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Sociology Flashcards

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1
Q

3 types of sociological theory

A
  • Structural-functionalist
  • Symbolic-interactionism
  • Social-conflict
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2
Q

2 levels of sociological theory

A

Macro level
- (structural-functionalist and social-conflict), and Micro level
- (symbolic-interactionism)

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3
Q

Economy

A

social institution that organizes the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services

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4
Q

Property

A

indicator of where one fits into the class structure

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5
Q

Agriculture revolution

A
  • economy was based on trade
  • people didn’t have specific jobs
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6
Q

Industrial revolution

A
  • work became centralized in factories
  • new energy sources led to mass production
  • wage labour
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7
Q

Information revolution

A
  • factories were offshored to foreign countries
  • jobs became intelligence based
  • education became the most important
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8
Q

Sectors of the economy

A
  • primary sector
  • secondary sector
  • tertiary sector
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9
Q

Primary sector

A

raw materials harvested from the natural environment

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10
Q

Secondary sector

A

manufacturing products from the raw materials

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11
Q

Tertiary sector

A

services industry

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12
Q

Gig economy

A

independent contractors who provide temporary services on their own time

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13
Q

Global economy

A

expanding economic activity that crosses national borders

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14
Q

Consequences of the global economy

A
  • division of labour (offshoring)
  • national governments have less control over their economy
  • corporations have increased control over nations
  • few corporations control the market (monopolies)
  • small local businesses have trouble keeping up with big corporations
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15
Q

Capitalism

A

resources and means of production are privately owned
- private ownership of property and land
- based on pursuit of personal profit and greed
- based on consumption and consumer choice

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16
Q

Socialism

A

resources and means of production are collectively owned
- collective ownership of property and land
- based on pursuit of collective goals
- government controls businesses and the economy

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17
Q

Communism

A

all members of society are socially equal
- based on abolishment of class divisions
- connecting everyone to the means of production

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18
Q

Welfare capitalism

A

government controls certain big industries like healthcare and social services
- Canada, USA, UK, Germany

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19
Q

State capitalism

A

government works in partnerships with corporations
- China, Russia, Brazil

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20
Q

Primary labour market

A

full-time jobs that provide benefits to employees

21
Q

Secondary labour market

A

part-time jobs that provide minimal benefits to employees

22
Q

Underground economy

A

exchange of goods and services that is not reported to the government

23
Q

Deviance

A

any behaviour that violates cultural norms

24
Q

White collar crime

A

crimes committed by professionals in the course of financial business

25
Q

Corporate crime

A

crimes committed by employees on behalf of their corporation

26
Q

Labelling theory

A

being labeled as a deviant pushes children into the deviant lifestyle
- Chambliss: self-fulfilling prophecy

27
Q

Deviance (Sutherland) (symbolic-interactionism)

A

children learn deviance through their family, friends, and their subculture

28
Q

Sykes and Matza (symbolic-interactionism)

A

children use techniques of denial to resist deviantlabels
- denial of responsibility, injury, and victims

29
Q

Deviance (structural-functionalist)

A

deviance defies social order and moral boundaries, and promotes social change

30
Q

Robert Merton (strain theory) (structural-functionalist)

A

people are socialized to desire certain cultural goals, but denied the institutional opportunities to achieve those goals

31
Q

Types of strains (strain theory)

A
  • conformity
  • innovation
  • ritualism
  • retreatism
  • rebellion
32
Q

Deviance (social-conflict)

A

the law is a tool used by the powerful class to protect their class interests

33
Q

Deviance (race-conflict)

A

the law is used as racial oppression

34
Q

Illegitimate opportunity theory (social-conflict)

A

people commit crimes because the criminal lifestyle is the only opportunity they have to be successful in life

35
Q

Deviant labels (social-conflict)

A

people who interfere with the operation of capitalism are labelled as deviants
- resist authority
- threaten private property
- can’t work or refuse to work

36
Q

Police

A

the primary point of contact between the general public and the justice system

37
Q

Carding

A

police arbitrarily stopping and documenting people out in public

38
Q

Durkheim (religion)

A

religion is beliefs, practices, and rituals centred around the belief in the sacred
- religion provides people with social cohesion, social control, and meaning/purpose

39
Q

Collective consciousness (Durkheim)

A

a group is more than its individual parts and that gives it power

40
Q

Collective effervescence (Durkeheim)

A

strength comes from a large group and their belief in the supernatural

41
Q

Karl Marx (religion)

A

religion is a projection of the human mind onto the supernatural realm
- man creates god in their own image
- religion is an ideology that legitimizes capitalism
- religion is the opium of the people

42
Q

Liberation theology

A

god and religion is on the side of the poor and oppressed
- injustice/inequality is sin

43
Q

Predestination (Calvinism)

A

Protestant belief that god predestines some to heaven and other to hell at birth

44
Q

Protestant ethics thesis (Weber)

A

people get to heaven by living a life of hard work and discipline

45
Q

Church-sect continuum (Troeltsch)

A

religions have a scale on influence over society
- 1. State church / eclessia
- 2. Denomination
- 3. Sect
- 4. Cult

46
Q

State church / Eclessia

A

citizens are members of the religion, very formal and organized
- ex. Islam in the Middle East
- ex. Catholic church in Spain

47
Q

Denomination

A

Churches that make up a pluralistic society, still very formal and organized, usually headquartered outside that country
- ex. Catholicism, Hinduism, Islam in Canada

48
Q

Sect

A

Break off of denominations that are still integrated into society, but are small and stick to themselves
- ex. Amish in Canada / USA

49
Q

Cult

A

Groups led by charismatic leaders with new religious movements, against the norms and values of society

Law (7 decks)

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