Sociology

Question 1

3 types of sociological theory

Answer 1

• Structural-functionalist
• Symbolic-interactionism
• Social-conflict

Question 2

2 levels of sociological theory

Answer 2

Macro level
- (structural-functionalist and social-conflict), and Micro level
- (symbolic-interactionism)

Question 3

Economy

Answer 3

social institution that organizes the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services

Question 4

Property

Answer 4

indicator of where one fits into the class structure

Question 5

Agriculture revolution

Answer 5

• economy was based on trade
• people didn’t have specific jobs

Question 6

Industrial revolution

Answer 6

• work became centralized in factories
• new energy sources led to mass production
• wage labour

Question 7

Information revolution

Answer 7

• factories were offshored to foreign countries
• jobs became intelligence based
• education became the most important

Question 8

Sectors of the economy

Answer 8

• primary sector
• secondary sector
• tertiary sector

Question 9

Primary sector

Answer 9

raw materials harvested from the natural environment

Question 10

Secondary sector

Answer 10

manufacturing products from the raw materials

Question 11

Tertiary sector

Answer 11

services industry

Question 12

Gig economy

Answer 12

independent contractors who provide temporary services on their own time

Question 13

Global economy

Answer 13

expanding economic activity that crosses national borders

Question 14

Consequences of the global economy

Answer 14

• division of labour (offshoring)
• national governments have less control over their economy
• corporations have increased control over nations
• few corporations control the market (monopolies)
• small local businesses have trouble keeping up with big corporations

Question 15

Capitalism

Answer 15

resources and means of production are privately owned
- private ownership of property and land
- based on pursuit of personal profit and greed
- based on consumption and consumer choice

Question 16

Socialism

Answer 16

resources and means of production are collectively owned
- collective ownership of property and land
- based on pursuit of collective goals
- government controls businesses and the economy

Question 17

Communism

Answer 17

all members of society are socially equal
- based on abolishment of class divisions
- connecting everyone to the means of production

Question 18

Welfare capitalism

Answer 18

government controls certain big industries like healthcare and social services
- Canada, USA, UK, Germany

Question 19

State capitalism

Answer 19

government works in partnerships with corporations
- China, Russia, Brazil

Question 20

Primary labour market

Answer 20

full-time jobs that provide benefits to employees

Question 21

Secondary labour market

Answer 21

part-time jobs that provide minimal benefits to employees

Question 22

Underground economy

Answer 22

exchange of goods and services that is not reported to the government

Question 23

Deviance

Answer 23

any behaviour that violates cultural norms

Question 24

White collar crime

Answer 24

crimes committed by professionals in the course of financial business

Question 25

Corporate crime

Answer 25

crimes committed by employees on behalf of their corporation

Question 26

Labelling theory

Answer 26

being labeled as a deviant pushes children into the deviant lifestyle - Chambliss: self-fulfilling prophecy

Question 27

Deviance (Sutherland) (symbolic-interactionism)

Answer 27

children learn deviance through their family, friends, and their subculture

Question 28

Sykes and Matza (symbolic-interactionism)

Answer 28

children use techniques of denial to resist deviantlabels - denial of responsibility, injury, and victims

Question 29

Deviance (structural-functionalist)

Answer 29

deviance defies social order and moral boundaries, and promotes social change

Question 30

Robert Merton (strain theory) (structural-functionalist)

Answer 30

people are socialized to desire certain cultural goals, but denied the institutional opportunities to achieve those goals

Question 31

Types of strains (strain theory)

Answer 31

- conformity - innovation - ritualism - retreatism - rebellion

Question 32

Deviance (social-conflict)

Answer 32

the law is a tool used by the powerful class to protect their class interests

Question 33

Deviance (race-conflict)

Answer 33

the law is used as racial oppression

Question 34

Illegitimate opportunity theory (social-conflict)

Answer 34

people commit crimes because the criminal lifestyle is the only opportunity they have to be successful in life

Question 35

Deviant labels (social-conflict)

Answer 35

people who interfere with the operation of capitalism are labelled as deviants - resist authority - threaten private property - can't work or refuse to work

Question 36

Police

Answer 36

the primary point of contact between the general public and the justice system

Question 37

Carding

Answer 37

police arbitrarily stopping and documenting people out in public

Question 38

Durkheim (religion)

Answer 38

religion is beliefs, practices, and rituals centred around the belief in the sacred - religion provides people with social cohesion, social control, and meaning/purpose

Question 39

Collective consciousness (Durkheim)

Answer 39

a group is more than its individual parts and that gives it power

Question 40

Collective effervescence (Durkeheim)

Answer 40

strength comes from a large group and their belief in the supernatural

Question 41

Karl Marx (religion)

Answer 41

religion is a projection of the human mind onto the supernatural realm - man creates god in their own image - religion is an ideology that legitimizes capitalism - religion is the opium of the people

Question 42

Liberation theology

Answer 42

god and religion is on the side of the poor and oppressed - injustice/inequality is sin

Question 43

Predestination (Calvinism)

Answer 43

Protestant belief that god predestines some to heaven and other to hell at birth

Question 44

Protestant ethics thesis (Weber)

Answer 44

people get to heaven by living a life of hard work and discipline

Question 45

Church-sect continuum (Troeltsch)

Answer 45

religions have a scale on influence over society - 1. State church / eclessia - 2. Denomination - 3. Sect - 4. Cult

Question 46

State church / Eclessia

Answer 46

citizens are members of the religion, very formal and organized - ex. Islam in the Middle East - ex. Catholic church in Spain

Question 47

Denomination

Answer 47

Churches that make up a pluralistic society, still very formal and organized, usually headquartered outside that country - ex. Catholicism, Hinduism, Islam in Canada

Question 48

Sect

Answer 48

Break off of denominations that are still integrated into society, but are small and stick to themselves - ex. Amish in Canada / USA

Question 49

Cult

Answer 49

Groups led by charismatic leaders with new religious movements, against the norms and values of society