Behavioural Science And Socio-cultural Psychiatry Flashcards
Nomothetic Approach
This looks at personality in terms of dimensions and traits. These traits are thought to be common to many people.
Eysenck and Cattell
Trait
An internal psychological disposition that is largely unchanged throughout the lifespan and determines differences between individuals.
Gigantic 3
Eysenck identified 3 areas in which people can score high or low in.
Neuroticism vs Emotional Stability
Extraversion vs Introversion
Psychoticism vs Low psychoticism
Eysenck’s Psychometric Tests
To test the Gigantic Three
- Maudsley Medical Questionnaire
- Eysenck Personality Questionnaire(EPI);
Revised EPI (EPQ-R) - Eysenck Personality Profiler (EPP)
Five factor model or ‘Big 5’
Raymond Cattell (1905-88)
‘OCEAN’
Openness Conscientious Extraversion Agreeableness Neuroticism
16 source factors, underlying personality. 16PF questionnaire. ‘Lexical hypothesis’ = every aspect of our personality can be described by the words we use.
Ideographic Theory
Focuses on the individual. It proposes that personalities can be changeable, with no fixed traits defining the individual.
Gordon Allport
Founding figure of personality psychology
- Common traits
Apply to individuals of the same background
and form basis of adjustment to one’s
environment - Individual traits
Personal disposition based on life experiences- Cardinal
- Secondary
- Central
Allport - individual traits
Cardinal: traits which are all-pervading and dominate in directing an individual’s behaviour
Secondary: individual attitudes and preferences. May only surface on particular occasions.
Central: these traits shape the core personality of an individual
Rogers (1902-1987)
‘Humanistic approach’
Individual personalities are shaped through self-knowledge and developed from interactions with the world.
- Positive regard
- Conditions of worth
George Kelly
Personal construct theory
- theory of personality and cognition
- the way one views the world is based on
constructs formed in our mind.
Argued personality and cognition function more on a conscious level.
Repertoire grid = helps patients to uncover their own constructs.
Abraham Maslow (1908-70)
Hierarchy of needs
Phenomenological approach as interested in people’s individual experience of the world.
Sigmund Freud
Founding father of psychoanalysis; main argument that we are often unaware of the motive behind our actions.
Freud’s structural psychodynamic model of personality
- Id
- Ego
- Super-ego
Id = largely unconscious, exits within the pleasure principle and primary process thinking.
Super-ego = governed by moral constraints.
Opposes the demands of id when
a tension reduction decision will
violate norms.
Ego = mediator between id and super ego.
Integrates personality and mediates links
with the outside world; home to defence
mechanisms. Governed by the
reality principle.
Parts are pre-concscious, conscious and
unconscious
Freud and consciousness
Conscious (thoughts and feelings of which you are currently aware)
Pre-conscious (available for recall from the unconscious, ordinarily memory)
Unconscious (operates outside the conscious mind, not accessible as blocked through quiescence)
Freud’s Developmental stages
Development of personality through psychosexual development.
Oral 0-1.5 (dependent type)
Anal 1.5-3 (obsessive and controlling)
Phallic 3-5 (self-directed, oedipal conflict)
Latent 5-12 (a period of inactivity)
Genital 12+ (symbolic of gratification of infantile
desires)
Freud
Oral phase
0 to 1.5 yrs
Dependent type
Child begins to form their ego, develops a body image
Freud
Anal phase
1.5-3 years old
Obsessional, controlling
Ego development continues
Toilet training takes place
Freud
Phallic
3-5 yrs old
Super-ego develops
Child is able to identify parents
Oedpial conflict begins
Freud
Latent
5-12 years
Repression of drives
Childhood amnesia
Freud
Genital
12 yrs +
Symbolic gratification of drives including secondary process thinking
(Ego directs behaviour and individual recognises restrictions imposed by super ego)
Acculturation
Cultural and psychological change that takes place as a result of contact between 2 or more cultural groups and their individual members.
Assimilation
Integration
Separation
Marginalisation
Assimilation
Individuals give up their home culture and embrace the dominant culture
Integration
Maintaining the home culture but embracing the dominant culture
Separation
Maintaining home culture and being isolated from the dominant culture
Marginalisation
Giving up the home culture and failing to relate properly to the dominant culture
Carl Jung
Swiss Psychiatrist, psychotherapist and founder of the School of Analytic Psychology.
Theory of the psyche:
- Conscious/ unconscious
- Personal unconscious (based on individual
experience) - Collective unconscious- reflects universal
themes and ideas which are not personal to
the individual.
Jung
Collective unconscious
He theorised that the brain stores memory of our evolutionary history
Archetypes: - Anima, animus, shadow
Jung
Persona
Image we present to the world in relation to our character or role
Erikson’s 8 developmental stages
- Trust vs Mistrust (0-1.5)
- Autonomy vs Shame (1.5-3)
- Initiative vs Guilt (3-5)
- Industry vs Inferiority (5-12)
- Identity vs role confusion (12-20)
- Intimacy vs isolation (20-25)
- Generativity vs stagnation (25-65)
- Integrity vs despair 65+
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
Most well known; Hathaway and McKcKinley
- 567 statements
- 0-120 can be used for psychopathology
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
Based on Jung’s assumption that individuals use 4 psychological functions to experience the world: sensation, intuition, feeling and thinking.
Extraversion- introversion
Intuition - sensing
Thinking- feeling
Judging - perceiving
Projective personality tests
Use of these tests has been declining - low reliability, argued based on faulty reasoning, cultural bias
Rorschach Inkblot Test
Thematic Apperception Test
Sentence completion tests
Objective Personality Tests
Self-report methods, ordinal scales, T/F
-MMPI
International Personality Disorder Examination
IPDE
Consistent with ICD10 and DSM V
Self-administered screening questionnaire and semi-structured interview.
International Personality Disorder Examination
IPDE
Consistent with ICD10 and DSM V
Self-administered screening questionnaire and semi-structured interview.
Deontology
Rules are key.
Duties determine the action to be taken in a given situation, regardless of the consequences.
Teleology
Actions are determined by the greatest good for the greatest number.
Consequentialism
The consequences of our actions are what matters most. ‘The end justifies the means’
Virtue Theory
Emphasis on the role of character and virtue rather than duty/consequences
Declaration of Helsinki 1964
Ethical principles published by World Medical Association relating to experimentation on humans
Nuremberg code 1947
Post WW2; code of ethics on human experimentation as result of doctors experimenting on people in concentration camps under Nazi regime.
INFORMED CONSENT
Declaration of Geneva 1948
Reaffirmed declaration of humanitarian aims of medicine by way of bringing Hippocratic Oath up to date
Tempermant
Thomas and Chess
64% fall into one of 3 groups:
- Easy Child 40%
- Difficult Child 10%
- Slow to warm up 15%
Goodness of fit = compatibilty of environment and temperament 1
Easy Child
40%
High scores on regularity (degree they fall into a routine), approachability, adaptability, predominance of positive mood and mild intensity of reactivity
Difficult Child
10%
Polar opposite of easy children
Slow to warm up
15%
Moderately negative reactions to new things, however will warm eventually
