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MRCPsych Part A - Rach > Behavioural Science And Socio-cultural Psychiatry > Flashcards

Behavioural Science And Socio-cultural Psychiatry Flashcards

1
Q

Nomothetic Approach

A

This looks at personality in terms of dimensions and traits. These traits are thought to be common to many people.

Eysenck and Cattell

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2
Q

Trait

A

An internal psychological disposition that is largely unchanged throughout the lifespan and determines differences between individuals.

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3
Q

Gigantic 3

A

Eysenck identified 3 areas in which people can score high or low in.

Neuroticism vs Emotional Stability
Extraversion vs Introversion
Psychoticism vs Low psychoticism

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4
Q

Eysenck’s Psychometric Tests

A

To test the Gigantic Three

  • Maudsley Medical Questionnaire
  • Eysenck Personality Questionnaire(EPI);
    Revised EPI (EPQ-R)
  • Eysenck Personality Profiler (EPP)
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5
Q

Five factor model or ‘Big 5’

A

Raymond Cattell (1905-88)

‘OCEAN’

Openness 
Conscientious 
Extraversion 
Agreeableness 
Neuroticism

16 source factors, underlying personality. 16PF questionnaire. ‘Lexical hypothesis’ = every aspect of our personality can be described by the words we use.

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6
Q

Ideographic Theory

A

Focuses on the individual. It proposes that personalities can be changeable, with no fixed traits defining the individual.

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7
Q

Gordon Allport

Founding figure of personality psychology

A
  • Common traits
    Apply to individuals of the same background
    and form basis of adjustment to one’s
    environment
  • Individual traits
    Personal disposition based on life experiences
    • Cardinal
    • Secondary
    • Central
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8
Q

Allport - individual traits

A

Cardinal: traits which are all-pervading and dominate in directing an individual’s behaviour

Secondary: individual attitudes and preferences. May only surface on particular occasions.

Central: these traits shape the core personality of an individual

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9
Q

Rogers (1902-1987)

A

‘Humanistic approach’

Individual personalities are shaped through self-knowledge and developed from interactions with the world.

  • Positive regard
  • Conditions of worth
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10
Q

George Kelly

A

Personal construct theory

  • theory of personality and cognition
  • the way one views the world is based on
    constructs formed in our mind.

Argued personality and cognition function more on a conscious level.

Repertoire grid = helps patients to uncover their own constructs.

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11
Q

Abraham Maslow (1908-70)

A

Hierarchy of needs

Phenomenological approach as interested in people’s individual experience of the world.

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12
Q

Sigmund Freud

A

Founding father of psychoanalysis; main argument that we are often unaware of the motive behind our actions.

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13
Q

Freud’s structural psychodynamic model of personality

  1. Id
  2. Ego
  3. Super-ego
A

Id = largely unconscious, exits within the pleasure principle and primary process thinking.

Super-ego = governed by moral constraints.
Opposes the demands of id when
a tension reduction decision will
violate norms.
Ego = mediator between id and super ego.
Integrates personality and mediates links
with the outside world; home to defence
mechanisms. Governed by the
reality principle.

       Parts are pre-concscious, conscious and 
       unconscious
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14
Q

Freud and consciousness

A

Conscious (thoughts and feelings of which you are currently aware)

Pre-conscious (available for recall from the unconscious, ordinarily memory)

Unconscious (operates outside the conscious mind, not accessible as blocked through quiescence)

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15
Q

Freud’s Developmental stages

A

Development of personality through psychosexual development.

Oral 0-1.5 (dependent type)
Anal 1.5-3 (obsessive and controlling)
Phallic 3-5 (self-directed, oedipal conflict)
Latent 5-12 (a period of inactivity)
Genital 12+ (symbolic of gratification of infantile
desires)

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16
Q

Freud

Oral phase

A

0 to 1.5 yrs

Dependent type

Child begins to form their ego, develops a body image

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17
Q

Freud

Anal phase

A

1.5-3 years old

Obsessional, controlling

Ego development continues
Toilet training takes place

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18
Q

Freud

Phallic

A

3-5 yrs old

Super-ego develops
Child is able to identify parents
Oedpial conflict begins

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19
Q

Freud

Latent

A

5-12 years

Repression of drives

Childhood amnesia

20
Q

Freud

Genital

A

12 yrs +

Symbolic gratification of drives including secondary process thinking

(Ego directs behaviour and individual recognises restrictions imposed by super ego)

21
Q

Acculturation

A

Cultural and psychological change that takes place as a result of contact between 2 or more cultural groups and their individual members.

Assimilation
Integration
Separation
Marginalisation

22
Q

Assimilation

A

Individuals give up their home culture and embrace the dominant culture

23
Q

Integration

A

Maintaining the home culture but embracing the dominant culture

24
Q

Separation

A

Maintaining home culture and being isolated from the dominant culture

25
Q

Marginalisation

A

Giving up the home culture and failing to relate properly to the dominant culture

26
Q

Carl Jung

A

Swiss Psychiatrist, psychotherapist and founder of the School of Analytic Psychology.

Theory of the psyche:

  1. Conscious/ unconscious
  2. Personal unconscious (based on individual
    experience)
  3. Collective unconscious- reflects universal
    themes and ideas which are not personal to
    the individual.
27
Q

Jung

Collective unconscious

A

He theorised that the brain stores memory of our evolutionary history

Archetypes: - Anima, animus, shadow

28
Q

Jung

Persona

A

Image we present to the world in relation to our character or role

29
Q

Erikson’s 8 developmental stages

A
  1. Trust vs Mistrust (0-1.5)
  2. Autonomy vs Shame (1.5-3)
  3. Initiative vs Guilt (3-5)
  4. Industry vs Inferiority (5-12)
  5. Identity vs role confusion (12-20)
  6. Intimacy vs isolation (20-25)
  7. Generativity vs stagnation (25-65)
  8. Integrity vs despair 65+
30
Q

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

A

Most well known; Hathaway and McKcKinley

  • 567 statements
  • 0-120 can be used for psychopathology
31
Q

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

A

Based on Jung’s assumption that individuals use 4 psychological functions to experience the world: sensation, intuition, feeling and thinking.

Extraversion- introversion
Intuition - sensing
Thinking- feeling
Judging - perceiving

32
Q

Projective personality tests

A

Use of these tests has been declining - low reliability, argued based on faulty reasoning, cultural bias

Rorschach Inkblot Test
Thematic Apperception Test
Sentence completion tests

33
Q

Objective Personality Tests

A

Self-report methods, ordinal scales, T/F

-MMPI

34
Q

International Personality Disorder Examination

IPDE

A

Consistent with ICD10 and DSM V

Self-administered screening questionnaire and semi-structured interview.

35
Q

International Personality Disorder Examination

IPDE

A

Consistent with ICD10 and DSM V

Self-administered screening questionnaire and semi-structured interview.

36
Q

Deontology

A

Rules are key.

Duties determine the action to be taken in a given situation, regardless of the consequences.

37
Q

Teleology

A

Actions are determined by the greatest good for the greatest number.

38
Q

Consequentialism

A

The consequences of our actions are what matters most. ‘The end justifies the means’

39
Q

Virtue Theory

A

Emphasis on the role of character and virtue rather than duty/consequences

40
Q

Declaration of Helsinki 1964

A

Ethical principles published by World Medical Association relating to experimentation on humans

41
Q

Nuremberg code 1947

A

Post WW2; code of ethics on human experimentation as result of doctors experimenting on people in concentration camps under Nazi regime.

INFORMED CONSENT

42
Q

Declaration of Geneva 1948

A

Reaffirmed declaration of humanitarian aims of medicine by way of bringing Hippocratic Oath up to date

43
Q

Tempermant

A

Thomas and Chess

64% fall into one of 3 groups:

  1. Easy Child 40%
  2. Difficult Child 10%
  3. Slow to warm up 15%

Goodness of fit = compatibilty of environment and temperament 1

44
Q

Easy Child

A

40%

High scores on regularity (degree they fall into a routine), approachability, adaptability, predominance of positive mood and mild intensity of reactivity

45
Q

Difficult Child

A

10%

Polar opposite of easy children

46
Q

Slow to warm up

A

15%

Moderately negative reactions to new things, however will warm eventually

MRCPsych Part A - Rach (8 decks)

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