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ewa psych > Sociology > Flashcards

Sociology Flashcards

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1
Q

Social capital

A

The expected benefits that individuals receive from their social network; receiving more benefits from a social network translates into greater social capital

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2
Q

Human capital

A

Focuses on an individual skills, knowledge, and experiences that are considered valuable to society

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3
Q

Cultural capital

A

The non-financial resources that can help an individual’s social mobility, such as appearance, language, and dress

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4
Q

Symbolic capital

A

The resources given to an individual due to power or prestige, and which can be seen as valuable in societies culture

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5
Q

Social constructionism

A

When traditional norms are created by the consensus of a particular society. Example if the social support norm changed to a different type of support

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6
Q

Symbolic interactionisum

A

Explains the way people interact and respond to others based on individuals interpretation of the interaction.

Concerned with the symbolic meaning behind social interaction

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7
Q

Conflict theory

A

The idea that inequality occurs when an uneven distribution of power and resources is present in society’s

A macrosociological perspective, so is social constructionism

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8
Q

Deviance

A

When a social norm is violated

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9
Q

Discrimination

A

Defined as behavior, usually negative, directed towards a specific social group ( based on a demographic characteristics such as race sex and/or social class). It is an act against a social group. The implementation of a law against interracial marriage for example

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10
Q

Privilege

A

Defined as advantage provided to dominant or majority group members, often the expense of target or minority group members

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11
Q

Stereotype

A

Defined as a single belief, usually distorted, which is applied to all individuals of a social class

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12
Q

Prejudice

A

Defined as an unjustified attitude, usually negative, toward a social group. Prejudiced thoughts can lead to discrimination. It is an attitude against a social group

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13
Q

Webers three component theory of stratification

A

Includes the components of class power and status.

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14
Q

Power

A

Defined as the ability to implement one’s decisions despite opposition. Ex: a politician can get their way even though there are activists

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15
Q

Class

A

Defined as one’s economic position in society

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16
Q

Status

A

Defined as one’s reputation, often associated with their class

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17
Q

Structural functionalism

A

Is concerned with the relationship between the individual parts of society, which function together to promote social order

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18
Q

Globalization

A

The communication and integration of cultures around the world

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19
Q

Gentrification

A

Refers to the “flipping” of a neighborhood to conform to middle or upper class preference

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20
Q

Social stratification

A

Is the separation of groups usually based on income level but may refer to separation based on gender, race, or other demographics

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21
Q

Longitudinal study

A

Follow the same group of people over time

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22
Q

Cross-sectional study

A

Looks at the same variables and characteristics, in different groups of subjects, who are at different ages

Are only concerned with data at a specific point of time

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23
Q

Gerontology

A

Is the study of aging and the life course

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24
Q

Case report

A

Is an in-depth analysis of a single subject or series of subjects

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25
Q

cohort study

A

Are utilized to observe population samples over time.

Age cohort- Is defined as groups of people characterized by age range

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26
Q

Meta-analysis study

A

Is one that combines the findings for multiple studies

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27
Q

Microsociology

A

Focuses on individual, face-to-face, everyday social interactions

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28
Q

Macrosociology

A

Focuses on broad social structures that affect society

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29
Q

Rational choice theory

A

Assumes that peoples‘s actions are dictated by a rational consideration of alternatives. Individuals choose the action that is most likely to bring some type of profit.

This is neither a microsociological nor macrosociological approach

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30
Q

Feminist theory

A

The role of women in society, often from the viewpoint of being underrepresented.

31
Q

Exchange theory

A

Dictates that behaviors within relationships are determined by individuals expectations of reward or punishment. Example: a university will hire more African American women physics teachers if they get a bonus from the state.

32
Q

Material culture

A

Refers to physical objects that provide meaning in every day life

33
Q

Non-material culture

A

Composed of shared assumptions, ideas, and values that are passed along by members of a community

34
Q

Sanctions

A

Or a form of punishment imposed when a member of a community breaks a norm

35
Q

Folkways

A

Are norms governing casual interaction

36
Q

systematic error and random error

A

Is constant across all participants were asked a random error varies

37
Q

Social Psychology

A

Is the study of how people‘s thoughts and behaviors are affected by others

38
Q

Public sociology

A

Involves connecting elements of sociology with the non-academic public

39
Q

Urban decline

A

A decline in the standard of living in urban areas

40
Q

Suburbanization

A

Refers to the large scale movement of people from cities to suburbs, which are located just outside city lines

As more people leave the city, property values decrease unless money can be collected from property taxes. Since this money is available for maintenance and restoration, sub urbanization does cause a decline in the standard of living in urban areas

41
Q

Health disparities

A

Are differences in health care or healthcare outcomes between different groups of people

42
Q

Civil unrest

A

Is social disorder caused by a group of people in public due to a perceived injustice over resource distribution.

Can affect urban areas, rule areas, or some combination of both

43
Q

Culture shock

A

Is the discomfort experienced by being immersed in a new culture. It can facilitate or hinder assimilation

44
Q

Observational studies

A

Utilize to measure variables without manipulating them

Examples are: cohort, cross-sectional, and case control. Are all variations of observational studies

45
Q

Case-control study

A

Would be more concerned with past events

46
Q

Experimental studies

A

Intentionally introduce conditions that allow for measurement of the topic of interest

47
Q

Relative deprivation

A

is this lack of resources to maintain a certain lifestyle

48
Q

Social exclusion

A

Defined as a lack of access to things that are normally available to those with greater financial resources

Process by which a person is systematically block from basic human rights including adequate healthcare

49
Q

False consciousness

A

Is the failure to recognize the source of poverty according to Marx

50
Q

Downward drift hypothesis

A

The social economic status of those with schizophrenia.

It states that schizophrenia causes a decline in social economic status, which leads to worse symptoms because people of lower social economic status have less access to high-quality healthcare, which sets up a downward spiral for the patient toward poverty and psychosis

51
Q

Caste system

A

The hierarchy of society is strictly defined, position is inherited, and movement or marriage between Castes is prohibited

Life events of any type, negative or positive, would not have an effect on the residence social status.

52
Q

Intersectionality

A

the compounding of disadvantage seem in individuals whom belong to more than one oppressed group.

53
Q

Hidden curriculum

A

The lessons about society that are not explicitly taught in School but are learned and understood by members of society.

54
Q

Alzheimer’s is characterized by what impairment

A

Impairment of memory

55
Q

Parkinson’s disease is characterized by what impairment

A

Impairment of movement

56
Q

Huntington’s disease is characterized by what impairment

A

It is a change in personality

57
Q

What is gait

A

Walking

58
Q

Intergeneralization mobility

A

Is a change in social class between generations. This can not occur during childhood

59
Q

Social inequality

A

Describes how different opportunities are available depending on social status. This includes the process of social exclusion

60
Q

Spatial inequality and spatial exclusion

A

Describe how certain neighborhoods are discriminated against. Neighborhoods can depend on class and social status

61
Q

Malthusian theory

A

Theory of population growth. Eventually, any rapidly growing population is expected to run out of resources, such as access to healthcare, causing a rapid decline in population

62
Q

Marx theory

A

Karl Marx begun a political ideology that eventually evolved into communism

63
Q

What does it mean if your study data was concluded to be 1) generalizable 2)valid 3) reliable

A

The fact that there is a large sample population from a wide range of demographic backgrounds makes the finding of the study generalizable, or applicable to the entire population looked at for example if it was about women

Valid- A study is valid if it measures what it was set out to measure.

Reliable- The degree in which an assessment tool produces stable and consistent results

64
Q

List example conflict theory people

A

Marx, Webber, Gumplowicz

65
Q

Anterograde amnesia

A

And inability to form new memories. Alzheimer’s disease

66
Q

Psychoanalytic theory

A

Suggest that personality is determined largely at the subconscious level by the interplay between three systems: the id, the superego, and the ego

This theory also posits that early experiences can have lasting affects on the individual throughout life.

67
Q

Humanist theory

A

Suggest that humans are consciously seeking experiences that will allow them to live a better and more for filling life

68
Q

Frontal lobe

A

Functions primarily in planning and personality and also includes broca’s area, which is responsible for producing speech.

69
Q

Insula

A

Is a deep cortical structure that has a role in cognitive function, emotion, and awareness

70
Q

Temporal lobe

A

Is involved in the sensation of hearing and includes wernicke’s area, which controls language fluency

71
Q

Entorhinal cortex

A

Important in memory

72
Q

Retroactive interference

A

When more recent information gets in the way of trying to recall older information.

example: would be calling your ex boyfriend by your new boyfriends name.

73
Q

proactive interference

A

Old info prevents the recall of new info

Ex: I say the old church sayings rather than the new ones

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