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MRCPsych Part A - Rach > Sociology > Flashcards

Sociology Flashcards

1
Q

Race

A

Genetic ancestery and physical appearance

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2
Q

Culture

A

A changeable entity determined by upbringing and choice, characterised by attitudes and behaviours

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3
Q

Ethnicity

A

Determined by social pressure and psychological need. Characterised by a sense of group identity and belonging

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4
Q

Teology

A

Utilitarianism

Aka consequentialism

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5
Q

Deontological

A

Duty based, nature of actions.

KANT

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6
Q

Prejudice

A

Preconceived opinion not based on reason or actual experience

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7
Q

Concept of self (Gallup)

A

Touching the dot, to demonstrate self-recogniton

Doesn’t occur before 15 months

5-25% touch by 18 months
75% by 20 months

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8
Q

Bions basic group assumptions

A

Dependency

Pairing

Fight-flight

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9
Q

Dependency (Bion)

A

Group will depend on a leader to look after them; idealising the person who can ‘solve all problems”

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10
Q

Pairing (Bion)

A

2 people in the group carry out work for everyone else; this causes the group to stagnate as they hope the pair will create a solution to the group’s problem

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11
Q

Fight-flight

A

The group act as though there is a danger or enemy that they need to flee or attack.

Conflict/hostility = fight

Avoidance of work by arriving late/ joking = flight

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12
Q

Risky shift

A

A group can make more risky decision than the individual

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13
Q

Group polarisation

A

Strengthen an inclination and drive the group to a polar opinion

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14
Q

Group think

A

The desire to agree with group members can override rational judgement and usual views

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15
Q

Diffusion of responsibility

A

Task presented to a group, but each person assumes others will take responsibility

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16
Q

Social loafing

A

People put in less effort when part of a group than when they attempt to do the same task alone

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17
Q

The bystander effect

A

In large groups, individuals are less likely to help those in need

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18
Q

Conformity

A

A person’s behaviours and opinions are matched to the norms of the group.

Compliance - someone appears to confrom yet secretly has a different view.

Identification - affinity of a respected group member

Internalisation - member truly agrees and norms are their personal view

Internalisation

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19
Q

Group think

A

Due to pressures of conformity and wish for harmony the group may make bad decisions which are not thought out or may be against moral judgement.

Can occur more readily when a group is isolated.

Groupthink can dehumanise out groups.

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20
Q

Deindividuation

A

Losing your sense of self in a group; can lead to group think.

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21
Q

Collective narcissism

A

An emotional investment in the unrealistic belief of the groups greatness.

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22
Q

Collective narcissism

A

An emotional investment in the unrealistic belief of the groups greatness.

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23
Q

Yalom - therapy group

A
  1. Instillation of hope
  2. Universality - you are not so different from
    others
  3. Imparting of information
  4. Altruism
  5. Development of socialising technology
  6. Imitative behaviour
  7. Catharsis
  8. Corrective recapitulation of the primary family group.
  9. Existential factors
  10. Group cohesiveness
  11. Interpersonal learning
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24
Q

Realistic group conflict theory

A

Hostility and prejudice felt towards out group is due to competition for limited resources and the fear that the out group will deprive them.

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25
Q

Relative deprivation theory

A

People feel entitled to what they see others have, as if they have been deprived of it

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26
Q

Conflict resolution (Allport)

A

Contact between groups, if mediated and supported, can reduce conflict

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27
Q

Group formation (Tuckmann)

A
  1. Forming (all on best behaviour, sizing each
    other up, avoid serious issues. Not
    productive).
  2. Storming (conflict arises when people make
    their true position known).
  3. Norming (group comes to agree on goals and
    values. Can be difficult for people to express
    views out of line with the shared vision).
  4. Performing. Functions smoothly with a shared
    vision.
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28
Q

Optimal distinctiveness

A

The more different we feel, the more steps we take to be similar. The more similar we feel, we will strive to set ourselves apart.

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29
Q

Social facilitation

A

Skilled and watched = perform well

Non-skilled and watched = perform less well

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30
Q

Coercive power

A

The power to punish of threaten subordinates

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31
Q

Expert power

A

The power of being knowledgeable or perceived as such

32
Q

Referent power

A

Power of positive associations

33
Q

Legitimate Power

A

Power of position someone holds in society or the work place

34
Q

Reward power

A

Power of reward implicitly or explicitly

35
Q

Informational Power

A

The power to impart information to others

36
Q

Autocratic Leader

A

Leader makes decisions without consultation as causes the most discontent

37
Q

Democratic leader

A

Leaders decision involves others through group conversation, can be time consuming

38
Q

Laissez faire

A

Leaders involvement is minimal and others make the decision. Works well with motivated group members.

39
Q

Primacy effect =first impression

A

Positive initial impression is more likely to change than negative.

Primacy more important to strangers and recency to friends.

40
Q

Recency effect

A

Tendency to remember the most recently presented information first.

41
Q

Halo effect

A

Perceived people as wholly good or bad based on a few traits e.g. glasses therefore intelligent

42
Q

Barnum effect

A

General and vague personal descriptions and strange predictions have relevance e.g. astrology

43
Q

Pygmalion effect

A

Self-fulfilling prophecy

44
Q

Hawthorne effect

A

Observer bias; someone changes their behaviour if they believe they are being observed

45
Q

Attentional Bias

A

The ability to attend to an important stimulus despite trying to attend to another

46
Q

Shadowing (Attention)

A

Repeating what you hear from one stimulus

47
Q

Filter theory

A

Information is stored in the short term memory before going through a filter, which selects the relevant material which is then centrally processed.

Information is still perceived, even if not recalled.

48
Q

Supervisory attention

A

Cognitive process which oversees thr need to switch between automatic and controlled processing.

49
Q

Cherry’s cocktail party

A

People can focus on one conversation at a party, despite background noise ongoing simultaneously

50
Q

Dichotic listening

A

2 messages are sent via headphones and the person has to repeat one message. Shadowing = focusing on one message means the other is then neglected

51
Q

Detection threshold

A

Increased anxiety can lower the detection threshold for stimuli, can be evolutionary advantageous

52
Q

Continuous Performance Tesy

A

Adhd - highlights attention defecits e.g. impulsivity (frequent selection of incorrect targets), inattention (frequent missing of the correct target)

53
Q

Lobes responsible for attention

A

Frontal and Pareital

54
Q

Continuous Performance Test

A

Series of letters and numbers are shown. A target is displayed and when the target is seen a motor response is required

55
Q

Visual probe

A

Read words which appear one at a time. Press button when a dot appears = reaction speed

56
Q

Attention in schizophrenia

A

Fixate on aspects of the face, e.g. the forehead which will not provide information on the emotion that the person is expressing.

57
Q

Anxiety

A

Vigilant-avoidant attention

58
Q

Laissez Faire

A

Multiculturalism takes place without planning

59
Q

Fundamental attribution error/ correspondence bias

A

Overestimating dispositional factors and not situational factors while attributing cause for others’ behaviour

60
Q

Actor-observor bias

A

Behaviour is viewed differently between actor and observer

Overvalue personality/dispotional traits of others behaviour, however undervalue this in ourselves and overplay the situation.

E.g. exam and student.

Observer - she is hard working (disposition)

Actor - environment important, I have an exam

61
Q

Self-serving bias

A

People attribute success to internal factors and failures to external

62
Q

Hostile attribution bias

A

People interpret others’ ambiguous behaviour as hostile, rather than benign.

63
Q

False consensus effect

A

People project their way of thinking on to others.

Logical fallacy = People think their own beliefs are more prevalent amongst public than they really are

64
Q

Love

A

Companionate; true or conjugal love with intimacy and commitment; passion is not high.

Passionate love; intimate and passionate, but not much commitment- obsessive, romantic and infatuated.

Consumate; intimacy, passion and commitment are well-mixed.

Fatuous; passion and commitment but not intimacy

Stimulus - values - roles

65
Q

Family Cycle

A
  1. Formation of new family with 2 parents
  2. Child rearing to adolesence
  3. Child launching when children leave home,
    parents re-establish their own interests
  4. Return of independence and growth of
    families leads to ties across generations
  5. Dissolution of family due to death or decline
66
Q

Family life Schizophrenia

A

Critical comments and hostility linked to schizophrenia

67
Q

Engel

A

Proposed biopsychosocial model

68
Q

Social Drift Theory

A

Patients with certain mental disorders drift into certain areas; notably psychosis to poorer areas.

Mental health may directly influence social position.

69
Q

Temperament

A

Innate qualities of an individual’s personality

Work from Thomas and Chess

70
Q

Durham and 4 types of suicide

A
  1. Altruistic
  2. Egoistic
  3. Fatalistic
  4. Anomic
71
Q

Altruistic suicide

A

Dies for sake of society e.g. monks, ISIS

72
Q

Egoistic

A

Excessive individualism but low social integration

73
Q

Fatalistic

A

Due to pervasive oppression

74
Q

Anomic

A

Disillusionment and disappointment; absence of clear societal norms and values

75
Q

Goffman and institutions; stigma of mental illness

A

Betrayal funnel = people we trust talk to the doctors/nurses who are the decision makers

Role stripping = institutionalisation begins with stripping identity e.g. wearing hospital clothes

Mortification = person is a full member of an institution with private, personal activities on public display

Privilege system = house rules, reward good behaviour and freedom is a token of reward

76
Q

Stigma - Link and Phelan

A

Labelling - personal characteristics which mark someone as being different

Stereotyping - linking labelled characteristics to undesired characteristics

Separating - separating the labelled group and normal people by viewing them as different

Status loss and discrimination - devalue, reject and exclude the labelled group

MRCPsych Part A - Rach (8 decks)

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