AAMC Vocal Flashcards
Place theory
Posits that one is able to hear different pitches because different soundwaves trigger activity at different places along the cochlea’s basilar membrane.
Interposition
Perceive things to be closer to us because it’s in front of another object (monocular cue)
Sensory adaptation
Can increase or decrease our receptor sensitivity to the stimulus
Amplification
An increase in sensitivity
Retinal disparity
Provides a binocular cue that facilitate depth perception.
If you point at an object far away and close one eye, the finger will move. Each eye has a different image that co e together to make what we were. Gives depth
Parallel processing
The idea that our eyes process color, form, and motion at the same time
Endolymph
Liquid inside the semicircular Canal. This canal is responsible for balance
Vestibulo-ocular reflex
Keeps the eyes fixed on a single point as the head rotates
Fluid intelligence
The ability to think on one’s feet, be adaptable, and solve problems using deductive and inductive reasoning
Similarities between schizophrenia and Alzheimer’s disease in regards to cognitive functions
Both are cognitive dysfunction particularly in tasks of verbal fluency (The ability to retrieve specific information with in restricted search parameters) and negative priming(slow, error prone responses to stimuli that were previously ignored)
Semantic networks
Link concepts to gather based on similar meaning
Korsakoff Syndrome
An amnesties disorder. Memory loss is caused by a thiamine( vitamin B1) deficiency in the brain.
B1- convert carbohydrates into glucose.
Patience with this will have symptoms of retrograde amnesia, anterograde amnesia, and confabulation ( invented memories which are then taken by the patient as true due to gaps in memory, with such gaps sometimes associated with blackouts)
Alcoholics can develop this because they will get a decrease in B1. Or severe malnutrition.
Information processing model
States that the brain in codes, stores, and retrieves information much like a computer
Functional fixedness
The tendency to use objects only in the way they were normally utilized
To perceive objects only in terms of their typical or normal function
Heuristics
Mental shortcuts allow people to solve problems and make judgments quickly and efficiently
“ rules of thumb”
Are simple, efficient rules, learned from experience, that people use to make decisions, come to judgments, and solve problems typically when facing complex problems or incomplete information
Availability heuristic
Is a mental shortcut that relies on immediate examples that come to a persons mind when evaluating a situation.
The information you use to make a decision is small compared to all the information available.
The info you use is also recent, frequent, extreme, vivid, negative
Representativeness heuristic
Is a mental shortcut that helps us make a decision by comparing information to a mental prototype.
Like thinking that someone with glasses is nerdy, or a blonde is not smart.
May lead us to disregard probability info that is relevant to our judgment
Ex: you assume a guy in a suit went to Harvard rather than a swimsuit model
Confirmation bias
The tendency to focus on information that fits an individuals beliefs, while rejecting information that goes against those believes
Gardeners theory of multiple intelligence
Differentiate human intelligence into specific modalities rather than seeing intelligence as dominated by single general ability
1) linguistic
2) logical-mathematical
3) musical
4) visual-spatial
5) bodily-kinesthetic
6) interpersonal
7) interpersonal
Pragmatics
Refers to the way language delivery changes depending on content
Ex: The fish is ready to eat. (Means dinner is ready, not that a fish is ready to eat)
or you rock ( you did a good job, not that you are literally a rock)
Nativist theory
Humans have a language acquisition device (LAD) that allows them to learn language
Theory that suggest that children have an innate ability to acquire language
Noam Chomsky is the main theorist who suggests this theory
He believe that when the human brain is exposed to language at birth, it will begin to make sense of utterances because it has been program to do so
Behaviorist theory
Language acquisition is controlled by operant conditioning and reinforcement by parents and caregivers
Example, Skinner
Language learning is habit formation and is shaped by conditioned behavior. Learning will take place based on the reinforcement received for the response
Whorfian hypothesis
Also known as linguistics relativity.
States that the lens by which we view and interpret the world is created by language
Social interactionist theory of language
Language acquisition is caused by a motivation to communicate and interact with others
Vygotsky
Language knowledge is acquired through social interaction with more competent and experienced memebers of the child’s culture
Archate fasiculus
Connects the broca area to the wernickes area. If the connection is damaged, conduction aphasia. Can not repeat words.
Brain waves on EEG and the stages
Beta frequency 12-30Hz
Normal waking state of consciousness. Alertness, concentration, focus, cognition and the 5 physical senses
Alpha, 7.5- 12 Hz
You are awake but tired. Eyes closed.
Relaxation, usually eyes are closed. Light meditation. Visualization, creativity, and super learning.
At this during hypnosis
Theta, 4-7.5 Hz (subconscious mind)
Light sleep, including REM dreaming state. Deep medication, intuition, memory and vivid visual imagery.
Delta x-4 Hz (unconscious mind/collective consciousness)
Usually deep sleep. Dreamless state. Automatic self-healing, immune system function.
Example of depressants
Alcohol, barbiturates,
THC/cannabis ( binds cannabinoid receptors, causing hyperpolarization (pre-synaptic))
And
benzodiazepines (binds to GABA receptor, causing hyperpolarization (post-synaptic))
They lower the bodies basic functions and neural activity. Lower heart rebate and blood pressure.
Example of stimulates
Nicotine ( mimics the action of neurotransmitter acetylcholine (Ach))
Amphetamines, cocaine, and ecstasy/MDMA (increases release and blocks reuptake of dopamine and 5-HT)
They excite the nervous system. Increase heart tears and blood pressure
Example opiates and opioids
Can cause death by respiratory depression
Heroin, morphine, opium, oxycodone, hydrocodone
How they work:
An opiate binds to an opiated-receptor on the presynaptic neuron and initiates a cascade of neurochemical activity. This signals a massive efflux of dopamine into the synaptic cleft
Hallicinogens- what is it and examples
LSD, peyote, mescaline, ketamine
Disrupt the interaction between serotonin and nerve cells. Serotonin is involved in the control of your mood, muscle, sensory perception, and many other things
Sleep cycle
Stage 1 (theta) Light sleep. Can me easily woken
stage 2 (theta) Eye movement and brain waves slowing down. Sleep spindles and K complexes
Stage 3 (delta) Delta waves begin to appear
Stage 4 (delta) Deep sleep, difficult to wake up
REM (beta since the brain appears awake on EEG)
Breathing becomes more rapid and irregular
Body paralysis
