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Geography Flashcards

1
Q

3 phases of a wildfire

A
  • Preignition
  • Combustion
  • Extinction
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2
Q

Preignition

A

fuel (Earth materials) with low water content reach a high temperature
- pyrolysis: heat breaks down the chemicals in Earth material

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3
Q

Combustion

A

lighting strikes, nearby fires, or human ignition lights the fuel on fire

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4
Q

Extinciton

A

the wildfire runs out of fuel and burns out

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5
Q

South facing slopes

A

get more sun exposure and are more prone to wildfires

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6
Q

Types of wildfires

A
  • Ground
  • Surface
  • Crown
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7
Q

Ground fires

A

fires that move underneath the ground, no flames, lots of smouldering

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8
Q

Surface fires

A

fires that burn along the surface, burning up ground materials

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9
Q

Crown fires

A

fires that burn up into the air, carried by trees

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10
Q

Rain shadow effect

A

wind from the ocean, carrying water vapour, stop at tall mountains, so the other side of the mountains is only dry air

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11
Q

Prescribed fires

A

purposefully set forest fires with the intent to destroy dangerous fuel buildup and destroy invasive plant species

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12
Q

Ebola

A

discovered in the 1970s and peaked in Africa in 2014

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13
Q

4 stages of a disease outbreak

A
  • Outbreak: several cases appear simultaneously
  • Epidemic: disease starts spreading uncontrolled locally
  • Pandemic: international uncontrolled spread
  • Endemic: society achieved majority immunity
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14
Q

Common vehicle / Source epidemic

A

disease spreads and contaminates circulated resources
- ex. E-Coli spread in lettuce

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15
Q

Propagated epidemic

A

diseases spread by infectious agents, like humans or animals

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16
Q

Spanish flu

A
  • Killed 40 million people in 1918 + 1919
  • Spread through WW1 soldiers travelling internationally
  • Killed 30k Canadians
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17
Q

Bubonic plague (black death)

A

infectious disease carried by rats and fleas
- 1347-50: 50 million killed in Europe, Asia, and Africa
- 1894: 13 million killed in Europe, due to the the spread in port cities
- 2020s: 120 deaths annually

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18
Q

World Health Organization (WHO)

A

UN org in charge of the spread of disease

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19
Q

Chelyabinsk meteorite

A

pieces of a meteor that imploded in the atmosphere, crashed down into Russia

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20
Q

Meteoroid

A

a broken off section of an asteroid

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21
Q

Meteorite

A

meteoroids that enter the Earth’s atmosphere

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22
Q

Shooting stars

A

very far away super fast moving asteroids

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23
Q

Kuiper belt

A

large asteroid belt just beyond Neptune

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24
Q

Airburst

A

meteorites that implode in the atmosphere before reaching the troposphere

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25
Impact craters
craters in the Earth that are evidence of past meteor impacts - simple and complex
26
Simple impact crater
0 to 5 km wide
27
Complex impact crater
6 km and up wide
28
Breccia
small rock pieces that are left over from a meteor
29
Catastrophism
belief that catastrophic events are the cause of large Earth features, like mountains and valleys
30
Uniformitarianism
belief that large Earth features are always growing and moving, just very slowly over long periods of time
31
6 major mass extinction events
Ordovician, Devonian, Permian, Triassic, Cretaceous, and Eocene
32
Yucatan Peninsula crater
predicted impact crater of the meteor that killed the dinosaurs found in Mexico - 180 km wide and 40 km deep
33
Near-Earth Asteroid Tracking (NEAT)
asteroid detection system
34
Incoming asteroid solutions
- Blow the asteroid up - Push the asteroid out of Earth's orbit - Evacuate predicted impact area
35
Torino Impact Hazard Scale
scale used to measure the severity of asteroids
36
Senotea
large hole in the ground filled with water
37
What would constitute a category 9 on the Torino scale?
Regional devastation causing tsunamis and earthquakes
38
How did the Ebola virus spread so quickly?
Poor literacy rates and sharing needles (low medical supplies)
39
A complex meteorite impact crater is how long?
At least 6 km wide
40
Chernobyl (1986)
Nuclear power plant that exploded in Ukraine because of a flawed reactor operator and untrained staff
41
Socio-technological disasters
results of human activity (accidental or poor decision making) - 3 types: routine, global, and titanic
42
Routine socio-technological disaster
- Common disasters - Car crashes - Drug epidemics
43
Global socio-technological disaster
- Widespread and long-term - Nuclear war - Contaminated food or water - Pollution
44
Titanic socio-technological disaster
- Singular event mass loss - Plane crash - Ship sinking
45
Biomagnification
toxins and diseases move up the food chain when larger animals eat smaller animals
46
3 sectors of hazards
- Large scale / structural: buildings, dams, bridges - Transport: trains, planes, cars - Industry: power plants
47
Radiation cycle
- Uranium mining - Nuclear fuel production - Nuclear power - Transport and waste disposal
48
In 1959, Listowel arena roof collapsed. What kind of disaster was this?
Socio-technological structural failure
49
Migration
movement of people who choose to move to another place with the intent of settling permanently
50
Push factors
reasons to leave your country or city
51
Pull factors
reasons to migrate to another country or city
52
Voluntary migrants
people who choose to move somewhere else for personal advantages
53
Involuntary migrants
people who are forced to leave their country due to conditions or outside forces
54
Post-WW2 migration
Eastern Europeans moved west and many Europeans moved to North America
55
What is a push factor for migration?
Unemployment, drought, war, and sea-level rise
56
Tuvalu
country in the South Pacific made up of 9 small islands that has a maximum elevation of 4.5 meters
57
Climate
long-term atmospheric conditions
58
Weather
short-term atmospheric conditions
59
Climate zones
temperature and precipitation zones affected by ocean currents and mountain ranges
60
Sun emits
short-wave radiation (hotter)
61
Earth reflects
long-wave radiation (colder)
62
Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
CO2 holds long-wave radiation in the atmosphere, which is why pollution makes the Earth hotter
63
Atmosphere Gas contents
- Permanent gasses: Nitrogen (78%) and Oxygen (21%) - Variable gasses: water vapour, carbon dioxide, and methane
64
Glacial intervals
periods of times with major ice glaciers on Earth (ice ages)
65
Pleistocene
- The last glacial interval - 20,000 years ago - Earth was 30% covered in ice
66
Paleoclimate proxy records
how scientists determine historic time periods - Tree rings: gasses in the trees grow based on temp - Lake and ocean sediment - Ice: bubbles and rings
67
Global warming
increase in land and ocean temperatures over the past 60 years
68
COP28
UN climate change conference 2023
69
Greenhouse effect
the atmosphere absorbs 50% of the short wave radiation from the Sun and the Earth receives and reflects the other 50%
70
Positive feedback loop
Ice reflects Sun radiation and water absorbs radiation
71
Ocean acidification
Carbon dioxide emissions into the ocean - kills the coral reef

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