Physical Development

Question 1

Physical Development

a newborn’s brain is about ____% of its adult weight at birth, but it grows rapidly and is about ____% of its adult weight by the time a child is ____ years old.

Answer 1

• 25%
• 80%
• 2 years old

Question 2

Physical Development

____ is the creation of new synapses

Answer 2

synaptogensis

Question 3

Physical Development

list the 3 factos that cause the brain to increase in size despite that we are born with most of neurons

Answer 3

1) synaptogensis
2) the growth of new dendrites
3) myelination

Question 4

Physical Development

synaptogensis peaks at ____ years of age, and synapses that are used most often are subsequently stengthened and become more efficient while those that are unused atrophy and disappear, which is referred to as…

Answer 4

2 to 3 years old; synaptic pruning

Question 5

Physical Development

synaptic pruining begins around what age and continues through…

Answer 5

2 to 3 years old; adolescence

Question 6

Physical Development

what area of the brain is the least developed at birth

Answer 6

cerebral cortex

Question 7

Physical Development

at what age does brain weight & volume begin to gradually decrease? at what age does this process accelerate? why does this occur?

Answer 7

• around 30 years old
• around 60 years old
• loss of neurons

Question 8

Physical Development

research indicates that the decrease in brain size is greatest for what areas of the brain

Answer 8

the frontal & parietal lobes

Question 9

Physical Development

research indicates that the brain compensates for some neuron loss how? where in the brain does this occur?

Answer 9

by developing new connections between remaining neurons and the production of new neurons (e.g., neurogenesis)

• hippocampus (and possibly other areas of the brain)

Question 10

Physical Development

the least developed sense at birth

Answer 10

vision

Question 11

Physical Development

at birth, newborns have limited visual acuity and see about ____ feet what normal adults see at ____ to ____ feet

Answer 11

20 feet; 400 to 600 feet

Question 12

Physical Development

newborns’ visual acuity is similar to that of normal adults by about ____ of age.

Answer 12

7 to 8 months of age

Question 13

Physical Development

newborns prefer to look at ____ stimuli and prefer ____ images

Answer 13

patterned (vs. non-patterned); facial (vs. non-facial)

Question 14

Physical Development

at about ____ of age, newborns prefer to look at the faces of their mothers and other caregivers to the faces of strangers

Answer 14

1 to 2 months of age

Question 15

Physical Development

list the 3 types of depth information that depth perception relies on

Answer 15

1) kinetic cues
2) binocular cues
3) pictorial cues

Question 16

Physical Development

characteristics of kinetic cues

associated age range & description of cue

Answer 16

• 3 to 4 weeks of age
• motion cues
• based on movement of objects

Question 17

Physical Development

characteristics of binocular cues

associated age range & description of cue

Answer 17

• 2 to 3 months of age
• stereoscopic cues (e.g., aids in depth perception)
• derived from the integration of images received by each eye

Question 18

Physical Development

characteristics of pictorial cues

associated age range & description of cue

Answer 18

• 5 to 6 months of age
• static-monocular cues (e.g., depth perception when looking at still pictures with one eye)
  
  • include size, texture gradients, shadows, & linear perspective

Question 19

Physical Development

list the 2 sense that are first to show age-related declines in adulthood

Answer 19

vision & hearing

Question 20

Physical Development

by about ____ of age, many adults begin to experience presbyopia, which is due to…

far-sightedness

Answer 20

• 40 years of age
• due to a hardening of the lens of the eye, which makes it difficult to focus on nearby objects

Question 21

Physical Development

list the vision changes that occur in middle to late adulthood

Answer 21

• decreased sensitivity to low levels of illumination (e.g., cataracts, glaucoma)
• vision is slower to adjust in transition from light to dark
• increased sensitivity to glare
• reduced color discrimination ability
• decreased depth perception

Question 22

Physical Development

immediately after birth, newborns are somewhat less sensitive than adults to…

Answer 22

sound (especially high frequency sounds)

Question 23

Physical Development

newborns sensitivity to high-frequency sounds develops quickly & comes close to adult levels by what age?

Answer 23

6 months of age

Question 24

Physical Development

within a few days after birth, infants develop ____ ____ and reflexively turn their heads towards the source of sounds, but this ability decreases when infants are between ____ and ____ of age. It re-emerges and becomes more deliberate & precise and improves to nearly adult levels by about ____ of age.

Answer 24

• auditory (sound) localization
• 2 and 4 months of age
• 12 months of age

Question 25

# **Physical Development** hearing starts to decline for most adults at about ____ of age

Answer 25

40 years of age

Question 26

# **Physical Development** what issues are associated with beginning stages of hearing decline

Answer 26

* **decreased sentitivity** to high-frequency sounds (***presbycusis***) that makes it difficult to understand women's and young children's voices * **fricative consonants** (e.g., f, s, t), which are **softer & higher-pitched** than vowels & other consonants * **non-human sounds** (*e.g., the microwave beep, clothes dryer buzzer, & birds chirping*)

Question 27

# **Physical Development** the effects of presbycusis are exaggerated in the presence of...

Answer 27

background noise

Question 28

# **Physical Development** research evidence suggests that the severity of age-related hearing loss is related to the risk for developing...

Answer 28

Alzheimer's & other neurocognitive disorders

Question 29

# **Physical Development** list the 1st sense to develop in utero

Answer 29

touch

Question 30

# **Physical Development** early exposure to pain heightens later responsivity for ____ infants but dampens later responsivity for ____ infants

Answer 30

full-term; preterm

Question 31

# **Physical Development** although the cause of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) is not clear, there is evidence to suggest it's related to ____ (*neurotransmitter*) abnormalities in what part of the brain

Answer 31

**serotonin**; medulla oblongata

Question 32

# **Physical Development** list the factors that increase the risk for SIDS

Answer 32

* **male** gender * **African American or Native American** race * 6 months of age or younger (with the **peak age of risk at 2 to 4 months**) * **premature** birth & low birth weight * poor **prenatal care** * unsafe sleep practices (**bed-sharing, stomach sleeping, soft/loose bedding**) * **maternal substance use** (*e.g., alcohol or drugs*) during pregnancy * pre- and postnatal **exposure to cigarette smoke**

Question 33

# **Physical Development** list the factors that reduce the risk for SIDS

Answer 33

* having the baby **sleep on their back** & giving baby a **pacifier without a string/strap** * **breast feeding** * keeping **crib bare** * **avoid overheating** the baby * **sharing a room** (but not a bed) with the baby

Question 34

# **Physical Development** Gross Motor Milestones **0 to 3 months** of age

Answer 34

* **chin & chest up** in prone position * pops on forearms * **rolls** to side

Question 35

# **Physical Development** Gross Motor Milestones **4 to 6 months** of age

Answer 35

* **sits up** with support * rolls front to back & back to front * puts arms out when falling

Question 36

# **Physical Development** Gross Motor Milestones **7 to 9 months** of age

Answer 36

* sits up without support * **pulls up** to sitting/kneeling position * pulls to **stand**

Question 37

# **Physical Development** Gross Motor Milestones **10 to 12 months** of age

Answer 37

* cruises furniture with both hands, then 1 hand * walks with 2 hands held, then 1 hand * takes **independent steps**

Question 38

# **Physical Development** Gross Motor Milestones **13 to 15 months** of age

Answer 38

* stands without pulling * **stoops** to pick up toy * **walks carrying toy**

Question 39

# **Physical Development** Gross Motor Milestones **16 to 18 months** of age

Answer 39

* walks backward * walks up stairs with 1 hand held * **runs** * **throws ball while standing**

Question 40

# **Physical Development** Gross Motor Milestones **19 to 30 months** of age

Answer 40

* **walks up & down stairs holding rail** with both feet on each step * **kicks ball** & throws overhand * **jumps from bottom step** with 1 foot leading

Question 41

# **Physical Development** Gross Motor Milestones **31 to 36 months** of age

Answer 41

* walks **swinging arms** opposite of legs * **balances on 1 foot for 3 seconds** * pedals **tricycle** * **catches ball with stiff arms**

Question 42

# **Physical Development** Gross Motor Milestones **4 years** of age

Answer 42

* **hops** on 1 foot * **balances on 1 foot** * catches bounced ball

Question 43

# **Physical Development** Gross Motor Milestones **5 years** of age

Answer 43

* walks **down stairs** with alternating feet & **without holding rail** * **jumps backward**

Question 44

# **Physical Development** at what age(s) does the adolescent growth spurt occur

Answer 44

* **girls:** 10 or 11 years old * **boys:** 12 or 13 years old

Question 45

# **Physical Development** for both boys & girls, the growth spurt reaches its peak velocity about ____ years after it starts & then slows down, and it lasts for a total of ____ years.

Answer 45

* peak velocity: **2 years** * total length: **3 to 4 years**

Question 46

# **Physical Development** for boys, **early onset puberty** is associated with a number of positive & negative consequences. List them.

Answer 46

*positive consequences* * **higher self-esteem** & social maturity * greater **popularity** with peers * better **athletic skills** *negative consequences* * higher levels of **alcohol use** * **antisocial** behavior * precocious **sexual beahvior**

Question 47

# **Physical Development** for boys, **late onset puberty** is associated with a number of negative consequences. List them.

Answer 47

* **lower self-esteem** * **lower popularity** * **poorer academic** performance * increased **anxiety & depression**

Question 48

# **Physical Development** for girls, **early onset puberty** is associated with a number of negative consequences. List them.

Answer 48

* lower **self-esteem & popularity** * **poorer academic** performance * **higher risk** of sexual behavior * increased **substance use** * higher rates of mental health issues, including a) **depression** b) **anxiety** c) **eating disorders** d) **disruptive behavior** disorders

Question 49

# **Physical Development** list 4 identified predictors of early onset puberty in girls

Answer 49

* **maternal** mood disorder * absence of **biological father** * **presence of stepfather** or maternal boyfriend * **discordant** family relationships

Question 50

# **Physical Development** describe the research on the effects of late onset puberty for girls

Answer 50

* **limited with inconsistent results** with regard to both **psychosocial & academic outcomces**

Question 51

# **Physical Development** according to data from the National Survey of Drug Use and Health (SAMHSA), youth 12 to 17 years of age have received substance use treatment in the past year for what? List in order

Answer 51

1) illicit drug use 2) alcohol use 3) both illicit drug & alcohol use

Question 52

# **Physical Development** list the risk factors associated with adolescent substance use

Answer 52

* exposure to **stressful life events** * **parental misuse** of substance(s) * weak parent-child relationship * affiliation with **deviant/substance-involved peers** * **mental health** problems (especially depression & **untreated ADHD**) * **favorable attitudes** towards drugs * **poor social skills** * academic **failures**

Question 53

# **Physical Development** list the protective factors for adolescent substance use

Answer 53

* **parental disapproval** of subtance use, **supportive parenting**, & age-appropriate **parental monitoring** of social behavior * academic **success** * involvement in **extracirricular activities** * **positive peer** influences * good **self-control** * **religiosity**

Question 54

# **Physical Development** research has shown that what 3 things have a buffering effect, which means that each of these protective factors reduces the adverse effects of stressful life events on substance use

Answer 54

* **religiosity** * **self-control** * **supportive** parenting

Question 55

# **Physical Development** individuals who began using substances in early adolescence are at great risk for what disorder than are those who delay substance use to late adolescence or early adulthood

Answer 55

substance use disorder

Question 56

# **Physical Development** chronic sleep deprivation is common during adolescence and has been linked to what negative consequences

Answer 56

* increased risk for **depression, anxiety, & substance use** * impaired **concentration, memory, & information processing** * increase in **headaches, stomachaches,** & other physical symptoms

Question 57

# **Physical Development** according to Carskadon (2011), **adolescent sleep deprivation** results from a combination of factors - list 3 of them.

Answer 57

* **biological** factors * **societal** factors * **psychosocial** factors

Question 58

# **Physical Development** what is the main biological factor that contributes to adolescent sleep deprivation

Answer 58

**delayed sleep onset** accompanied by puberty * the result of **changes in melatonin secretion**

Question 59

# **Physical Development** what is the primary societal factor that contributes to adolescent sleep deprivation

Answer 59

**early school start time** * limits available time for sleep

Question 60

# **Physical Development** list 3 psychosocial factors that contribute to adolescent sleep deprivation

Answer 60

* greater **bedtime autonomy** * increased **academic pressures** * **excessive screen time** (use of screen-based media) in evening

Question 61

# **Physical Development** research on adolescent sleep deprivation provides strong evidence that what factor strongly contributes

Answer 61

**excessive screen time** * exacerbates delayed sleep onset by **suppressing melatonin production**

Question 62

# **Physical Development** (monozygotic or dizygotic) twins are more likely to have the same sexual orientation and the impact of genetics on sexual orientation is stronger for (males/females)

Answer 62

monozygotic; males

Question 63

# **Physical Development** the likelihood that a boy will be gay increases for each ____ born to the same mother

Answer 63

older brother ## Footnote **fraternal birth order effect**

Question 64

# **Physical Development** term for the maternal immune hypothesis which proposes that it reflects the progressive immunization of some mothers to male-specific antigens by each succeeding male fetus and the increasing effects of such immunization on sexual differentiation of the brain in each succeeding male fetus

Answer 64

fraternal birth order effect ## Footnote research on this effect has been challenged on methodological grounds (Vilsmeier et al., 2021)

Question 65

# **Physical Development** ____ refers to changes in a person's sexual attractions and/or behaviors over time & in different situations that are inconsistent with the person's self-described sexual orientation

Answer 65

sexual fluidity

Question 66

# **Physical Development** research has found that sexual fluidity occurs in both men & women, but it is somewhat more common in ____

Answer 66

women