Sociology Flashcards
Race
Genetic ancestery and physical appearance
Culture
A changeable entity determined by upbringing and choice, characterised by attitudes and behaviours
Ethnicity
Determined by social pressure and psychological need. Characterised by a sense of group identity and belonging
Teology
Utilitarianism
Aka consequentialism
Deontological
Duty based, nature of actions.
KANT
Prejudice
Preconceived opinion not based on reason or actual experience
Concept of self (Gallup)
Touching the dot, to demonstrate self-recogniton
Doesn’t occur before 15 months
5-25% touch by 18 months
75% by 20 months
Bions basic group assumptions
Dependency
Pairing
Fight-flight
Dependency (Bion)
Group will depend on a leader to look after them; idealising the person who can ‘solve all problems”
Pairing (Bion)
2 people in the group carry out work for everyone else; this causes the group to stagnate as they hope the pair will create a solution to the group’s problem
Fight-flight
The group act as though there is a danger or enemy that they need to flee or attack.
Conflict/hostility = fight
Avoidance of work by arriving late/ joking = flight
Risky shift
A group can make more risky decision than the individual
Group polarisation
Strengthen an inclination and drive the group to a polar opinion
Group think
The desire to agree with group members can override rational judgement and usual views
Diffusion of responsibility
Task presented to a group, but each person assumes others will take responsibility
Social loafing
People put in less effort when part of a group than when they attempt to do the same task alone
The bystander effect
In large groups, individuals are less likely to help those in need
Conformity
A person’s behaviours and opinions are matched to the norms of the group.
Compliance - someone appears to confrom yet secretly has a different view.
Identification - affinity of a respected group member
Internalisation - member truly agrees and norms are their personal view
Internalisation
Group think
Due to pressures of conformity and wish for harmony the group may make bad decisions which are not thought out or may be against moral judgement.
Can occur more readily when a group is isolated.
Groupthink can dehumanise out groups.
Deindividuation
Losing your sense of self in a group; can lead to group think.
Collective narcissism
An emotional investment in the unrealistic belief of the groups greatness.
Collective narcissism
An emotional investment in the unrealistic belief of the groups greatness.
Yalom - therapy group
- Instillation of hope
- Universality - you are not so different from
others - Imparting of information
- Altruism
- Development of socialising technology
- Imitative behaviour
- Catharsis
- Corrective recapitulation of the primary family group.
- Existential factors
- Group cohesiveness
- Interpersonal learning
Realistic group conflict theory
Hostility and prejudice felt towards out group is due to competition for limited resources and the fear that the out group will deprive them.
Relative deprivation theory
People feel entitled to what they see others have, as if they have been deprived of it
Conflict resolution (Allport)
Contact between groups, if mediated and supported, can reduce conflict
Group formation (Tuckmann)
- Forming (all on best behaviour, sizing each
other up, avoid serious issues. Not
productive). - Storming (conflict arises when people make
their true position known). - Norming (group comes to agree on goals and
values. Can be difficult for people to express
views out of line with the shared vision). - Performing. Functions smoothly with a shared
vision.
Optimal distinctiveness
The more different we feel, the more steps we take to be similar. The more similar we feel, we will strive to set ourselves apart.
Social facilitation
Skilled and watched = perform well
Non-skilled and watched = perform less well
Coercive power
The power to punish of threaten subordinates
Expert power
The power of being knowledgeable or perceived as such
Referent power
Power of positive associations
Legitimate Power
Power of position someone holds in society or the work place
Reward power
Power of reward implicitly or explicitly
Informational Power
The power to impart information to others
Autocratic Leader
Leader makes decisions without consultation as causes the most discontent
Democratic leader
Leaders decision involves others through group conversation, can be time consuming
Laissez faire
Leaders involvement is minimal and others make the decision. Works well with motivated group members.
Primacy effect =first impression
Positive initial impression is more likely to change than negative.
Primacy more important to strangers and recency to friends.
Recency effect
Tendency to remember the most recently presented information first.
Halo effect
Perceived people as wholly good or bad based on a few traits e.g. glasses therefore intelligent
Barnum effect
General and vague personal descriptions and strange predictions have relevance e.g. astrology
Pygmalion effect
Self-fulfilling prophecy
Hawthorne effect
Observer bias; someone changes their behaviour if they believe they are being observed
Attentional Bias
The ability to attend to an important stimulus despite trying to attend to another
Shadowing (Attention)
Repeating what you hear from one stimulus
Filter theory
Information is stored in the short term memory before going through a filter, which selects the relevant material which is then centrally processed.
Information is still perceived, even if not recalled.
Supervisory attention
Cognitive process which oversees thr need to switch between automatic and controlled processing.
Cherry’s cocktail party
People can focus on one conversation at a party, despite background noise ongoing simultaneously
Dichotic listening
2 messages are sent via headphones and the person has to repeat one message. Shadowing = focusing on one message means the other is then neglected
Detection threshold
Increased anxiety can lower the detection threshold for stimuli, can be evolutionary advantageous
Continuous Performance Tesy
Adhd - highlights attention defecits e.g. impulsivity (frequent selection of incorrect targets), inattention (frequent missing of the correct target)
Lobes responsible for attention
Frontal and Pareital
Continuous Performance Test
Series of letters and numbers are shown. A target is displayed and when the target is seen a motor response is required
Visual probe
Read words which appear one at a time. Press button when a dot appears = reaction speed
Attention in schizophrenia
Fixate on aspects of the face, e.g. the forehead which will not provide information on the emotion that the person is expressing.
Anxiety
Vigilant-avoidant attention
Laissez Faire
Multiculturalism takes place without planning
Fundamental attribution error/ correspondence bias
Overestimating dispositional factors and not situational factors while attributing cause for others’ behaviour
Actor-observor bias
Behaviour is viewed differently between actor and observer
Overvalue personality/dispotional traits of others behaviour, however undervalue this in ourselves and overplay the situation.
E.g. exam and student.
Observer - she is hard working (disposition)
Actor - environment important, I have an exam
Self-serving bias
People attribute success to internal factors and failures to external
Hostile attribution bias
People interpret others’ ambiguous behaviour as hostile, rather than benign.
False consensus effect
People project their way of thinking on to others.
Logical fallacy = People think their own beliefs are more prevalent amongst public than they really are
Love
Companionate; true or conjugal love with intimacy and commitment; passion is not high.
Passionate love; intimate and passionate, but not much commitment- obsessive, romantic and infatuated.
Consumate; intimacy, passion and commitment are well-mixed.
Fatuous; passion and commitment but not intimacy
Stimulus - values - roles
Family Cycle
- Formation of new family with 2 parents
- Child rearing to adolesence
- Child launching when children leave home,
parents re-establish their own interests - Return of independence and growth of
families leads to ties across generations - Dissolution of family due to death or decline
Family life Schizophrenia
Critical comments and hostility linked to schizophrenia
Engel
Proposed biopsychosocial model
Social Drift Theory
Patients with certain mental disorders drift into certain areas; notably psychosis to poorer areas.
Mental health may directly influence social position.
Temperament
Innate qualities of an individual’s personality
Work from Thomas and Chess
Durham and 4 types of suicide
- Altruistic
- Egoistic
- Fatalistic
- Anomic
Altruistic suicide
Dies for sake of society e.g. monks, ISIS
Egoistic
Excessive individualism but low social integration
Fatalistic
Due to pervasive oppression
Anomic
Disillusionment and disappointment; absence of clear societal norms and values
Goffman and institutions; stigma of mental illness
Betrayal funnel = people we trust talk to the doctors/nurses who are the decision makers
Role stripping = institutionalisation begins with stripping identity e.g. wearing hospital clothes
Mortification = person is a full member of an institution with private, personal activities on public display
Privilege system = house rules, reward good behaviour and freedom is a token of reward
Stigma - Link and Phelan
Labelling - personal characteristics which mark someone as being different
Stereotyping - linking labelled characteristics to undesired characteristics
Separating - separating the labelled group and normal people by viewing them as different
Status loss and discrimination - devalue, reject and exclude the labelled group
