Neuropathology

Question 1

Neuroimaging; delusions

Answer 1

Cingulate gyrus activation - persecutory delusions

Entorhinal cortex - positive symptoms, especially delusions

Question 2

Enotrhinal cortex

Answer 2

Anterior to parahippocampus

Function = memory and navigation
Declarative memory and spatial
memory
Conditioning

Question 3

Parahippocampal gyrus

Answer 3

Declarative memory; encoding and retrieval
Navigation in environment
Codes environmental scenes

Question 4

Lewy Body Dementia

Answer 4

Macro

• cerebral atrophy (less than AD), brain weight normal
• pallor of substantial nigra and locus cordless

Micro

• Lewy Bodies in non-brainstem regions e.g. amygdaloid nucleus, parahippocampul gyrus, cingulate cortex and cerebral neocortex.
  (Brainstem in Parkinson’s Disease)

Lewy bodies are aggregates of alpha synuclein, draw ubiquitin as start to grow

Neuronal loss and gliosis normally restricted to brain stem regions, substantia nigra and locus coreuleus.

SNCA = Lewy Body = 4

Question 5

Tremor

Ingrid Partly Escaped Phat Psychology

Answer 5

Intention: 2-3Hz
Parkinson's: 5Hz
Essential: 7Hz
Physiological:10Hz
Psychological: Variable

Question 6

Intention tremor

2-3Hz

Answer 6

Cerebellar

Worse on purposeful movement
Seen in lithium toxicity

Question 7

Parkinsonian tremor

5hz

Answer 7

At rest, starts asymmetrical, often starts in the hands.

Question 8

Essential tremor

7Hz

Answer 8

Benign essential tremor; mainly effects hands, slowly progressive and worsens with heightened emotion.

Unilateral upper limb and then progresses to both limbs

Question 9

Physiological

10Hz

Answer 9

Low amplitude barley visible to naked eye. Can be visible in anxiety, hyperthyroidism, alcohol withdrawal, drug-induced.

Question 10

Psychogenic

Answer 10

Hysterical tremor

Appear and disappear suddenly; improves with distraction

Question 11

Multi-system atrophy

Answer 11

Parkinsonism, autonomic failure and cerebellar ataxia

Cerebellar atrophy
Pallor of substantia nigra
Greenish discoloration and atrophy of putamen

Papp-Lantos bodies (alpha-syneclein inclusions in oligodendrocytes in substantia nigra, cerebellum and basal ganglia)

Question 12

Tauopathies

Answer 12

Coded for on Cr 17

Alzheimer’s
Pick’s disease
PSP
Corticobasal degeneration