Physical Development Flashcards
Physical Development
a newborn’s brain is about ____% of its adult weight at birth, but it grows rapidly and is about ____% of its adult weight by the time a child is ____ years old.
- 25%
- 80%
- 2 years old
Physical Development
____ is the creation of new synapses
synaptogensis
Physical Development
list the 3 factos that cause the brain to increase in size despite that we are born with most of neurons
1) synaptogensis
2) the growth of new dendrites
3) myelination
Physical Development
synaptogensis peaks at ____ years of age, and synapses that are used most often are subsequently stengthened and become more efficient while those that are unused atrophy and disappear, which is referred to as…
2 to 3 years old; synaptic pruning
Physical Development
synaptic pruining begins around what age and continues through…
2 to 3 years old; adolescence
Physical Development
what area of the brain is the least developed at birth
cerebral cortex
Physical Development
at what age does brain weight & volume begin to gradually decrease? at what age does this process accelerate? why does this occur?
- around 30 years old
- around 60 years old
- loss of neurons
Physical Development
research indicates that the decrease in brain size is greatest for what areas of the brain
the frontal & parietal lobes
Physical Development
research indicates that the brain compensates for some neuron loss how? where in the brain does this occur?
by developing new connections between remaining neurons and the production of new neurons (e.g., neurogenesis)
- hippocampus (and possibly other areas of the brain)
Physical Development
the least developed sense at birth
vision
Physical Development
at birth, newborns have limited visual acuity and see about ____ feet what normal adults see at ____ to ____ feet
20 feet; 400 to 600 feet
Physical Development
newborns’ visual acuity is similar to that of normal adults by about ____ of age.
7 to 8 months of age
Physical Development
newborns prefer to look at ____ stimuli and prefer ____ images
patterned (vs. non-patterned); facial (vs. non-facial)
Physical Development
at about ____ of age, newborns prefer to look at the faces of their mothers and other caregivers to the faces of strangers
1 to 2 months of age
Physical Development
list the 3 types of depth information that depth perception relies on
1) kinetic cues
2) binocular cues
3) pictorial cues
Physical Development
characteristics of kinetic cues
associated age range & description of cue
- 3 to 4 weeks of age
- motion cues
- based on movement of objects
Physical Development
characteristics of binocular cues
associated age range & description of cue
- 2 to 3 months of age
- stereoscopic cues (e.g., aids in depth perception)
- derived from the integration of images received by each eye
Physical Development
characteristics of pictorial cues
associated age range & description of cue
- 5 to 6 months of age
-
static-monocular cues (e.g., depth perception when looking at still pictures with one eye)
- include size, texture gradients, shadows, & linear perspective
Physical Development
list the 2 sense that are first to show age-related declines in adulthood
vision & hearing
Physical Development
by about ____ of age, many adults begin to experience presbyopia, which is due to…
far-sightedness
- 40 years of age
- due to a hardening of the lens of the eye, which makes it difficult to focus on nearby objects
Physical Development
list the vision changes that occur in middle to late adulthood
- decreased sensitivity to low levels of illumination (e.g., cataracts, glaucoma)
- vision is slower to adjust in transition from light to dark
- increased sensitivity to glare
- reduced color discrimination ability
- decreased depth perception
Physical Development
immediately after birth, newborns are somewhat less sensitive than adults to…
sound (especially high frequency sounds)
Physical Development
newborns sensitivity to high-frequency sounds develops quickly & comes close to adult levels by what age?
6 months of age
Physical Development
within a few days after birth, infants develop ____ ____ and reflexively turn their heads towards the source of sounds, but this ability decreases when infants are between ____ and ____ of age. It re-emerges and becomes more deliberate & precise and improves to nearly adult levels by about ____ of age.
- auditory (sound) localization
- 2 and 4 months of age
- 12 months of age
Physical Development
hearing starts to decline for most adults at about ____ of age
40 years of age
Physical Development
what issues are associated with beginning stages of hearing decline
- decreased sentitivity to high-frequency sounds (presbycusis) that makes it difficult to understand women’s and young children’s voices
- fricative consonants (e.g., f, s, t), which are softer & higher-pitched than vowels & other consonants
- non-human sounds (e.g., the microwave beep, clothes dryer buzzer, & birds chirping)
Physical Development
the effects of presbycusis are exaggerated in the presence of…
background noise
Physical Development
research evidence suggests that the severity of age-related hearing loss is related to the risk for developing…
Alzheimer’s & other neurocognitive disorders
Physical Development
list the 1st sense to develop in utero
touch
Physical Development
early exposure to pain heightens later responsivity for ____ infants but dampens later responsivity for ____ infants
full-term; preterm
Physical Development
although the cause of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) is not clear, there is evidence to suggest it’s related to ____ (neurotransmitter) abnormalities in what part of the brain
serotonin; medulla oblongata
Physical Development
list the factors that increase the risk for SIDS
- male gender
- African American or Native American race
- 6 months of age or younger (with the peak age of risk at 2 to 4 months)
- premature birth & low birth weight
- poor prenatal care
- unsafe sleep practices (bed-sharing, stomach sleeping, soft/loose bedding)
- maternal substance use (e.g., alcohol or drugs) during pregnancy
- pre- and postnatal exposure to cigarette smoke
Physical Development
list the factors that reduce the risk for SIDS
- having the baby sleep on their back & giving baby a pacifier without a string/strap
- breast feeding
- keeping crib bare
- avoid overheating the baby
- sharing a room (but not a bed) with the baby
Physical Development
Gross Motor Milestones 0 to 3 months of age
- chin & chest up in prone position
- pops on forearms
- rolls to side
Physical Development
Gross Motor Milestones 4 to 6 months of age
- sits up with support
- rolls front to back & back to front
- puts arms out when falling
Physical Development
Gross Motor Milestones 7 to 9 months of age
- sits up without support
- pulls up to sitting/kneeling position
- pulls to stand
Physical Development
Gross Motor Milestones 10 to 12 months of age
- cruises furniture with both hands, then 1 hand
- walks with 2 hands held, then 1 hand
- takes independent steps
Physical Development
Gross Motor Milestones 13 to 15 months of age
- stands without pulling
- stoops to pick up toy
- walks carrying toy
Physical Development
Gross Motor Milestones 16 to 18 months of age
- walks backward
- walks up stairs with 1 hand held
- runs
- throws ball while standing
Physical Development
Gross Motor Milestones 19 to 30 months of age
- walks up & down stairs holding rail with both feet on each step
- kicks ball & throws overhand
- jumps from bottom step with 1 foot leading
Physical Development
Gross Motor Milestones 31 to 36 months of age
- walks swinging arms opposite of legs
- balances on 1 foot for 3 seconds
- pedals tricycle
- catches ball with stiff arms
Physical Development
Gross Motor Milestones 4 years of age
- hops on 1 foot
- balances on 1 foot
- catches bounced ball
Physical Development
Gross Motor Milestones 5 years of age
- walks down stairs with alternating feet & without holding rail
- jumps backward
Physical Development
at what age(s) does the adolescent growth spurt occur
- girls: 10 or 11 years old
- boys: 12 or 13 years old
Physical Development
for both boys & girls, the growth spurt reaches its peak velocity about ____ years after it starts & then slows down, and it lasts for a total of ____ years.
- peak velocity: 2 years
- total length: 3 to 4 years
Physical Development
for boys, early onset puberty is associated with a number of positive & negative consequences. List them.
positive consequences
* higher self-esteem & social maturity
* greater popularity with peers
* better athletic skills
negative consequences
* higher levels of alcohol use
* antisocial behavior
* precocious sexual beahvior
Physical Development
for boys, late onset puberty is associated with a number of negative consequences. List them.
- lower self-esteem
- lower popularity
- poorer academic performance
- increased anxiety & depression
Physical Development
for girls, early onset puberty is associated with a number of negative consequences. List them.
- lower self-esteem & popularity
- poorer academic performance
- higher risk of sexual behavior
- increased substance use
- higher rates of mental health issues, including
a) depression
b) anxiety
c) eating disorders
d) disruptive behavior disorders
Physical Development
list 4 identified predictors of early onset puberty in girls
- maternal mood disorder
- absence of biological father
- presence of stepfather or maternal boyfriend
- discordant family relationships
Physical Development
describe the research on the effects of late onset puberty for girls
- limited with inconsistent results with regard to both psychosocial & academic outcomces
Physical Development
according to data from the National Survey of Drug Use and Health (SAMHSA), youth 12 to 17 years of age have received substance use treatment in the past year for what? List in order
1) illicit drug use
2) alcohol use
3) both illicit drug & alcohol use
Physical Development
list the risk factors associated with adolescent substance use
- exposure to stressful life events
- parental misuse of substance(s)
- weak parent-child relationship
- affiliation with deviant/substance-involved peers
- mental health problems (especially depression & untreated ADHD)
- favorable attitudes towards drugs
- poor social skills
- academic failures
Physical Development
list the protective factors for adolescent substance use
- parental disapproval of subtance use, supportive parenting, & age-appropriate parental monitoring of social behavior
- academic success
- involvement in extracirricular activities
- positive peer influences
- good self-control
- religiosity
Physical Development
research has shown that what 3 things have a buffering effect, which means that each of these protective factors reduces the adverse effects of stressful life events on substance use
- religiosity
- self-control
- supportive parenting
Physical Development
individuals who began using substances in early adolescence are at great risk for what disorder than are those who delay substance use to late adolescence or early adulthood
substance use disorder
Physical Development
chronic sleep deprivation is common during adolescence and has been linked to what negative consequences
- increased risk for depression, anxiety, & substance use
- impaired concentration, memory, & information processing
- increase in headaches, stomachaches, & other physical symptoms
Physical Development
according to Carskadon (2011), adolescent sleep deprivation results from a combination of factors - list 3 of them.
- biological factors
- societal factors
- psychosocial factors
Physical Development
what is the main biological factor that contributes to adolescent sleep deprivation
delayed sleep onset accompanied by puberty
- the result of changes in melatonin secretion
Physical Development
what is the primary societal factor that contributes to adolescent sleep deprivation
early school start time
- limits available time for sleep
Physical Development
list 3 psychosocial factors that contribute to adolescent sleep deprivation
- greater bedtime autonomy
- increased academic pressures
- excessive screen time (use of screen-based media) in evening
Physical Development
research on adolescent sleep deprivation provides strong evidence that what factor strongly contributes
excessive screen time
- exacerbates delayed sleep onset by suppressing melatonin production
Physical Development
(monozygotic or dizygotic) twins are more likely to have the same sexual orientation and the impact of genetics on sexual orientation is stronger for (males/females)
monozygotic; males
Physical Development
the likelihood that a boy will be gay increases for each ____ born to the same mother
older brother
fraternal birth order effect
Physical Development
term for the maternal immune hypothesis which proposes that it reflects the progressive immunization of some mothers to male-specific antigens by each succeeding male fetus and the increasing effects of such immunization on sexual differentiation of the brain in each succeeding male fetus
fraternal birth order effect
research on this effect has been challenged on methodological grounds (Vilsmeier et al., 2021)
Physical Development
____ refers to changes in a person’s sexual attractions and/or behaviors over time & in different situations that are inconsistent with the person’s self-described sexual orientation
sexual fluidity
Physical Development
research has found that sexual fluidity occurs in both men & women, but it is somewhat more common in ____
women
