Socioemotional Development - Temperament & Personality

Question 1

Theories of Personality Development

names & associated ages for Freud’s Psychosexual Stages of Personality Development

Answer 1

oral (birth to 1 year)
anal (1 to 3 years)
phallic (3 to 6 years)
latency (6 to 12 years)
genital (adolescence)

Question 2

Theories of Personality Development

according to Freud’s psychosexual stages of development, libido is focused on the mouth during which stage? list 1 behavioral result in childhood & 2 behavioral results in adulthood of fixation at this stage

Answer 2

oral stage
* childhood: thumb-sucking
* adulthood: chain smoking & excessive dependece on others

Question 3

Theories of Personality Development

Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development views personality development as continuing throughout the lifespan and emphasizes these 2 influences on personality

Answer 3

social & cultural influences

Question 4

Theories of Personality Development

list the 8 stages & associated ages for Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development

Answer 4

1) trust vs. mistrust (birth to 1 year)
2) autonomy vs. shame & doubt (1 to 3 years)
3) initiative vs. guilt (3 to 6 years)
4) industry vs. inferiority (6 to 12 years)
5) identity vs. role confusion (adolescence)
6) intimacy vs. isolation (young adulthood)
7) generativity vs. stagnation (middle adulthood)
8) integrity vs. despair (late adulthood)

Question 5

Theories of Personality Development

what virtues are associated with Erikson’s first 4 stages of psychosocial development (name the stage & associated virtue)

Answer 5

1) trust vs. mistrust: hope
2) autonomy vs. shame & doubt: will
3) initiative vs. guilt: purpose
4) industry vs. inferiority: competence

Question 6

Theories of Personality Development

what virtues are associated with stages 5 through 8 of Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development (list stage & associated virtue)

Answer 6

5) identity vs. role confusion: fidelity
6) intimacy vs. isolation: love
7) generativity vs. stagnation: care
8) integrity vs. despair: wisdom

Question 7

Theories of Personality Development

this style of parenting tends to result in children being insecure, moody, dependent, & easily annoyed, and having poorer social skills & lower levels of academic achievement and has been linked to increased likelihood that a child will bully others

Answer 7

authoritarian parenting

Question 8

Theories of Personality Development

this style of parenting tends to result in children being self-centered, immature, & rebellious and having poor impulse control, poor social skills, and low levels of academic achievement and has been linked to increased risk for being the victim of a bully

Answer 8

permissive parenting

Question 9

Theories of Personality Development

this parenting style tends to result in children having low self-esteem & self-control, being moody & irritable, noncompliant & demanding, having poor social skills & low levels of academic achievement, and has been linked to increased risk of substance use and antisocial behavior

Answer 9

uninvolved parenting

Question 10

Theories of Personality Development

research investigating changes in the Big Five personality traits found that, during adulthood, which trait(s) decreases and which trait(s) increase?

Answer 10

• neuroticism decreases
• agreeableness & conscientiousness increase

Question 11

Theories of Personality Development

research investigating gender differences among the Big Five personality traits found that women had higher scores on what trait(s) and men had higher scores on what trait(s)

Answer 11

women: higher on neuroticism, agreeableness, warmth, & openness to feelings

men: higher on assertiveness & openness to ideas

Question 12

Theories of Personality Development

this theory of gender identity combines elements of cognitive developmental theory & social learning theory and proposes that children organize gender-typed experiences & information into gender schemas they use to perceive, encode, & interpret information about themselves & others

Answer 12

Bem’s (1981) gender schema theory

Question 13

Theories of Personality Development

according to Bem (1981), this refers to people who are more likely to use gender norms to guide their behavior & judge the behavior of others and is due to gender being very salient for them

Answer 13

gender-schematic

Question 14

Theories of Personality Development

according to Bem (1981), this refers to people who are not likely to use gender norms to guide their own behavior and judge the behaviors of others due to gender not being very salient for them

Answer 14

gender-aschematic

Question 15

Theories of Personality Development

several versions of social learning theory propose that the acquisition of gender-typed preferences & behaviors precedes the acquisition of what?

Answer 15

gender-related beliefs

Question 16

Theories of Personality Development

this theory proposes that gender identity development is the result of a combination of observation & imitation of the behaviors of same-gender adults & children and differential reinforcement occurs when children receive praise & other reinforcement only when they engage in gender-appropriate behaviors

Answer 16

Bussey & Bandura’s (1999) social cognitive theory

Question 17

Theories of Personality Development

list the stages of gender identity development included in Kohlberg’s (1966) cognitive development theory

Answer 17

1) gender identity (begins at 2-3 years): identifying self & others as male or female
2) gender stability (begins at 4 years old): realize that gender is consistent over time (e.g., girls become women, boys become men)
3) gender constancy (begins at 6-7 years): understanding that gender is stable both over time & across situations

Question 18

Theories of Personality Development

this theory does not address gender identity development, but instead identifies 5 components of gender identity. List them

Answer 18

Egan & Perry’s (2001) multidimensional model

1) membership knowledge (of own gender)
2) gender typicality (degree to which individual perceives own characteristics as being similar to others’ characteristics)
3) gender contentedness (degree to which individual is satisfied with own gender)
4) felt pressure (to conform to gender roles)
5) intergroup bias (belief that own gender is superior to other genders)

Question 19

Theories of Personality Development

high scores on measures of Egan & Perry’s (2001) gender typicality & contentedness has been associated with…? high score on measures of felt pressure has been linked to…?

Answer 19

• high levels of self-esteem & peer acceptance
• adjustment problems

Question 20

Theories of Personality Development

Bem’s (1974) research on androgyny resulted in the Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI), which has shown some evidence of these 3 positive outcomes for androgynous individuals

Answer 20

1) better able to adapt / better adjusted than peers
2) higher self-esteem
3) perceived as more likeable

Question 21

Theories of Personality Development

Marcia’s (1966) theory of adolescent development extends whose ideas about adolescent identity development?

Answer 21

Erikson’s

Question 22

Theories of Personality Development

list the 4 identity statuses in Marcia’s (1966) model of adolescent identity development

Answer 22

1) identity diffusion
2) identity foreclosure
3) identity moratorium
4) identity achievement

Question 23

Theories of Personality Development

this status of Marcia’s (1966) adolescent identity development model is characterized by not having undergone an identity crisis and not having committed to an identity

Answer 23

identity diffusion

Question 24

Theories of Personality Development

this status of Marcia’s (1966) adolescent identity development model is characterized by not having experienced an identity crisis but having a strong committment to a particular identity as the result of accepting the values, goals, & preferences of parents or other authority figures

Answer 24

identity foreclosure

Question 25

Theories of Personality Development

this status of Marcia’s (1966) adolescent identity development model is characterized by having experienced or currently experiencing an identity crisis but not having comittmed to an identity

Answer 25

identity moratorium

Question 26

Theories of Personality Development

this status of Marcia’s (1966) adolescent identity development model is characterized by having experienced an identity crisis and, as a result, having a strong commitment to a specific identity

Answer 26

identity achievement

Question 27

Theories of Personality Development

research on Marcia’s (1966) model of adolescent identity development has found that identity formation occurs at different rates for different aspects of identity (e.g., occupational choice, political ideology. religious beliefs) & that some people cycle through which statuses?

Answer 27

moratorium & achievement