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Ewa Psych > Motivation, Emotion, Stress > Flashcards

Motivation, Emotion, Stress Flashcards

1
Q

Extrinsic motivation

A

Rewards for showing a desired behavior or avoiding punishment if the desired behavior is not achieved

Ex:

  • working hard at your job for praise from your boss
  • practicing regularly for a sport so that you will perform strongly
  • studying for months to achieve a high score on the MCAT

-doing chores to avoid punishment or doing work to avoid getting fired

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2
Q

Intrinsic motivation

A

Motivation that comes from within oneself

-A student who takes interest in the subject matter at hand and has the goal of mastering the content is driven by this type of motivation. While the goal of achieving high grades is considered extrinsic

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3
Q

Instincts

A

Are innate, fixed patterns of behavior in response to stimuli

-some instincts last the entire lifetime, while others may appear and disappear with age

Ex: wolves are instinctively pack creatures that naturally follow the alpha male of their group
-thumb sucking is an instinctual response to stress in babies that is aimed at self soothing

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4
Q

What is the instinct theory of motivation?

A
  • people are driven to do certain behaviors based on evolutionary programmed instincts.
  • Drive from Darwin‘s theory of evolution
  • William James, the father of modern psychology, was one of the first to write about human instincts
    • James suggested that human actions are derived from 20 physical instincts, suckling and locomotion, and 17 mental instincts, including curiosity and fearfulness
  • william Mcdougall : The greatest proponent of instinct theory
    • proposed that humans were driven to all thoughts and behaviors by 18 distinct instincts, including fight and acquisition
  • James and McDougall postulated that the instincts of cycling and caring food to the mouth result in naturally motivating
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5
Q

What is the Arousal theory of motivation

A
  • People reform actions in order to maintain optimal level of arousal: seeking to increase arousal when it falls below their optimal level, and to decrease arousal when it rises above their optimal level
  • yetkes-Dodson law
    • u-shaped function between the level of arousal and performance
    • this last states that performance is worse at extremely high and low levels of arousal and optimal at some intermediate level

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6
Q

What are drives

A

It help humans survive by creating an uncomfortable state, ensuring motivation to eliminate this state or to relieve internal tension created by unmet needs

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7
Q

What are primary drives?

A
  • The need for food, water, and warmth, motivate us to sustain body processes in homeostasis
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8
Q

What is homeostasis?

A
  • The regulation of the internal environment to maintain an optimal, stable set of conditions
  • External factors are encountered, and the system will react to push the system back to its optimal state
  • usually controlled by negative feedback loops
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9
Q

What is ghrelin?

A

Hormone that creates a hunger drive and motivates for eating

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10
Q

What is leptin?

A

Hormone that sends signal to the brain to turn off the hunger drive

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11
Q

What are secondary drives?

A
  • additional drives that are not directly related to biological processes
  • these are drives that motivate us to build nonbiological, emotional, or “ learned “ desires
  • these drives are thought to stem from the learning
  • secondary drives also include certain emotions, such as a drive for nurturing, love, achievement, and aggression
  • Ex: The drive to matriculate into med school and become a position is
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12
Q

What is drive reduction theory?

A
  • motivation is based on the goal of eliminating uncomfortable states
  • theorists hypothesize that certain physiological conditions result in a negative internal environment. This internal environment then drives motivation and seeks homeostasis in order to reduce the uncomfortable internal state
  • can be applied to motivation in terms of learning, and is commonly used to define motivational states within behavioral conditioning
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13
Q

What is need-based theories?

A
  • Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. Certain needs will yield a greater influence on our motivation
  • 5 levels
  • First levels correspond to physiological needs, safety and security, love and belonging, and self-esteem
  • The highest level of the pyramid corresponds to self actualization, or the need to realize ones fullest potential
  • if the lowest level of need is not met, motivation to meet that need will be highest priority

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14
Q

What is the self-determination theory? SDT

A

-another need-based motivational theory

  • Emphasizes the role of three universal needs: 1) autonomy: the need to be in control of one’s actions and ideas
    2) competence: the need to complete and excel at different tasks
    3) relatedness: the need to feel accepted and wanted in relationships

-theorists explain that these three needs must be met in order to develop healthy relationships with oneself and others

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15
Q

What are the four primary factors that influence motivation?

A

Instincts, arousal, drives, and needs

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16
Q

What is incentive theory?

A

Explains that behavior is motivated not by need or arousal, but by the desire to pursue rewards and to avoid punishments

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17
Q

What is expectancy

-value theory

A

States that the amount of motivation needed to reach a goal is the result of both the individuals’s expectation of success in reaching the goal and the degree in which he or she values succeeding at the goal

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18
Q

What is opponent-process theory?

A
  • theory of motivation that explains continuous drug use
  • when a drug is taken repeatedly, the body will attempt to counteract the effects of the drug by changing its physiology
  • this theory can explain tolerance: a decrease in perceived drug effect over time

Ex: The body will counteract repeated use of alcohol, a depressant, by increasing arousal. The problem with this reaction is that it will last longer than the drug, resulting in withdrawal symptoms that are exactly opposite the effects of alcohol: sensations of anxiety, jitteriness, and irritability

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19
Q

What did Alfred Kinsey study?

A
  • reported his findings on sexual behavior from interviews with people from a broader range of sociocultural backgrounds
  • hoped to identify what sexual behaviors people were participating in, how often, with whom, and at what age they began
20
Q

What did William Masters and Virgina Johnson find?

A

They studied physiological measurement of sexual arousal, proving that men and women experience similar physical responses

  • The most notable differences seen between the sexes were based on cultural influences and learned behavior
21
Q

What are the elements of emotion?

A

1) psychological response
- arousal is stimulated by the autonomic nervous system. Changes in heart rate, breathing rate, skin temperature, and blood pressure

2) behavioral response
- includes facial expression and body language

3) cognitive response
- subjective interpretation of the feeling being experienced
- determination of one’s emotion is largely based on memories of past experiences and perception of the cause of the emotion

22
Q

What did Paul Ekman describe?

A

A set of basic emotions that are recognized by societies around the world, and further identifies that six emotions are associated with consistent facial expressions across cultures

  • seven Universal facial expression emotions
  • happiness, sadness, contempt, surprise, fear, disgust and anger
  • While emotions are experienced Universally, it is argued that they can be affected greatly by culture
23
Q

What are Darwin’s thoughts about universal emotions?

A
  • emotions are a result of evolution; thus, emotions and their corresponding expressions are universal
  • The earliest emotions to evolve are fear and the latest are social emotions such as guilt and pride
24
Q

James-Lange theory

A
  • A stimulus results first in physiological arousal, which leads to a secondary response in which the emotion is labeled

Ex: A car pulled out in front of you, your heart starts racing and blood pressure increases, this triggers the emotion of anger

Thought that physiological changes leads to emotion so a person with a spinal cord injury would a decreased level of emotion. This was found to not be true.

25
Q

Cannon-Bard theory

A
  • physiological arousal and feeling of emotion occur at the same time, not in sequence
  • sensory information is received by the cortex and the sympathetic nervous system simultaneously by the thalamus

Ex: I am afraid because I see a snake and my heart is racing… let’s run!

26
Q

Schachter-Singer Theory

A

Also known as the cognitive arousal theory or the two-factor theory

  • an aspect of cognitive appraisal: to feel an emotion, one must consciously analyze the environment in relation to nervous system arousal
  • they observed that epinephrine did result in increased physiological arousal; however, they also discovered that the environment and cognitive processing affected the emotion experienced by the subjects

They did a study with people using placebo and epinephrine injections. Also had actors be happy and angry. 1)new they got the drug 2) didn’t know 3) told got the drug but didn’t (misinformed)

1) the misinformed and ignorant groups experience the highest level of emotion
- was explained by stating that a subject experiencing physiological arousal with no explanation or with a misleading explanation will attribute that arousal to the surrounding environment, and label himself as happy or angry based on the behavior of the actor
- The presence of unexpected arousal plus an environment that encourages a particular emotion is sufficient to create that emotion in the subject

2) contrarily, the informed group knew to expect physiological arousal from the drug, and thus attributed their feelings to being side effects, rather than emotions
ex: I am excited because my heart is racing and everyone around me is happy

27
Q

What are the theories of emotion and what are the first and second responses?

A

James-Lange
1st- nervous system arousal
2nd- conscious emotion

Cannon-Bard
1st - nervous system arousal and conscious emotion
2nd - Action

Schachter-Singer
1st - nervous system arousal and cognitive appraisal
2nd - conscious emotions

28
Q

What is the limbic system and what are the brain parts associated with it.

A

System is made up of: the amygdala, thalamus, hypothalamus, hippocampus, fornix, septal nuclei, and parts of the cerebral cortex

  • system plays a large role in both motivation and emotion
29
Q

What is the amygdala

A
  • small round structure that signals the coterie about stimuli related to attention and emotions
  • processes the environment, detects external cues, and learns from the person’s surrounding in order to produce emotion
  • this area is associated with fear and plays a role in human emotion though interpretation of facial expressions c

-implicit memory system controlled by the amygdala

30
Q

What is the thalamus

A
  • functions as a preliminary sensory processing station and routes info to the cortex and other appropriate areas of the brain
31
Q

What is the hypothalamus

A

Located below the thalamus

  • synthesizes and released a variety of neurotransmitters
  • serves many homeostatic functions and is involved in modulating emotion.
  • by controlling the neurotransmitters that affect mood and arousal, it largely dictates emotional states
32
Q

What is the hippocampus

A

Located within the temporal lobe

  • is primarily involved in creating long term memories
  • this with the amygdala, and hypothalamus are important for the storage and retrieval of emotional memories is key in producing an emotional response
  • explicit memory system primarily controlled by the hippocampus in the medial temporal lobe
33
Q

What is the prefrontal cortex

A

Anterior portion of the frontal lobes

  • associated with planning intricate cognitive functions, expressing personality, and making decisions
  • left prefrontal cortex is associated with positive emotions and the right side with negative
34
Q

Role of dorsal prefrontal cortex

A

Associated with attention and cognition

35
Q

Role of the ventral prefrontal cortex

A

Connects with regions of the brain responsible for experiencing emotion

  • ventromedial prefrontal cortex: plays a substantial role in decision-making and controlling emotional responses from the amygdala
36
Q

The autonomic nervous system is related to emotion. What are affected when experiencing emotion?

A

1) Skin temp
- decrease temp associated with fear
- increase temp associated with anger

2) heart rate
- increases when people are experiencing anger and or fear
- decreases when experiencing happiness

decreased heart rate variability is associated with stress, frustration, and anger

3) blood pressure
- increases with anger or stress
- decreases with sadness or relaxation
- diastolic blood pressure is increases to the greatest degree by anger followed by fear, sadness and happiness

3) breathing rate

NOTE: skin conductivity is directly correlated with sympathetic arousal; however . A specific emotion cannot be identified by skin response

37
Q

Describe the cognitive appraisal process

A

2 stages: primary appraisal and then secondary appraisal

1) primary: is the initial evaluation of the environment and the associated threat
- can be identified as irrelevant, benign-positive, or stressful
- if primary appraisal reveals a threat, stage 2 appraisal begins

2) secondary: is directed at evaluating whether the organism can cope with the stress . Invovles The evaluation of 3 things
1-harm, or damaged caused by the event
2-threat, or the potential to overcome and possibly benign from the event
3-challenge, or the potential to overcome and possibly benefit from the event

38
Q

What is a stressor and some common examples

A
  • a biological element, external condition, or event that leads to a stress response
    1) environmental factors: uncomfortable temps, loud sounds, inclement weather
    2) daily events: running late, losing item, unexpected occurrences
    3) workplace or academic setting: assignments, hierarchical interactions, time management
    4) social expectations: demands placed on oneself by society, family, and friends
    5) chemical and biological stressors: diet, alcohol, drugs, viruses, allergies, medications, medical conditions
39
Q

How are stressors classified

A

As either causing distress or causing eustress

1) distress: occurs when experiencing unpleasant stressors
2) eustress: can include life events like graduating from college, getting a high MCAT score, getting married or buying a house. While they are positive, any event requiring a person to change or adapt his lifestyle leads to stress

40
Q

What is the social readjustment rating scale

A

Can measure the stress level in “life change units”

41
Q

What are the psychological stressors?

A

1) pressure
- expectations or demands are out in place by external sources

2) control
- ability to control one’s surrounding typically reduces stress levels. Inability to control a situation or event increases stress

3) predictability
- police can’t predict their work schedule for the day

4) frustration
- Ex: not getting a raise

5) conflict
- arose from the need to make a choice
1) approach-approach conflict : need to choose between 2 desirable options
2) avoidance-avoidance conflict: choices between 2 negative options
3) approach-avoidance conflict : deal with only one choice, goal, or event, but the outcome could have both positive and negative elements
Ex: job promotion means more money and status but also increases responsibility, and potential for longer working hours and increased pressure

42
Q

What is the general adaptation syndrome and who created it

A

Developed by Hans Selye

-the sequence of physiological responses and consisted of 3 distinct stages

Pic page 203

1) alarm: initial reaction to a stressor and the activation of the sympathetic nervous system
- shortly after, the hypothalamus stimulates the pituitary to secrete ACTH, adrenocorticotropic hormone that stimulates adrenal glands to produce cortisol which maintains the steady supply of blood glucose needed to respond to stressful events.
- hypothalamus also activates the adrenal medulla which secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine to activate the sympathetic nervous system.

2 resistance: the continuous release of hormones allows the sympathetic nervous system to remain engaged to fight the stressor

3) exhaustion: the body can no longer maintain an elevated response with sympathetic nervous system activity.
- at this point people become more susceptible to illness and medical conditions like ulcers, high blood pressure and in extreme cases, death can result.

43
Q

What are some positive and negatives cause by stress

A

Pic page 204

44
Q

What are the starters for coping with stress?

A

1) problem-focused strategy: working to overcome a stressor, such as reaching out to family and friends for SoCal support, confronting the issue head-on, and creating and following a plan or problem-solving actions
2) emotionally focused strategies : center on changing one’s feeling about the stressor. They include taking responsibility for the issue. Engaging in self-control, distancing oneself from the issue, engaging in wishful thinking and using positive reappraisal to focus on positive outcomes instead of the stressor

3 support-seeking coping strategy: reaching out to a loved one for help

45
Q

What are some stress management tools you can use to reduce stress

A

1) exercise
- releases endorphins, opioid neuropeptides that act as “feel-good” neurotransmitters.
2) relaxation techniques (meditation, diaphragmatic breathing, progressive muscle relaxation
3) engaging in a spiritual practice

Ewa Psych (8 decks)

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