Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Sociology 201 > Cultural Contexts in Sociology and Socialization > Flashcards

Cultural Contexts in Sociology and Socialization Flashcards

1
Q

What is Culture?

A

A system of beliefs, practices, values, concrete building tools, and sacred items - Is dynamic and can change over time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Why is Culture and elements contested?

A

There is little agreement who and what belongs to each culture - another point is authenticity or what is true to a particular belief

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the 2 distinguished central oppositions of Cultural Typology?

A
  1. Dominant culture vs Subculture/Counterculture
  2. High culture vs Popular/Mass culture
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is Dominant Culture?

A

Culture that’s political and economic power is able to impose its values, languages and behavioral patterns in society

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is Minority culture>?

A

Fall outside the cultural mainstream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is Counterculture?

A

Minority cultures that feel the power of the dominant culture - exist in opposition to it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is Subculture?

A

Minority cultures that differ in some way from the dominant culture but doesn’t directly oppose it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is High culture?

A

A culture of an elite distinct minority ex. Ballet - sophisticated tastes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is Popular culture?

A

Culture of the majority

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is Mass culture?

A

Culture of the masses - little or no agency in culture they consume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is agency?

A

The ability of the people to be creative or productive with materials given to them by the dominant culture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What did Karl Marx believe about people who are able to control what the masses consume

A

Those that are in control of what people are consuming are part of the dominant culture - consumerism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is Simularca

A

A feature of mass culture - stereotypical cultural images produced by media

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the distinction between 2 positions

A

Decipherment and reading

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is decipherment?

A

Looking at text for definitive interpretation for the purpose the culture industry had in mind in creating the text

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is reading

A

When people treat what’s provided by culture industry as a resource

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are Cultural Norms?

A

Rules and standards of behavior that’s expected from society or culture - changes over time and differs between cultures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are Sanctions?

A

Rewards and punishment in response to behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the difference between positive and negative sanctions?

A

Positive sanctions rewards for doing the right thing
Negative sanctions are reactions designed to discourage individual from repeating negative behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the 3 norms William Graham Sumner distinguished?

A
  1. Folkways - etiquette norms ex. table manners
  2. Mores - formalized norms and are more serious than folkways ex. stealing
  3. Taboos - norms that are so deeply ingrained in social consciousness ex. incest
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are Symbols?

A

Cultural items that are important to a culture/subculture - can be tangible, intangible and can change over time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are Values?

A

Standards used by a culture to describe abstract qualities such as goodness and to assess the behavior of others - held in high esteem by culture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is the difference between Ideal Culture and Actual Culture?

A

Ideal: What people want to believe
Actual: What really exists - what is attainable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is Ethnocentrism?

A

When someone holds up a culture as the standard by which all cultures are to be judged

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is Eurocentrism>

A

Involves addressing others from a broadly defined European position is superior to other positions

26
Q

What is Cultural Globalization?

A

The intensification and expansion of cultural flows across the globe - when cultures come together and exchange beliefs/culture

27
Q

What is Cultural Relativism?

A

An approach to studying and understanding an aspect of another culture within its proper social, historical and environmental context - ability to judge figures of the past within their own time and not by present day standards

28
Q

What is Presentism?

A

The inability to judge figures of the past within its own time, instead we judge them by present day standards

29
Q

What is Sociolinguistics?

A

The study of language as part of culture

30
Q

What did Sapir-Whorf hypothesize?

A

His hypothesis describes the relationship between language and culture - Language, words and the meanings they generate are culture-specific, therefore language outside of its cultural contact does not make sense

31
Q

What is Linguistic Determinism?

A

Suggests that the way we view and understand the world is shaped by the language they speak

32
Q

What is Dialect?

A

A variety of language that differs from others in terms of pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar

33
Q

What is Socialization?

A

The process of learning - Figuring out how to be a social person in each society

34
Q

What are the 2 types of Socialization

A
  1. Primary Socialization: Socialization that occurs during childhood
  2. Secondary Socialization: Socialization that occurs later in life
35
Q

What did Sigmund Freud argue?

A

that both biological and social factors shape human personality

36
Q

What did Sigmund Freud say were the 3 parts of the Human mind?

A
  1. ID: our unconscious instincts
  2. Superego: part of mind that policies the ID
  3. Ego: main agent of personality, driven by ID and it demands but is restrained by superego
37
Q

What is Eros and Thanatos?

A

Eros: Life and pleasure
Thanatos: Death and instinct to aggression

38
Q

What did Erik Erikson believe?

A

recognized the influence that society has on ego development with old age - believed each stage of life, from infancy to maturity

39
Q

What is Biological determinism?

A

School of thought in psychology that takes a strong cultural determinist position

40
Q

What is the Law of Effect

A

Desired behavior is rewarded and reinforced
Undesired behavior is punished and likely abandoned

41
Q

What are Agents of Socialization?

A

Groups that have significant impact on individual’s socialization

42
Q

What did George Herbert Mead believe?

A

Argued that children are socialized by others and internalize norms and values - Argued the socialization of a child unfolds as a developmental sequence of 3 stages

43
Q

What are the 2 categories of agents of socialization?

A
  1. Significant Others: Key individuals ex. parents
  2. Generalized Others: Attitudes, viewpoints and general expectations of the society into which the child is socialized
44
Q

What are the 3 stages of Social development according to Mead?

A
  1. Preparatory stage: imitation on the part of the child
  2. Play stage: child engages in role-taking and assumes the perspective of significant others
  3. Game stage: child is able to consider several roles and viewpoints simultaneously
45
Q

Who coined the term “looking glass self and what does it mean?

A

Charles Cooley, It is an individual’s self-image based on how a person thinks they are viewed by others

46
Q

what are the 3 components of the looking glass self?

A
  1. How you imagine you appear to others
  2. How you imagine those others judge your appearance
  3. How you feel as a result - Carol Gillian’s research in teenage girls self esteem
47
Q

Significance of Family in socialization

A

The 1st and often the most powerful agent of socialization - Our first impression of attitude and behaviorism - varies from families and cultures

48
Q

Significance of Peer Group in socialization

A

Shares key characteristics such as age, social position and interests

49
Q

Significance of Community and Peer Group in socialization

A

Important agents in child and adolescent socialization

50
Q

Significance of Mass Media in socialization

A

Important agent of socialization in contemporary state - how to be an ideal person and what behavior can be tolerated

51
Q

Rowell Huesman and Longitudinal studies

A

The relationship between violent media that there is a connection

52
Q

What did Jib Fowles argue?

A

That discussions about tv violence are really about cultural conflict - Argues that condemnation of media violence is aimed at reproducing the habitus of the dominant class by condemning the habitus of the dominated class – Marginalized classes are more heavily condemned/punished for violent acts than upper classmen

53
Q

What is Habitus?

A

A wide ranging set of socially acquired characteristics

54
Q

What is Reproduction?

A

By which classes preserve status differences among classes

55
Q

Significance of Education in socialization

A

Schools are often the first source of information that children receive about a social group other than their own

56
Q

What is the Sel fulfilling prophecy?

A

When you are told something repeatedly you are able to adopt the description you are given

57
Q

Observable Gender differences in educational performance are the result of what?

A

Differential Socialization

58
Q

What is hurried child syndrome and who came up with it?

A

David Elkind - argues that today’s children have lost free play and instead have rigid program of scheduled activities - many children feel adult like stress

59
Q

What does Digital communication do?

A

Creates generational gaps

60
Q

When does Secondary Socialization occur?

A

during adolescence and early adulthood and takes place outside

61
Q

What is Voluntary resocialization?

A

When someone starts school, changes jobs etc. - is a type of resocialization often marked as a rite of passage ex. confirmation, bat mitzvah

62
Q

What is Involuntary Resocialization?

A

Total Institutions re-socialize by regulating all aspects of an individuals life - when someone is forced to change ex hazing

Sociology 201 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions