Socioemotional Development - Temperament & Personality Flashcards
Theories of Personality Development
names & associated ages for Freud’s Psychosexual Stages of Personality Development
oral (birth to 1 year)
anal (1 to 3 years)
phallic (3 to 6 years)
latency (6 to 12 years)
genital (adolescence)
Theories of Personality Development
according to Freud’s psychosexual stages of development, libido is focused on the mouth during which stage? list 1 behavioral result in childhood & 2 behavioral results in adulthood of fixation at this stage
oral stage
* childhood: thumb-sucking
* adulthood: chain smoking & excessive dependece on others
Theories of Personality Development
Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development views personality development as continuing throughout the lifespan and emphasizes these 2 influences on personality
social & cultural influences
Theories of Personality Development
list the 8 stages & associated ages for Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development
1) trust vs. mistrust (birth to 1 year)
2) autonomy vs. shame & doubt (1 to 3 years)
3) initiative vs. guilt (3 to 6 years)
4) industry vs. inferiority (6 to 12 years)
5) identity vs. role confusion (adolescence)
6) intimacy vs. isolation (young adulthood)
7) generativity vs. stagnation (middle adulthood)
8) integrity vs. despair (late adulthood)
Theories of Personality Development
what virtues are associated with Erikson’s first 4 stages of psychosocial development (name the stage & associated virtue)
1) trust vs. mistrust: hope
2) autonomy vs. shame & doubt: will
3) initiative vs. guilt: purpose
4) industry vs. inferiority: competence
Theories of Personality Development
what virtues are associated with stages 5 through 8 of Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development (list stage & associated virtue)
5) identity vs. role confusion: fidelity
6) intimacy vs. isolation: love
7) generativity vs. stagnation: care
8) integrity vs. despair: wisdom
Theories of Personality Development
this style of parenting tends to result in children being insecure, moody, dependent, & easily annoyed, and having poorer social skills & lower levels of academic achievement and has been linked to increased likelihood that a child will bully others
authoritarian parenting
Theories of Personality Development
this style of parenting tends to result in children being self-centered, immature, & rebellious and having poor impulse control, poor social skills, and low levels of academic achievement and has been linked to increased risk for being the victim of a bully
permissive parenting
Theories of Personality Development
this parenting style tends to result in children having low self-esteem & self-control, being moody & irritable, noncompliant & demanding, having poor social skills & low levels of academic achievement, and has been linked to increased risk of substance use and antisocial behavior
uninvolved parenting
Theories of Personality Development
research investigating changes in the Big Five personality traits found that, during adulthood, which trait(s) decreases and which trait(s) increase?
- neuroticism decreases
- agreeableness & conscientiousness increase
Theories of Personality Development
research investigating gender differences among the Big Five personality traits found that women had higher scores on what trait(s) and men had higher scores on what trait(s)
women: higher on neuroticism, agreeableness, warmth, & openness to feelings
men: higher on assertiveness & openness to ideas
Theories of Personality Development
this theory of gender identity combines elements of cognitive developmental theory & social learning theory and proposes that children organize gender-typed experiences & information into gender schemas they use to perceive, encode, & interpret information about themselves & others
Bem’s (1981) gender schema theory
Theories of Personality Development
according to Bem (1981), this refers to people who are more likely to use gender norms to guide their behavior & judge the behavior of others and is due to gender being very salient for them
gender-schematic
Theories of Personality Development
according to Bem (1981), this refers to people who are not likely to use gender norms to guide their own behavior and judge the behaviors of others due to gender not being very salient for them
gender-aschematic
Theories of Personality Development
several versions of social learning theory propose that the acquisition of gender-typed preferences & behaviors precedes the acquisition of what?
gender-related beliefs
Theories of Personality Development
this theory proposes that gender identity development is the result of a combination of observation & imitation of the behaviors of same-gender adults & children and differential reinforcement occurs when children receive praise & other reinforcement only when they engage in gender-appropriate behaviors
Bussey & Bandura’s (1999) social cognitive theory
Theories of Personality Development
list the stages of gender identity development included in Kohlberg’s (1966) cognitive development theory
1) gender identity (begins at 2-3 years): identifying self & others as male or female
2) gender stability (begins at 4 years old): realize that gender is consistent over time (e.g., girls become women, boys become men)
3) gender constancy (begins at 6-7 years): understanding that gender is stable both over time & across situations
Theories of Personality Development
this theory does not address gender identity development, but instead identifies 5 components of gender identity. List them
Egan & Perry’s (2001) multidimensional model
1) membership knowledge (of own gender)
2) gender typicality (degree to which individual perceives own characteristics as being similar to others’ characteristics)
3) gender contentedness (degree to which individual is satisfied with own gender)
4) felt pressure (to conform to gender roles)
5) intergroup bias (belief that own gender is superior to other genders)
Theories of Personality Development
high scores on measures of Egan & Perry’s (2001) gender typicality & contentedness has been associated with…? high score on measures of felt pressure has been linked to…?
- high levels of self-esteem & peer acceptance
- adjustment problems
Theories of Personality Development
Bem’s (1974) research on androgyny resulted in the Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI), which has shown some evidence of these 3 positive outcomes for androgynous individuals
1) better able to adapt / better adjusted than peers
2) higher self-esteem
3) perceived as more likeable
Theories of Personality Development
Marcia’s (1966) theory of adolescent development extends whose ideas about adolescent identity development?
Erikson’s
Theories of Personality Development
list the 4 identity statuses in Marcia’s (1966) model of adolescent identity development
1) identity diffusion
2) identity foreclosure
3) identity moratorium
4) identity achievement
Theories of Personality Development
this status of Marcia’s (1966) adolescent identity development model is characterized by not having undergone an identity crisis and not having committed to an identity
identity diffusion
Theories of Personality Development
this status of Marcia’s (1966) adolescent identity development model is characterized by not having experienced an identity crisis but having a strong committment to a particular identity as the result of accepting the values, goals, & preferences of parents or other authority figures
identity foreclosure
Theories of Personality Development
this status of Marcia’s (1966) adolescent identity development model is characterized by having experienced or currently experiencing an identity crisis but not having comittmed to an identity
identity moratorium
Theories of Personality Development
this status of Marcia’s (1966) adolescent identity development model is characterized by having experienced an identity crisis and, as a result, having a strong commitment to a specific identity
identity achievement
Theories of Personality Development
research on Marcia’s (1966) model of adolescent identity development has found that identity formation occurs at different rates for different aspects of identity (e.g., occupational choice, political ideology. religious beliefs) & that some people cycle through which statuses?
moratorium & achievement
