Socioemotional Development – Attachment, Emotions, and Social Relationships Flashcards
The “culture of honor” in the southern United States has been linked to which of the following?
A. a high need for affiliation
B. a high need for achievement
C. certain types of violence
D. certain types of altruism
Answer C is correct. Research by Cohen, Nisbett and others has shown that attitudes that reflect a culture of honor in the southern United States are associated with an increased willingness to commit violent acts in response to a challenge, threat, or insult and to criticize men who do not do so. See, e.g., D. Cohen and R. E. Nisbett, Self-protection and the culture of honor: Explaining southern violence, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 20, 551-567, 1994.
In a research study, a baby’s willingness to crawl across a “visual cliff” depends on whether his mother, who is standing on the other side of the cliff, is smiling or has a fearful expression on her face. The baby’s behavior is best explained by which of the following?
A. social referencing
B. observational learning
C. separation anxiety
D. empathy
According to Selman (1980), 3- and 4-year old children are most likely to say that a friend is someone:
A. who does nice things.
B. they play with.
C. in their family.
D. who likes them.
Carstensen’s (1993) socioemotional selectivity theory attributes differences in adults’ motivation for friendships to differences in:
A. attachment style.
B. information processing.
C. gender.
D. time perspective.
Answer D is correct. Carstensen’s (1993) socioemotional selectivity theory proposes that the motivation for friendships is related to people’s perceptions about the amount of time left in life.
In the strange situation, a baby with insecure/avoidant attachment will most likely:
A. be easily comforted by a stranger.
B. ignore a stranger.
C. react to a stranger and his/her mother in a similar way.
D. be distressed by a stranger even when his/her mother is present.
Answer C is correct. A baby with insecure/avoidant attachment seems indifferent toward his/her mother, exhibits little distress when she leaves, avoids her when she returns, and reacts to his/her mother and a stranger in a similar way.
Which of the following best describes the conclusion of the APA Task Force on Violent Media (2015)?
A. Exposure to violent videogames has little or no effect on the aggressive behavior of youth or young adults.
B. Exposure to violent videogames has a cathartic effect and reduces the aggressive behavior of children, adolescents, and young adults.
C. Exposure to violent videogames increases the aggressive behavior of youth over 10 years of age and young adults.
D. Exposure to violent videogames increases the aggressive behavior of children under the age of 13 but has little or no effect on the behavior of adolescents and young adults.
Answer C is correct. The meta-analysis of the research conducted by the Task Force confirmed that exposure to violent videogames produces increased aggressive behavior and cognitions in youth over 10 years of age and young adults. The Task Force notes that this relationship has not been established for younger children because very few of the existing studies included children 10 years of age and younger.
Which of the following is not included in Rowe and Kahn’s (1987) three-component model of successful aging?
A. high cognitive and physical functioning
B. positive self-perception of aging
C. low risk for disease and disability
D. active engagement with life
An intervention based on Patterson et al.’s (1992) research on coercive family interactions is most likely to include which of the following?
A. training for parents in effective parenting skills
B. training for parents and children in social-perspective taking
C. empathy training for children
D. social skills training for children
Research conducted by Carstensen, Gottman, and Levenson (1995) found that older unhappily married couples were less likely than middle-aged unhappily married couples to engage in:
A. de-escalation.
B. positive continuance.
C. negative start-up.
D. negative continuances.
Answer C is correct. Carstensen, Gottman, and Levenson compared the communication styles of older dissatisfied married couples, older satisfied married couples, middle-aged dissatisfied married couples, and middle-aged satisfied married couples. They found that dissatisfied older couples were less likely than other couples to engage in “negative start-up” – i.e., they were less likely to respond to their partners’ expressions of neutral affect with expressions of anger, disgust, or other negative emotions during discussions of their marital problems.
Self-conscious emotions ordinarily emerge when a child is ________ months of age.
A. 9 to 12
B. 12 to 18
C. 18 to 24
D. 24 to 32
Answer C is correct. Young children exhibit secondary (self-conscious) emotions as a result of the development of self-awareness, which occurs when they’re between 18 and 24 months of age.
