Sociology Flashcards
Social capital
The expected benefits that individuals receive from their social network; receiving more benefits from a social network translates into greater social capital
Human capital
Focuses on an individual skills, knowledge, and experiences that are considered valuable to society
Cultural capital
The non-financial resources that can help an individual’s social mobility, such as appearance, language, and dress
Symbolic capital
The resources given to an individual due to power or prestige, and which can be seen as valuable in societies culture
Social constructionism
When traditional norms are created by the consensus of a particular society. Example if the social support norm changed to a different type of support
Symbolic interactionisum
Explains the way people interact and respond to others based on individuals interpretation of the interaction.
Concerned with the symbolic meaning behind social interaction
Conflict theory
The idea that inequality occurs when an uneven distribution of power and resources is present in society’s
A macrosociological perspective, so is social constructionism
Deviance
When a social norm is violated
Discrimination
Defined as behavior, usually negative, directed towards a specific social group ( based on a demographic characteristics such as race sex and/or social class). It is an act against a social group. The implementation of a law against interracial marriage for example
Privilege
Defined as advantage provided to dominant or majority group members, often the expense of target or minority group members
Stereotype
Defined as a single belief, usually distorted, which is applied to all individuals of a social class
Prejudice
Defined as an unjustified attitude, usually negative, toward a social group. Prejudiced thoughts can lead to discrimination. It is an attitude against a social group
Webers three component theory of stratification
Includes the components of class power and status.
Power
Defined as the ability to implement one’s decisions despite opposition. Ex: a politician can get their way even though there are activists
Class
Defined as one’s economic position in society
Status
Defined as one’s reputation, often associated with their class
Structural functionalism
Is concerned with the relationship between the individual parts of society, which function together to promote social order
Globalization
The communication and integration of cultures around the world
Gentrification
Refers to the “flipping” of a neighborhood to conform to middle or upper class preference
Social stratification
Is the separation of groups usually based on income level but may refer to separation based on gender, race, or other demographics
Longitudinal study
Follow the same group of people over time
Cross-sectional study
Looks at the same variables and characteristics, in different groups of subjects, who are at different ages
Are only concerned with data at a specific point of time
Gerontology
Is the study of aging and the life course
Case report
Is an in-depth analysis of a single subject or series of subjects
cohort study
Are utilized to observe population samples over time.
Age cohort- Is defined as groups of people characterized by age range
Meta-analysis study
Is one that combines the findings for multiple studies
Microsociology
Focuses on individual, face-to-face, everyday social interactions
Macrosociology
Focuses on broad social structures that affect society
Rational choice theory
Assumes that peoples‘s actions are dictated by a rational consideration of alternatives. Individuals choose the action that is most likely to bring some type of profit.
This is neither a microsociological nor macrosociological approach
Feminist theory
The role of women in society, often from the viewpoint of being underrepresented.
Exchange theory
Dictates that behaviors within relationships are determined by individuals expectations of reward or punishment. Example: a university will hire more African American women physics teachers if they get a bonus from the state.
Material culture
Refers to physical objects that provide meaning in every day life
Non-material culture
Composed of shared assumptions, ideas, and values that are passed along by members of a community
Sanctions
Or a form of punishment imposed when a member of a community breaks a norm
Folkways
Are norms governing casual interaction
systematic error and random error
Is constant across all participants were asked a random error varies
Social Psychology
Is the study of how people‘s thoughts and behaviors are affected by others
Public sociology
Involves connecting elements of sociology with the non-academic public
Urban decline
A decline in the standard of living in urban areas
Suburbanization
Refers to the large scale movement of people from cities to suburbs, which are located just outside city lines
As more people leave the city, property values decrease unless money can be collected from property taxes. Since this money is available for maintenance and restoration, sub urbanization does cause a decline in the standard of living in urban areas
Health disparities
Are differences in health care or healthcare outcomes between different groups of people
Civil unrest
Is social disorder caused by a group of people in public due to a perceived injustice over resource distribution.
Can affect urban areas, rule areas, or some combination of both
Culture shock
Is the discomfort experienced by being immersed in a new culture. It can facilitate or hinder assimilation
Observational studies
Utilize to measure variables without manipulating them
Examples are: cohort, cross-sectional, and case control. Are all variations of observational studies
Case-control study
Would be more concerned with past events
Experimental studies
Intentionally introduce conditions that allow for measurement of the topic of interest
Relative deprivation
is this lack of resources to maintain a certain lifestyle
Social exclusion
Defined as a lack of access to things that are normally available to those with greater financial resources
Process by which a person is systematically block from basic human rights including adequate healthcare
False consciousness
Is the failure to recognize the source of poverty according to Marx
Downward drift hypothesis
The social economic status of those with schizophrenia.
It states that schizophrenia causes a decline in social economic status, which leads to worse symptoms because people of lower social economic status have less access to high-quality healthcare, which sets up a downward spiral for the patient toward poverty and psychosis
Caste system
The hierarchy of society is strictly defined, position is inherited, and movement or marriage between Castes is prohibited
Life events of any type, negative or positive, would not have an effect on the residence social status.
Intersectionality
the compounding of disadvantage seem in individuals whom belong to more than one oppressed group.
Hidden curriculum
The lessons about society that are not explicitly taught in School but are learned and understood by members of society.
Alzheimer’s is characterized by what impairment
Impairment of memory
Parkinson’s disease is characterized by what impairment
Impairment of movement
Huntington’s disease is characterized by what impairment
It is a change in personality
What is gait
Walking
Intergeneralization mobility
Is a change in social class between generations. This can not occur during childhood
Social inequality
Describes how different opportunities are available depending on social status. This includes the process of social exclusion
Spatial inequality and spatial exclusion
Describe how certain neighborhoods are discriminated against. Neighborhoods can depend on class and social status
Malthusian theory
Theory of population growth. Eventually, any rapidly growing population is expected to run out of resources, such as access to healthcare, causing a rapid decline in population
Marx theory
Karl Marx begun a political ideology that eventually evolved into communism
What does it mean if your study data was concluded to be 1) generalizable 2)valid 3) reliable
The fact that there is a large sample population from a wide range of demographic backgrounds makes the finding of the study generalizable, or applicable to the entire population looked at for example if it was about women
Valid- A study is valid if it measures what it was set out to measure.
Reliable- The degree in which an assessment tool produces stable and consistent results
List example conflict theory people
Marx, Webber, Gumplowicz
Anterograde amnesia
And inability to form new memories. Alzheimer’s disease
Psychoanalytic theory
Suggest that personality is determined largely at the subconscious level by the interplay between three systems: the id, the superego, and the ego
This theory also posits that early experiences can have lasting affects on the individual throughout life.
Humanist theory
Suggest that humans are consciously seeking experiences that will allow them to live a better and more for filling life
Frontal lobe
Functions primarily in planning and personality and also includes broca’s area, which is responsible for producing speech.
Insula
Is a deep cortical structure that has a role in cognitive function, emotion, and awareness
Temporal lobe
Is involved in the sensation of hearing and includes wernicke’s area, which controls language fluency
Entorhinal cortex
Important in memory
Retroactive interference
When more recent information gets in the way of trying to recall older information.
example: would be calling your ex boyfriend by your new boyfriends name.
proactive interference
Old info prevents the recall of new info
Ex: I say the old church sayings rather than the new ones
