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Geography Flashcards

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1
Q

3 phases of a wildfire

A
  • Preignition
  • Combustion
  • Extinction
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2
Q

Preignition

A

fuel (Earth materials) with low water content reach a high temperature
- pyrolysis: heat breaks down the chemicals in Earth material

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3
Q

Combustion

A

lighting strikes, nearby fires, or human ignition lights the fuel on fire

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4
Q

Extinciton

A

the wildfire runs out of fuel and burns out

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5
Q

South facing slopes

A

get more sun exposure and are more prone to wildfires

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6
Q

Types of wildfires

A
  • Ground
  • Surface
  • Crown
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7
Q

Ground fires

A

fires that move underneath the ground, no flames, lots of smouldering

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8
Q

Surface fires

A

fires that burn along the surface, burning up ground materials

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9
Q

Crown fires

A

fires that burn up into the air, carried by trees

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10
Q

Rain shadow effect

A

wind from the ocean, carrying water vapour, stop at tall mountains, so the other side of the mountains is only dry air

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11
Q

Prescribed fires

A

purposefully set forest fires with the intent to destroy dangerous fuel buildup and destroy invasive plant species

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12
Q

Ebola

A

discovered in the 1970s and peaked in Africa in 2014

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13
Q

4 stages of a disease outbreak

A
  • Outbreak: several cases appear simultaneously
  • Epidemic: disease starts spreading uncontrolled locally
  • Pandemic: international uncontrolled spread
  • Endemic: society achieved majority immunity
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14
Q

Common vehicle / Source epidemic

A

disease spreads and contaminates circulated resources
- ex. E-Coli spread in lettuce

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15
Q

Propagated epidemic

A

diseases spread by infectious agents, like humans or animals

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16
Q

Spanish flu

A
  • Killed 40 million people in 1918 + 1919
  • Spread through WW1 soldiers travelling internationally
  • Killed 30k Canadians
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17
Q

Bubonic plague (black death)

A

infectious disease carried by rats and fleas
- 1347-50: 50 million killed in Europe, Asia, and Africa
- 1894: 13 million killed in Europe, due to the the spread in port cities
- 2020s: 120 deaths annually

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18
Q

World Health Organization (WHO)

A

UN org in charge of the spread of disease

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19
Q

Chelyabinsk meteorite

A

pieces of a meteor that imploded in the atmosphere, crashed down into Russia

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20
Q

Meteoroid

A

a broken off section of an asteroid

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21
Q

Meteorite

A

meteoroids that enter the Earth’s atmosphere

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22
Q

Shooting stars

A

very far away super fast moving asteroids

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23
Q

Kuiper belt

A

large asteroid belt just beyond Neptune

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24
Q

Airburst

A

meteorites that implode in the atmosphere before reaching the troposphere

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25
Q

Impact craters

A

craters in the Earth that are evidence of past meteor impacts
- simple and complex

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26
Q

Simple impact crater

A

0 to 5 km wide

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27
Q

Complex impact crater

A

6 km and up wide

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28
Q

Breccia

A

small rock pieces that are left over from a meteor

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29
Q

Catastrophism

A

belief that catastrophic events are the cause of large Earth features, like mountains and valleys

30
Q

Uniformitarianism

A

belief that large Earth features are always growing and moving, just very slowly over long periods of time

31
Q

6 major mass extinction events

A

Ordovician, Devonian, Permian, Triassic, Cretaceous, and Eocene

32
Q

Yucatan Peninsula crater

A

predicted impact crater of the meteor that killed the dinosaurs found in Mexico
- 180 km wide and 40 km deep

33
Q

Near-Earth Asteroid Tracking (NEAT)

A

asteroid detection system

34
Q

Incoming asteroid solutions

A
  • Blow the asteroid up
  • Push the asteroid out of Earth’s orbit
  • Evacuate predicted impact area
35
Q

Torino Impact Hazard Scale

A

scale used to measure the severity of asteroids

36
Q

Senotea

A

large hole in the ground filled with water

37
Q

What would constitute a category 9 on the Torino scale?

A

Regional devastation causing tsunamis and earthquakes

38
Q

How did the Ebola virus spread so quickly?

A

Poor literacy rates and sharing needles (low medical supplies)

39
Q

A complex meteorite impact crater is how long?

A

At least 6 km wide

40
Q

Chernobyl (1986)

A

Nuclear power plant that exploded in Ukraine because of a flawed reactor operator and untrained staff

41
Q

Socio-technological disasters

A

results of human activity (accidental or poor decision making)
- 3 types: routine, global, and titanic

42
Q

Routine socio-technological disaster

A
  • Common disasters
  • Car crashes
  • Drug epidemics
43
Q

Global socio-technological disaster

A
  • Widespread and long-term
  • Nuclear war
  • Contaminated food or water
  • Pollution
44
Q

Titanic socio-technological disaster

A
  • Singular event mass loss
  • Plane crash
  • Ship sinking
45
Q

Biomagnification

A

toxins and diseases move up the food chain when larger animals eat smaller animals

46
Q

3 sectors of hazards

A
  • Large scale / structural: buildings, dams, bridges
  • Transport: trains, planes, cars
  • Industry: power plants
47
Q

Radiation cycle

A
  • Uranium mining
  • Nuclear fuel production
  • Nuclear power
  • Transport and waste disposal
48
Q

In 1959, Listowel arena roof collapsed. What kind of disaster was this?

A

Socio-technological structural failure

49
Q

Migration

A

movement of people who choose to move to another place with the intent of settling permanently

50
Q

Push factors

A

reasons to leave your country or city

51
Q

Pull factors

A

reasons to migrate to another country or city

52
Q

Voluntary migrants

A

people who choose to move somewhere else for personal advantages

53
Q

Involuntary migrants

A

people who are forced to leave their country due to conditions or outside forces

54
Q

Post-WW2 migration

A

Eastern Europeans moved west and many Europeans moved to North America

55
Q

What is a push factor for migration?

A

Unemployment, drought, war, and sea-level rise

56
Q

Tuvalu

A

country in the South Pacific made up of 9 small islands that has a maximum elevation of 4.5 meters

57
Q

Climate

A

long-term atmospheric conditions

58
Q

Weather

A

short-term atmospheric conditions

59
Q

Climate zones

A

temperature and precipitation zones affected by ocean currents and mountain ranges

60
Q

Sun emits

A

short-wave radiation (hotter)

61
Q

Earth reflects

A

long-wave radiation (colder)

62
Q

Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere

A

CO2 holds long-wave radiation in the atmosphere, which is why pollution makes the Earth hotter

63
Q

Atmosphere Gas contents

A
  • Permanent gasses: Nitrogen (78%) and Oxygen (21%)
  • Variable gasses: water vapour, carbon dioxide, and methane
64
Q

Glacial intervals

A

periods of times with major ice glaciers on Earth (ice ages)

65
Q

Pleistocene

A
  • The last glacial interval
  • 20,000 years ago
  • Earth was 30% covered in ice
66
Q

Paleoclimate proxy records

A

how scientists determine historic time periods
- Tree rings: gasses in the trees grow based on temp
- Lake and ocean sediment
- Ice: bubbles and rings

67
Q

Global warming

A

increase in land and ocean temperatures over the past 60 years

68
Q

COP28

A

UN climate change conference 2023

69
Q

Greenhouse effect

A

the atmosphere absorbs 50% of the short wave radiation from the Sun and the Earth receives and reflects the other 50%

70
Q

Positive feedback loop

A

Ice reflects Sun radiation and water absorbs radiation

71
Q

Ocean acidification

A

Carbon dioxide emissions into the ocean
- kills the coral reef

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