Socioemotional Development – Temperament and Personality Flashcards
Which of the following is not one of the aspects of temperament identified by Mary Rothbart?
A. effortful control
B. surgency/extraversion
C. regularity/predictability
D. negative affectivity
Answer C is correct. To identify the correct answer to this question, you have to know that Rothbart distinguished between three aspects of temperament: Surgency/extraversion and negative affectivity are the two components of reactivity and effortful control is the single component of self-regulation.
Egan and Perry (2001) view gender identity as a multidimensional construct that consists of five components. Which of the following is not one of these components?
A. felt similarity with one’s gender group
B. felt pressure for gender conformity
C. knowledge of gender stability
D. knowledge of one’s own gender category
Answer C is correct. The five components of gender identity identified by S. K. Egan and D. G. Perry are knowledge of one’s own gender category, self-perceived gender typicality (similarity), felt contentment with one’s gender, felt pressure for gender conformity, and intergroup bias.
Older adults are most likely to obtain the highest score on which of the following Big Five personality traits?
A. neuroticism
B. extraversion
C. openness to experience
D. agreeableness
Answer D is correct. Research on the Big Five personality traits has found that, during adulthood, neuroticism usually decreases, extraversion and openness to experience remain relatively stable or decrease slightly, and agreeableness and conscientiousness increase.
As described by Erikson, the virtue of will is the positive outcome of which stage of psychosocial development?
A. initiative vs. guilt
B. autonomy vs. shame and doubt
C. generativity vs. stagnation
D. industry vs. inferiority
Answer B is correct. Autonomy vs. shame and doubt is Erikson’s second stage of psychosocial development and, during this stage, a child’s task is to develop a greater sense of self-control and independence by being able to do things by him/herself. Unfortunately, the virtue associated with this stage – will – may not “sound like” it’s the virtue of this stage, and it may be easier to remember if you think of it as “willpower” which is a synonym for self-control.
According to Marcia (1966), in response to a question about her career goals, a 16-year-old experiencing identity foreclosure is most likely to say which of the following?
A. I’m going to be a lawyer because that’s what my parents want me to do.
B. It took me a while to make a choice, but I’ve finally decided to be a lawyer.
C. I’m not really interested in thinking about what I’m going to do after high school.
D. I’ve spent some time considering different occupations, but I haven’t made a choice yet.
Answer A is correct. On the exam, you’ll encounter a few questions like this one that require you to understand a concept or theory well enough to identify an application of that concept or theory to an example or hypothetical situation. Knowing that Marcia’s foreclosure status occurs when a person has not undergone an identity crisis but has a strong commitment to a particular occupation (or other aspect of personal identity) as the result of accepting the occupation preferred by a parent or other authority figure. Answer B is characteristic of the identity achievement status, answer C is characteristic of the identity diffusion status, and answer D is characteristic of the identity moratorium status.
According to Diana Baumrind, parents who are ___________ are most likely to have children who are self-confident and cooperative and have high levels of academic achievement.
A. high in demandingness and low in responsiveness
B. low in demandingness and high in responsiveness
C. high in demandingness and high in responsiveness
D. low in demandingness and low in responsiveness
Answer C is correct. To identify the correct answer to this question, you’d have to recall that the authoritative parenting style is characterized by high levels of demandingness and responsiveness and is associated with the best outcomes. Note that the demandingness of authoritative parents differs from the demandingness of authoritarian parents: Both want their children to adhere to rules, but authoritative parents exert control by rewarding and supporting their children when they adhere to rules while authoritarian parents rely more on punishing children when they disobey rules.
Kohlberg’s cognitive developmental theory identifies which of the following as the first stage in gender identity development?
A. gender constancy
B. gender identity
C. gender stability
D. gender consistency
Answer B is correct. Kohlberg’s cognitive-developmental theory identifies three stages of gender identity development which are, in order, gender identity, gender stability, and gender constancy.
