Human Development Flashcards
Piaget’s 4 stages of cognitive development
- Sensorimotor (0-2 years)
- Pre-operational (2-7 years)
- Concrete operational (7-11 years)
- Formal operational (11- adolesence)
Sensorimotor (0-2 years)
Movement and sensation used to learn.
10 months - achieve object permenance
Primary circular reactions
James- Lange - Emotion
Physiological response to perceptions causes emotional experiences
Cannon-Bard Theory Emotion
Signalling from the thalamus to the cortex results in emotional experience.
Physiological changes and felt emotion occur at the same time, independently, following an emotion
Schachter-Singer (2 factor theory)
Physiological change precedes an emotional experience, however cognitive appraisal of the physiological response produces emotion
Lazarus - emotion
A thought is required before an emotion occurs
Ekman’s 6 basic emotions
Anger Surprise Sadness Happiness Fear Disgust
Plutchik
8 primary emotions with 4 opposing pairs. These can be combined to create distinct emotion.
E.g happiness and excitement = anticipation
James Marcia - IDENTITY
(13-19 years old)
Marcia expanded on Erikson’s Identity vs Role Confusion stage
Identity Diffusion, Identity Foreclosure, Identity Moratorium, Identity Achievement
Identity Diffusion
Low commitment and low exploration
Identity Achievement
High commitment and high motivation
Identity Foreclosure
High commitment, but low exploration
E.g. supporting a political party as your parents do
Identity Moratorium
Ash
Low commitment, high exploration
Flooding
Patient exposed to greatest anxiety and remain in situation until the subjective state of anxiety diminishes
Implosion
Most fear inducing situation is imagined by the patient who will talk them through and describe the encounter; potentially with worse scenarios added
Premack principle
Operant conditioning
In order to engage with the desired activity, the child must complete the less desired activity
Cueing
Impact of environmental stimulus leads to the return of a condition response e.g. heroin user having craving near needles.
Aversion therapy
Undesired behaviour is paired with an unpleasant response
E.g. disulfaram and alcohol
Covert sensitisation
Aversion therapy with imagery
Smoking cessation or sex offender
Adult attachment interview
Main
Secure attachment = autonomous
Insecure ambivalent = preoccupied, may have continued anger to early attachment figures
Insecure avoidant = Dismissing, idealised relationships but can’t support this. Can be grandiose in their insistence that they don’t need others
Disorganised = unresolved
Can have lapses or loss of language or trauma relating to the attachment figure
Erikson 0-1 years
Trust vs Mistrust
Hope
Infants learn to trust care givers and satisfy their basic needs
Erikson 2-3 years
Autonomy vs Shame
Will
Toddlers learn they can do certain things on their own independently, e.g. toileting
Erikson 4-6 years old
Initiative vs Guilt
Purpose
Taking initiative can help to develop confidence/ independence
Erikson 7-12 years
Industry vs Inferiority
Competence
Important to encourage/provide positive reinforcement of learning. Or can develop an inferiority complex.
Erikson 13-19 years
Identity vs role confusion
Fidelity
Teenagers become curious about how others think about them. They begin to build their own identity
Erikson 20-34
Intimacy vs isolation
Love
Groundwork for starting a family
Generativity vs stagnation
35-65
Care
Individuals find ways to contribute to soceity/ support the next generation
Erikson 65+
Integrity vs despair
Wisdom
Reflection on Life
