripheral countries of the emerging nations, and the periphery (least developed countries)

43
Q

What is Continued Annexation and Exploitation?

A

Global inequalities are historical - the dominant west is dependent on the wealth of the peripheries to develop right from slavery to colonialism, to neo-colonialism

44
Q

What is Neo-colonialism?

A

Old strategies of colonialism have been rebranded in many ways and shades through the agency of:
-international trade, Activities of Multinationals, Aids, Non-transfer of technology, Democracy education, etc.

45
Q

What is Minimum Wage?

A

Lowest hourly rate a person can be paid for their work - often the easiest jobs to replace with automation

46
Q

What is Living Wage?

A

Generally, represents a target above the existing minimum wage

47
Q

What is racialization?

A

A social process in which human groups are viewed and judged as essentially different in terms of their intellect, morality, values and innate worth

48
Q

What is Visible Minority?

A

Persons, other than Indigenous peoples who are non-Caucasian in race or non-white in color

49
Q

What is the Master narrative?

A

The story a nation tells about itself to celebrate its past and present

50
Q

What are the 5 approaches that are particularly useful in understanding ethnic conflict?

A
  1. essentialism
  2. Postcolonialism
  3. Epiphenomenal
  4. Instrumentalism
  5. Social Constructivism
50
Q

What is the difference between race and ethnicity?

A

Race: Something you are born into. Based on how you look in relation to others
Ethnicity: Membership of a cultural group that has roots in a particular place in the world and is associated with distinctive cultural practices and behaviors
Most people identify with just 1 race but may have many ethnicities and ethnicity is something you can opt into

51
Q

What is Essentialism (sometimes called Primordialism)?

A

The view that every ethnic group is defined by a “laundry list” of traits carried down from the past to the present with little or no change
-presents static view of ethnic culture, in which culture does not change without the influence of outside forces
-Change doesn’t come from within but outside forces
- Essentialism absolves colonial powers of blame

52
Q

What is colonialism?

A

The economic and political exploitation of a weaker country or people by a stronger one

53
Q

What is Postcolonialism?

A

A framework that analyzes the destructive impact colonialism has on both the colonizer and the colonized

54
Q

What is Epiphenomenal?

A

Describes a secondary effect that arises from, but does not casually influence, a separate phenomenon

55
Q

What does the Epiphenomenal Theory suggest?

A

That any ethnic conflict is just a by-product of the struggle between economic classes
There is a measure of truth in the epiphenomenal explanation, however it fails to fully account for why the poor identified with the rich

56
Q

What is Instrumentalism?

A

Focuses on emerging ethnicity rather that on long-established ethnic characteristics
-Traditionally presented as opposite to essentialism and compatible with the epiphenomenal

57
Q

What are ethnic entrepreneurs?

A

Elite members who mobilize ethnicity for personal gain

58
Q

What is Social Constructivism?

A

The view that ethnicity is artificial, constructed by individuals to serve some agenda
- explains how ethnicity is constructed by the elite
- Suffers as a theory of ethnicity by overstating the influence of the elite
- Looks at the motivation of the broader group, not just the elites

59
Q

What is intersectionality and who was it developed and elaborated by?

A

Refers to the way different social factors combine to shape the experience of a minoritized group
Developed by Kimberle Crenshaw and elaborated by Patricia Hill Collins

60
Q

What are the 4 linked elements that are a product of Racism?

A
  1. Racialization
  2. Prejudice
  3. Discrimination
  4. Power
61
Q

What is Racialization?

A

Construction of certain groups of people as different and biologically superior/inferior

62
Q

What is Prejudice?

A

Pre-judgement of others on the basis of their group membership

63
Q

What is Discrimination

A

Differential treatment - rewarded or punished - of individuals based on their group membership

64
Q

What is Power?

A

Manifested when institutionalized advantages are regularly handed to 1 or more groups over others

65
Q

What are the Different kinds of Racism?

A
  1. Racial Bigotry
  2. Systemic/Institutional Racism
  3. Polite, smiling, or friendly racism
66
Q

What is Racial Bigotry?

A

Open, conscious expression of
racist views by an individual

67
Q

What is Polite, smiling, or friendly racism

A

Racism hidden
behind smile or words that seem friendly

67
Q

What is Systemic/Institutional Racism

A

Racist practices,
rules, and laws have become institutionalized

68
Q

What is buried knowledge

A

When racism is often downplayed or omitted in the master narratives that a country constructs about its history

Sociology 201 (4 decks)

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