Cognitive Flashcards
What is duel-coding theory and who’s theory is it?
Paivio’s Theory
- States that both verbal association and visual images are used to process and store information.
- can recap the same information I. 2 different ways. This builds redundancy and increases the chance that the information can be retrieved and used effectively
Ex: the word “dad” can recall some information, and the picture of “dad” can recall that same information.
Information processing model has what key components or pillars?
1) thinking required sensation, encoding, and storage of stimuli
2) stimuli must be analyzed by the brain (rather than responded to automatically) to be in decisions-making
3) decisions made in one situation can be extrapolated and adjusted to help solve new problems (also called situation modification)
4) problem solving is dependent not only on the persons cognitive level, but also in the context and complexity of the problem
What is cognitive development?
Development of one’s ability to think and solve problems across the lifespan.
Stages of development and who crated it?
Jean Piaget
1) Sensorimotor (0-2)
- primary circular reaction: repetition of a body movement that originally occurred by change. Usually the behavior is repeated because the child finds it soothing Ex: sucking thumb.
- secondary circular reaction: occurs when manipulation is focused on something outside the body, such as repeatedly throwing toys from a high chair. Behaviors are often repeated because the child gets a response from the environment ( parents picking up the dropped toy).
2) preoperational (2-7)
- symbolic thinking: the ability to pretend, play make-believe, and have an imagination
- egocentrism: the inability to imagine what another person may think or feel
- centration: the tendency to focus on only one aspect of a phenomenon, or inability to underwent the concept of conservation( 2 pizza sizes the same but one divided in half. Kid will think having 2 slices will mean more pizza even though both are really the same size)
3) concrete operational (7-11)
- kids can understand conservation and consider the perspectives of others . Able to engage in logical thought as long as they are working with concrete objects or info that is directly available. These kids have not yet developed the ability to think abstractly
4) formal operational (11+)
- able to think logically about abstract ideas
Decline intellectual abilities in adulthood has been linked with how long an older adult retains the ability to function in what?
Activities of daily living ( eating, bathing, toileting, dressing, and ambulation)
What are the types of intelligence?
1) crystallized intelligence
- Related to use of learned skills and knowledge
-shown to peak in middle adulthood
2) fluid intelligence
- Problem-solving skills
-shown to peak in early adulthood
**both types of intelligence have shown to decline with age
What is Dementia
Often begins with impaired memory, but later progresses to impaired judgement and confusion.
- personality changes are also commoners dementia progresses.
- most common cause of dementia is Alzheimer’s disease. (60-80% of cases)
Other cases of dementia
- vascular (multi-infarct) dementia: caused by high blood pressure
- repeated microscopic clots in the brain
Cognitions. Can be affected by what type of conditions?
1) actual problems with the brain (organ brain disorders)
- infections in the brain may result in electrical abnormalities and slowed development
- birth complications, especially reduced O2 to brain, may affect cognition
- trauma to the brain ex: shaken baby syndrome
2) genetic conditions
- antisocial personality disorder shown to have strong genetic component. Presence of genes for this disorder may make it difficult for a child to appreciate the rights of others
3) chromosomal conditions
- Down’s syndrome and Fragile X are associated with delay cognitive development
4) metabolic derangements
5) long-term drug use
- alcohol during pregnancy leads to fetal alcohol syndrome. Causes delayed cognitive development and distinct craniofacial feathers
6) the environment
- can affect both cognitive development and day-to-day cognition
7) parenting style- by reward, punishment or indifference for an emerging skill
What are the craniofacial features? And when do you see it?
Fetal alcohol syndrome caused when mom drinks while pregnant
1) skin fold at the corner of the eyes
2) low nasal bridge
3) short nose
4) indistinct philtrum (groove between nose and upper lip)
5) small head circumference
6) small eye opening
7) small midface
8) thin upper lip
What is Delirium
- rapid decline in cognition
- rapid fluctuation in cognitive function that is reversible and caused by medical (nonpsychological) causes
- can be caused by variety of issues
What causes Delirium?
Can be caused by various of issues.
1) electrolyte and pH disturbance
2) malnutrition
3) low blood sugar
4) infection
5) a drug reaction
6) alcohol withdrawal
7) pain
What is functional fixedness?
The ability to consider how to use an object in a nontraditional manner .
EX: my ghetto gutter setup at 1433 Yorktown
What is mental set?
The tendency to approach similar problems in the same way
What is the first step in problem solving? What happens next?
You must frame the problem; this is, create a mental image or schematic of the issue.
Then generate potential solutions and being testing. The potential solutions may be derived from mental set.
*when we get “stuck” on a problem, it is most often because the manner in Which we have framed the problem is inefficient or not useful
What are the types of problem solving?
1) trial and error
- less sophisticated type of problem solving where different options tested until one works.
- usually only effective when there are relatively few possible solutions
2) algorithms
- formula or procedure for solving a certain type of problem.
- can be mathematical or a set of instructions designed to produce the desired solution
3) Deductive (top-down) Reasoning
- starts from a set of general rules and draws conclusion from the info given.
- solution MUST be true based on the info given
4) Induction (bottom-up) reasoning
- seeks to create a theory via generalizations. Starts with specific instances and draws a conclusion from them
