School and Family Influences Flashcards
Of Gottman and Levenson’s (2002) “Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse,” which is the best predictor of divorce?
A. defensiveness
B. criticism
C. contempt
D. stonewalling
Answer C is correct. Gottman and Levenson found contempt (statements that communicate superiority, disrespect, or disgust) to be the single best predictor of divorce.
Research investigating the consequences of divorce for women and men has found that:
A. women usually experience greater economic hardship than men do, and the hardship is often chronic.
B. women usually experience greater economic hardship than men do, but the hardship is often transient.
C. men usually experience greater economic hardship than women do, and the hardship is often chronic.
D. men usually experience greater economic hardship than women do, but the hardship is often transient.
Answer A is correct. The research has found that, following divorce, the economic well-being of women declines, while men often experience an improved financial situation and that the decline for women is often chronic.
Of the following types of intimate partner violence, which most often takes the form of Walker’s cycle of violence?
A. situational couple violence
B. mutual violent control
C. intimate terrorism
D. violent resistance
Answer C is correct. Of the four types of intimate partner violence identified by Johnson, intimate terrorism most often involves the pattern described by Walker’s cycle of violence.
Juffer and van IJzendoorn (2005) conducted a meta-analysis of studies comparing mental health outcomes of international adoptees, domestic adoptees, and nonadopted peers and found that:
A. international adoptees had the lowest rates of internalizing and externalizing problems.
B. international adoptees had the highest rates of internalizing and externalizing problems.
C. international adoptees had higher rates of internalizing and externalizing problems than nonadopted peers had but lower rates than domestic adoptees had.
D. international adoptees had lower rates of internalizing and externalizing problems than nonadopted peers had but higher rates than domestic adoptees had.
Answer C is correct. Juffer and van IJzendoorn found that, as they predicted, international and domestic adoptees had higher rates of internalizing and externalizing problems than nonadoptees had. However, contrary to their prediction, international adoptees had lower rates of internalizing and externalizing problems than domestic adoptees had.
Research comparing the outcomes for children of gay or lesbian parents and heterosexual parents has found that:
A. children of gay or lesbian parents tend to be less well-adjusted than children of heterosexual parents.
B. children of heterosexual parents tend to be less well-adjusted than children of gay or lesbian parents.
C. children of gay parents (but not lesbian parents) tend to be less well-adjusted than children of heterosexual parents.
D. children of gay or lesbian parents do not differ consistently in terms of adjustment from children of heterosexual parents.
Answer D is correct. The research has found that children raised by gay or lesbian parents do not differ in any consistent way from children of heterosexual parents in terms of psychological adjustment, intellectual functioning, gender identity, or sexual orientation.
Research on the effects of divorce on parents and children has identified a “sleeper effect” which refers to which of the following?
A. The gradual increase in the problematic behaviors of boys and girls after the divorce.
B. The gradual decrease in the problematic behaviors of boys after the divorce.
C. The delay in the onset of problematic behavior in girls following the divorce.
D. The gradual increase in conflict in the parent-child relationship following the divorce.
Answer C is correct. The research has found that girls who were in preschool or elementary school when their parents divorced may experience few problems initially but then exhibit problems in adolescence and early adulthood, and this is referred to as the sleeper effect.
A frequently cited meta-analysis of the research by Lucas-Thompson and colleagues (2010) found that a mother’s return to work during the first 3 years of her child’s life:
A. has significant negative effects on a child’s later behavior and academic achievement regardless of family structure and income.
B. has significant positive effects on a child’s later behavior and academic achievement regardless of family structure and income.
C. does not have significant effects on a child’s later behavior and academic achievement, although outcomes are affected somewhat by the family structure and income.
D. does not have significant effects on a child’s later behavior and academic achievement, and outcomes are not affected by the family structure or income.
Answer C is correct. Lucas-Thompson and colleagues (2010) found that children of women who returned to work during their children’s first 3 years of life (especially during the second or third year) were no more likely to develop significant behavioral or academic achievement problems than were children whose mothers stayed at home. However, the outcomes differed somewhat, depending on the family structure and income.
Greenstein’s (2016) cross-national study found that _______ in his sample obtained the highest average score on a measure of life satisfaction.
A. never married women
B. never married men
C. married men
D. married women
Answer C is correct. Greenstein found that married and cohabiting men obtained the same and the highest average scores on a measure of life satisfaction followed in order by married women, never married women, and never married men. The results of his study are consistent with most other research investigating the relationship between marital status and life satisfaction, happiness, or subjective well-being.
Data collected by Danese and Tan (2014) indicated that which of the following may mediate the relationship between childhood maltreatment and adult obesity?
A. socioeconomic status
B. alcohol intake
C. physical activity
D. depression
Answer D is correct. Knowing that depression was identified as a mediating variable in the Danese and Tan study would have enabled you to identify the correct answer to this question. (It is not mentioned in the content summary, but Denese and Tan also looked at socioeconomic status, alcohol intake, and physical activity as potential mediators but found that they did not affect the relationship between childhood maltreatment and adult obesity.)
The studies have found that children in high-quality daycare:
A. are indistinguishable from children who do not attend daycare.
B. have higher rates of disobedience and other behavioral problems than children who do not attend daycare.
C. are more likely to have cognitive and language deficits than children who do not attend daycare.
D. have higher rates of behavioral problems and lower cognitive and language skills than children who do not attend daycare.
Answer B is correct. The research has found that high-quality daycare may increase behavioral problems but improve performance on measures of cognitive and language skills and some social skills.
Studies investigating the impact of gender stereotypes on teacher behavior have found that:
A. male and female teachers pay more attention to and give more praise to male students than to female students.
B. male and female teachers pay more attention to and give more praise to female students than to male students.
C. female teachers pay more attention to and give more praise to female students but male teachers pay more attention to and give more praise to male students.
D. female teachers pay more attention to and give more praise to male students but male teachers pay more attention to and give more praise to female students.
Answer A is correct. Sadker and Sadker have found that the ways that male and female teachers interact with male and female students reflect gender stereotypes – e.g., male and female teachers pay more attention to and give more praise to male students than to female students.
During the year or two following divorce, custodial mothers tend to be:
A. overly indulgent and permissive toward their children.
B. inconsistent and more authoritarian in their discipline.
C. overly anxious about their parenting skills.
D. distracted and indifferent or hostile toward their children.
Answer B is correct. The research has found that, following divorce, custodial mothers may show less affection toward their children (especially sons) and become more inconsistent and authoritarian in terms of discipline.
Data collected by the U. S. Department of Health and Human Services (2018) indicate that members of which age group are at highest risk for child maltreatment?
A. 0 to 3 years of age
B. 4 to 7 years of age
C. 12 to 15 years of age
D. 16 to 17 years of age
Answer A is correct. Knowing that rates of maltreatment are highest for the youngest children would have helped you identify the correct answer to this question. The following number of maltreated children per 1,000 children in the population are reported in Child Maltreatment 2017: 15 for children 0 to 3 years of age, 10 for children 4 to 7 years of age, 8 for children 8 to 11 years of age, 7 for children 12 to 15 years of age, and 5 for children 16 to 17 years of age.
