Sociocultural Paper 1 ERQs Flashcards
The individual & the group ERQ Studies
Ogihara & Uchida 2010s - global in-group, local out-group
Lyons-Padilla 2010s - conflict between global groups & local groups
Novotny & Polonsky 2010s - stereotypes alleviated
Cultural origins of behaviour & cognition ERQ Studies
Ogihara & Uchida 2010s - individuals’ cultural values influenced by global culture rather than local
Lyons-Padilla 2010s - conflicting cultural origins/values
Novotny & Polonsky 2010s - local cultural values changing
Cultural influences on individual behaviour ERQ Studies
Ogihara & Uchida 2010s - global norms conflicting local norms causing distress
Lyons-Padilla 2010s - acculturation to global culture
Novotny & Polonsky 2010s - local cultural values changing
Methodology Studies
Ogihara & Uchida 2010s - correlational survey/questionnaire
Lyons-Padilla 2010s - correlational survey/questionnaire
Novotny & Polonsky 2010s - correlational survey/questionnaire
Contextual Knowledge of the effect of globalisation/interaction of local & global influences on behaviour
- definition of globalisation
- why mportant
- what values is globalisation predominantly, and why is it those values
- e.g. manifestations of globalisation (immigration)
- mechanisms spread globalisation
- intersections of globalisation and social identity theory, cultural dimensions, and schema theory
- difficulties measuring globalisation
- inability to establish cause/effect
- possible mutual causality
- difficulties in generalisations
Contextual Knowledge of methodology in social psychology
- appropriateness of method selection for research aim
- strengths & limitations of research methods
- theoretical assumptions/biases from research methods
- researcher/participant/sampling biases
- sample choice & size
- generalisability of findings
- validity and reliability of research
- emic vs etic approaches
- methodological difficulties in measuring and testing effect of globalisation
- areas of uncertainty in globalisation research
- inability to establish cause/effect relationship and possible mutual causality
- intersections of globalisation and social identity theory, cultural dimensions, and schema theory
- self reported data causes demand characteristics
- difficulties in generalisations/transferability
Ogihara & Uchida 2010s Study
Aim
- investigate effects of globalised individualism in Japanese students (global cultural identity) conflicting with local collectivist culture on well-being
Participants/Research
- Correlational survey
- over 100 Japanese students
- comparison to over 60 US students (control group with individualistic culture)
Method
- Survey measured levels of individualism, wellbeing, & no. close friends
Results
- more individualistic Japanese rated lower wellbeing levels & had less friends
- No correlation between individualism & wellbeing in the Americans, as the individualistic value did not hinder cultural connection
Implications
- individualistic japanese identified more with globalised cultural value of individualism potentially making it harder for them to fit into local collectivist culture
- Japanese students adopting globalised cultural values of individualism may have poorer wellbeing & mental health outcomes as they fit less into their local culture of collectivism
- Spread of western values through globalisation could have a negative effect on people in collectivist cultures
- individuals through the internet can learn cultural values of the global culture rather than local ones
Evaluation:
- self reported data causes demand characteristics
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Ogihara & Uchida 2010s global norms conflicting local norms causing distress Study
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Aim
- investigate effects of adoption to globalised individualistic norms in Japanese students conflicting with local collectivist cultural values on well-being
Participants/Research
- Correlational survey
- over 100 Japanese students
- comparison to over 60 US students (control group with individualistic culture)
Method
- Survey measured levels of individualism, wellbeing, & no. close friends
Results
- more individualistic-valued Japanese rated lower wellbeing levels & had less friends
- No correlation between individualism & wellbeing in the Americans, as the individualistic value did not hinder cultural connection
Implications
- Japanese students adoption of globalised values of individualism may have poorer wellbeing & mental health outcomes as they fit less into their local culture of collectivism
- Spread of western values through globalisation could have a negative effect on people in collectivist cultures
- global cultural values are adopted & inform behaviour in local individuals potentially making it harder for them to fit into local collectivist culture
- individuals through the internet can learn cultural values of the global culture rather than local ones
self reported data causes demand characteristics
Lyons-Padilla 2010s Study
social identity theory conflicting with global identity and losing local identity
conflict between global groups and local groups due to globalisation
conflicting cultural origins/values
conflicting with global cultures causing cognitive harm Study
Aim
- investigate effects of globalisation promoting Pakistani Muslim immigration to more globally dominant cultures such as US on mental health of immigrants
Participants/Research
- Correlational survey
- 200+ Muslim immigrants from Pakistan in US between 18-35
Method
- Survey consisted of questions about acculturation strategies, significance loss (feeling purposelessness in life), and support of islamic extremism
Results
- The integrated immigrants had better mental health and cultural identity outcomes
- The immigrants with radical/extremist Islamic views correlated with significance loss which comes from the marginalisation component of acculturation
- Marginalised immigrants experienced loss of personal and cultural identity, and excluded themselves from cultural gatherings as well
- The immigrants who experienced more significance loss were correlated to be more likely sympathetic towards radical Islamic beliefs potentially due to the purposelessness of significance loss which is caused by marginalisation acculturation strategy
- experiences of discrimination were risk factors in turning to marginalisation
Implications
- Increasing immigration to Western countries due to globalisation affects mental health by creating significance loss in the immigrants whose acculturation strategies consist of marginalisation ,
- As globalisation increases immigration of local cultures to more globally dominant cultures such as US, the globalised immigration affects the mental health of immigrants due to their acculturation strategies
- Acculturation, promoted by globalisation, if consists of marginalisation strategy may cause significance loss which is a risk factor of radicalisation of Muslim immigrants (Kruglanski et al, 2014), as immigrants who feel disconnected to local and global cultures, and thus often also experience prejudice or discrimination, may potentially seek connection in extremism
- As globalisation has coincided with Islamic extremism and terrorism (Lutz and Lutz, 2015), the significance loss resulting from marginalisation acculturation strategies and prejudice and discrimination against increasing immigrants due to globalisation, may possibly cause radicalisation and extremism
Evaluation:
Pros:
- cross-sectional survey meant large sample size
- anonymity was crucial in this sensitive investigation
Cons:
- lack of casual relationship
Novotny & Polonsky 2010s stereotypes alleviated Study
stereotypes alleviated due to globalisation
Aim
- To investigate whether prejudice against an out-group will reduce from positive contact with out-group
- To investigate the validity of the theory that prejudice can be reduced by positive contact experiences with minority group through anxiety reduction, empathy, and reconceptualisation of minority/out-group, as Integrated Threat Theory posits that prejudice results from perceived threats of an out-group to an in-group, however positive contact will allow majority/in-group to realise the out-group is not threatening
Participants/Research
- Correlational study based on surveys
- 716 students across Czech and Slovak cities
- Stratified sample, then random selection based on university major
Method
- Participants filled out a survey
In Czech Republic and Slovakia there is minimal interaction with Muslims due to limited immigration
- Survey divided into 4 sections: knowledge of Islam, attitudes/opinions on Islam/Muslims, geographical knowledge of Islam, personality of participants
Results
- The less the participants knew about Islam, the more prejudice the participant had against Muslims and the more threatened they felt about Muslims
- The more participants travelled to Muslim countries, and had personal contact with Muslims, the less prejudice held against Muslims
Implications
- Education and personal contact decreases prejudice of an out-group
Increased globalisation and understanding and interaction with other cultures may decrease prejudice of out-group cultures
- Increasing immigration, travel, cross-cultural connection due to globalisation may decrease prejudice through positive contact with out-groups which may not have occurred without globalisation
- However, due to globalisation, predominantly favouring Western values, local, indigenous cultures with less global dominance may remain neglected and thus not receive less prejudice attitudes as globalisation does not uplift smaller cultures
Evaluation:
Pros:
- Application of Integrated Threat and Intergroup Contact Theories
- factual knowledge and intergroup contact can reduce negative perceptions can be used for conflict resolution
- relevant in areas with limited Muslim populations, where stereotypes and prejudice may be more prevalent due to lack of exposure.
Method Pros:
- large sample size meaning powerful statistical results
- a composite score for objective knowledge about Islam based on factual questions
- provides a quantitative measure of knowledge, which allows for correlation with attitudes
Method Cons:
- the survey design restricts the ability to determine causality; a longitudinal design would be better suited for assessing causal relationships
- Surveys are also open to social desirability effect and demand characteristics.
- self-reported data & abstract—unclear how these ppt would react in an actual interaction with Muslims
- factual knowledge does not necessarily equate to cultural empathy
- homogeneity in sample limits generalisations. University students tend to travel more, be more urban and be of a certain socioeconomic status.
Becker
Aim
- To investigate the effect of globalisation of Western TV in altering Fijian attitudes, and body image ideals in becoming more globalised or Westernised
Participants/Research
- Naturalistic experiment
- Semi-structured interviews
- Survey / Questionnaire
- Adolescents
- 1st sample: Fijian girls examined BEFORE globalisation through Western TV
- 2nd sample: DIFFERENT girls AFTER introduction of TV
Method
- Both samples completed EAT survey measuring likelihood to develop an eating disorder.
- then semi-structured interviews about body image, dieting
Results
- EAT scores increased from 1st sample to 2nd sample
- Girls w/ TVs in their homes were likely to have high EAT scores
- stated they felt too fat
- no bulimia before now is bulimia
Implications
- The globalisation of Western TVs in local cultures causes those cultures, and specifically adolescents to absorb Western cultural body ideals, which could change behaviour in local cultures by increasing the likelihood of developing an eating disorder
Evaluation
self reported data causes demand characteristics
