Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Lifespan Development > Physical Development > Flashcards

Physical Development Flashcards

1
Q

Physical Development

a newborn’s brain is about ____% of its adult weight at birth, but it grows rapidly and is about ____% of its adult weight by the time a child is ____ years old.

A
  • 25%
  • 80%
  • 2 years old
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Physical Development

____ is the creation of new synapses

A

synaptogensis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Physical Development

list the 3 factos that cause the brain to increase in size despite that we are born with most of neurons

A

1) synaptogensis
2) the growth of new dendrites
3) myelination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Physical Development

synaptogensis peaks at ____ years of age, and synapses that are used most often are subsequently stengthened and become more efficient while those that are unused atrophy and disappear, which is referred to as…

A

2 to 3 years old; synaptic pruning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Physical Development

synaptic pruining begins around what age and continues through…

A

2 to 3 years old; adolescence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Physical Development

what area of the brain is the least developed at birth

A

cerebral cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Physical Development

at what age does brain weight & volume begin to gradually decrease? at what age does this process accelerate? why does this occur?

A
  • around 30 years old
  • around 60 years old
  • loss of neurons
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Physical Development

research indicates that the decrease in brain size is greatest for what areas of the brain

A

the frontal & parietal lobes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Physical Development

research indicates that the brain compensates for some neuron loss how? where in the brain does this occur?

A

by developing new connections between remaining neurons and the production of new neurons (neurogenesis; the hippocampus & possibly other areas of the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Physical Development

what is the least developed sense at birth

A

vision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Physical Development

at birth, newborns have limited visual acuity and see about ____ feet what normal adults see at ____ to ____ feet

A

20 feet; 400 to 600 feet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Physical Development

newborns’ visual aciuty is similar to that of normal adults by about ____ of age.

A

7 to 8 months of age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Physical Development

newborns prefer to look at ____ stimuli and prefer ____ images

A

patterned (vs. non-patterned); facial (vs. non-facial)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Physical Development

at about ____ of age, newborns prefer to look at the faces of their mothers and other caregivers to the faces of strangers

A

1 to 2 months of age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Physical Development

list the 3 types of depth information that depth perception relies on

A

1) kinetic cues
2) binocular cues
3) pictorial cues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Physical Development

characteristics of kinetic cues

associated age range & description of cue

A
  • 3 to 4 weeks of age
  • motion cues
  • based on movement of objects
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Physical Development

characteristics of binocular cues

associated age range & description of cue

A
  • 2 to 3 months of age
  • stereoscopic cues
  • derived from the integration of images received by each eye
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Physical Development

characteristics of pictorial cues

associated age range & description of cue

A
  • 5 to 6 months of age
  • static-monocular cues
  • can be perceived with only 1 eye, create the impression of depth, & include size, texture gradients, shadows, & linear perspective
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Physical Development

what 2 sense are the first to show age-related declines in adulthood

A

vision & hearing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Physical Development

by about ____ of age, many adults begin to experience presbyopia, which is due to…

far-sightedness

A
  • 40 years of age
  • due to a hardening of the lens of the eye, which makes it difficult to focus on nearby objects
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Physical Development

list the vision changes that occur in middle to late adulthood

A
  • decreased sensitivityto low levels of illumination
  • slower dark adaptation
  • increased sensitivity to glare
  • reduced ability to discriminate between colors
  • decreased depth perception
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Physical Development

immediately after birth, newborns are somewhat less sensitive than adults to…

A

sound (especially high frequency sounds)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Physical Development

newborns sensitivity to high-frequency sounds develops quickly & comes close to adult levels by what age?

A

6 months of age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Physical Development

within a few days after birth, infants develop ____ ____ and reflexively turn their heads towards the source of sounds, but this ability decreases when infants are between ____ and ____ of age. It re-emerges and becomes more deliberate & precise and improves to nearly adult levels by about ____ of age.

A
  • auditory (sound) localization
  • 2 and 4 months of age
  • 12 months of age
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Physical Development

hearing starts to decline for most adults at about ____ of age

A

40 years of age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Physical Development

what issues are associated with beginning stages of hearing decline

A
  • decreased sentitivity to high-frequency sounds (presbycusis) that makes it difficult to understand women’s and young children’s voices
  • fricative consonants (e.g., f, s, t), which are softer & higher-pitched than vowels & other consonants
  • non-human sounds, such as the beeping of a microwave, buzzing of a clothes dryer, and chirping of birds
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Physical Development

the effects of presbycusis are exaggerated in the presence of…

A

background noise

28
Q

Physical Development

research evidence suggest that the severity of age-related hearing loss is related to the risk for developing…

A

Alzheimer’s & other neurocognitive disorders

29
Q

Physical Development

what is the 1st sense to develop in utero

A

touch

30
Q

Physical Development

early exposure to pain heightens later responsivity for ____ infants but dampens later responsivity for ____ infants

A

full-term; preterm

31
Q

Physical Development

although the cause of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) is not clear, there is evidence to suggest it’s related to ____ abnormalities in what part of the brain

A

serotonin; medulla oblongata

32
Q

Physical Development

list the factors that increase the risk for SIDS

A
  • male gender
  • African American or Native American race
  • 6 months of age or youner (with the peak age of risk at 2 to 4 months)
  • premature birth
  • low birth weight
  • poor prenatal care
  • maternal use of alcohol or drugs during pregnancy
  • pre- and postnatal exposure to cigarette smoke
  • unsafe sleep practices (bed-sharing, soft or loose bedding, sleeping on stomach)
33
Q

Physical Development

list the factors that reduce the risk for SIDS

A
  • having the baby sleep on their back
  • breast feeding
  • keeping the crib as bare as possible
  • avoiding overheating the baby
  • sharing a room (but not a bed) with the baby
  • offering the baby a pacifier without a strap or string at nap times & bedtime
34
Q

Physical Development

Gross Motor Milestones 0 to 3 months of age

A
  • chin & chest up in prone position
  • pops on forarms
  • rolls to side
35
Q

Physical Development

Gross Motor Milestones 4 to 6 months of age

A
  • sits up with support
  • rolls front to back & back to front
  • puts arms out when falling
36
Q

Physical Development

Gross Motor Milestones 7 to 9 months of age

A
  • sits up without support
  • pulls up to sitting/kneeling position
  • pulls to stand
37
Q

Physical Development

Gross Motor Milestones 10 to 12 months of age

A
  • cruises furniture with both hands, then 1 hand
  • walks with 2 hands held, then 1 hand
  • takes independent steps
38
Q

Physical Development

Gross Motor Milestones 13 to 15 months of age

A
  • stands without pulling
  • stoops to pick up toy
  • walks carrying toy
39
Q

Physical Development

Gross Motor Milestones 16 to 18 months of age

A
  • walks backward
  • walks up stairs with 1 hand held
  • runs
  • throws ball while standing
40
Q

Physical Development

Gross Motor Milestones 19 to 30 months of age

A
  • walks up & down stairs holding rail with both feet on each step
  • kicks ball
  • throws ball overhand
  • jumps from bottom step with 1 foot leading
41
Q

Physical Development

Gross Motor Milestones 31 to 36 months of age

A
  • walks swinging arms opposite of legs
  • balances on 1 foot for 3 seconds
  • pedals tricycle
  • catches ball with stiff arms
42
Q

Physical Development

Gross Motor Milestones 4 years of age

A
  • hops on 1 foot
  • balances on 1 foot
  • catches bounced ball
43
Q

Physical Development

Gross Motor Milestones 5 years of age

A
  • walks down stairs with alternating feet & without holding rail
  • jumps backward
44
Q

Physical Development

at what age(s) does the adolescent growth spurt occur

A
  • girls: 10 or 11 years old
  • boys: 12 or 13 years old
45
Q

Physical Development

for both boys & girls, the growth spurt reaches its peak velocity about ____ years after it starts & then slows down, and it lasts for a total of ____ years.

A
  • two years
  • 3 to 4 years
46
Q

Physical Development

for boys, early onset puberty is associated with a number of positive & negative consequences. List them.

A

positive consequences
* higher levels of self-esteem & social maturity
* greater popularity with peers
* better athletic skills

negative consequences
* higher levels of alcohol use
* antisocial behavior
* precocious sexual beahvior

47
Q

Physical Development

for boys, late onset puberty is associated with a number of negative consequences. List them.

A
  • lower levels of self-esteem
  • lower levels of popularity
  • poorer academic performance
  • higher levels of anxiety & depression
48
Q

Physical Development

for girls, early onset puberty is associated with a number of negative consequences. List them.

A
  • lower levels of self-esteem
  • lower levels of popularity
  • poorer academic performance
  • higher risk for precocious sexual behavior
  • higher rates of substance use
  • higher levels of depression, anxiety, eating disorders, & disruptive behavior disorders
49
Q

Physical Development

list identified predictors of early onset puberty in girls

A
  • maternal mood disorder
  • absence of biological father
  • presence of stepfather or maternal boyfriend
  • discordant family relationships
50
Q

Physical Development

describe the research on the effects of late onset puberty for girls

A
  • limited
  • inconsistent results with regard to both psychosocial & academic outcomces
51
Q

Physical Development

according to data from the National Survey of Drug Use and Health (SAMHSA), youth 12 to 17 years of age have received substance use treatment in the past year for what? List in order

A
  • illicit drug use
  • alcohol use
  • both illicit use & alcohol use
52
Q

Physical Development

list the risk factors associated with adolescent substance use

A
  • exposure to stressful life events
  • parental substance abuse
  • weak parent-child relationship
  • affiliation with deviant/substance-involved peers
  • mental health problems (especially depression & untreated ADHD)
  • favorable attitudes towards drugs
  • poor social skills
  • academic failures
53
Q

Physical Development

list the protective factors for adolescent substance use

A
  • parental disapproval of subtance use
  • supportive parenting
  • age-appropriate parental monitoring of social behavior
  • academic success
  • involvement in extracirricular activities
  • positive peer influences
  • good self-control
  • religiosity
54
Q

Physical Development

research has shown that what 3 things have a buffering effect, which means that each of these protective factors reduces the adverse effects of stressful life events on substance use

A
  • religiosity
  • self-control
  • parental support
55
Q

Physical Development

individuals who began using substances in early adolescence are at great risk for what disorder than are those who delay substance use to late adolescence or early adulthood

A

substance use disorder

56
Q

Physical Development

chronic sleep deprivation is common during adolescence and has been linked to what negative consequences

A
  • increased risk for depression, anxiety, & substance use
  • impaired concentration, memory, & impaired information processing
  • increase in headaches, stomachaches, & other physical symptoms
57
Q

Physical Development

adolescent sleep deprivation is the result of a combination of things according to Carskadon (2011). List them.

A
  • biological factors
  • societal factors
  • psychosocial factors
58
Q

Physical Development

what is the main biological factor that contribute to adolescent sleep deprivation

A

delayed sleep onset that accompanies puberty (the result of changes in the secretion of melatonin)

59
Q

Physical Development

what is the primary societal factor that contribute to adolescent sleep deprivation

A

an early starting time for school that limits the available time for sleep

60
Q

Physical Development

what are the psychosocial factors that contribute to adolescent sleep deprivation

A
  • greater autonomy over bedtimes
  • increased academic pressures
  • excessive screen time (use of screen-based media) in the evening
61
Q

Physical Development

research on adolescent sleep deprivation provides strong evidence that what factor strongly contributes

A

excessive screen time (can exacerbate delayed sleep onset by suppressing melatonin production

62
Q

Physical Development

(monozygotic or dizygotic) twins are more likely to have the same sexual orientation and the impact of genetics on sexual orientation is stronger for (males/females)

A

monozygotic; males

63
Q

Physical Development

the likelihood that a boy will be gay increases for each ____ born to the same mother

A

older brother

64
Q

Physical Development

term for the maternal immune hypothesis which proposes that it reflects the progressive immunization of some mothers to male-specific antigens by each succeeding male fetus and the increasing effects of such immunization on sexual differentiation of the brain in each succeeding male fetus

A

fraternal birth order effect

research on this effect has been challenged on methodological grounds (Vilsmeier et al., 2021)

65
Q

Physical Development

____ refers to changes in a person’s sexual attractions and/or behaviors over time & in different situations that are inconsistent with the person’s self-described sexual orientation

A

sexual fluidity

66
Q

Physical Development

research has found that sexual fluidity occurs in both men & women, but it is somewhat more common in ____

A

women

Lifespan Development (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions