Sociocultural Approach - The Individual and the Group - Social Cognitive Theory

Question 1

Social Cognitive Theory Developed by…

Answer 1

Bandura (1986)

Question 2

Social Cognitive Theory

Answer 2

• Claims that humans learn behaviour by watching models and imitating their behaviour
  
  • called vicarious learning (=observational learning)
• 4 cognitive factors influence vicarious learning
  
  • attention
  • retention
  • reproduction
  • motivation
• Claims that learning is most likely to occur if the observer has high self-efficacy

Question 3

Attention

Answer 3

Pay attention to the features of the modelled behaviour

Question 4

Retention

Answer 4

Remember details of the behaviour in order to learn and reproduce

Question 5

Reproduction

Answer 5

• Performing the observed behaviour

- the opportunity to reproduce must be available

Question 6

Motivation

Answer 6

• Learners must want to replicate the behaviour
• Factors influencing whethere learners want to replicate the bahviour or not.
  
  • Rewards/Punishment
  • Identificiation with the model
  • Liking the model
  • Consistency

Question 7

Rewards/Punishment

Answer 7

Learning from consequences of others’ actions = vicarious reinforcement

Question 8

Identification With the Model

Answer 8

Models who are similar (in age, gender, etc) to the learner

Question 9

Liking the Model

Answer 9

Friendly, respected and liked by the observer

Question 10

Consistency

Answer 10

The model’s behaviour is consistent

Question 11

Self-efficacy

Answer 11

The belief in our ability to succeed acomplishing a task
- if learners do not think they can succeed, they are less
likely to replicate a model’s behavior

Question 12

Bandura et al. (1963)

Answer 12

Aim:
- Investigate the effects of a model being rewarded or
punished

Pps:

• 40 boys and 40 girls
• From a nursery school

Procedure:
- Children were tested individually
- Showed a 5 minute film
- actors: two male adults Rocky and Johnny
- Johnny playing with his attractive toys
- Rocky comes in and physically attacks Johnny
- Randomly allocated in one of two experimental or one
of two control groups
- Aggressive Model-Rewarded
- at the end Rocky is happily playing with the toys, at
the end, he packs all the toys and leaves singing
- Johnny sits dejectedly in a corner
- Aggressive Model-Punished
- Johnny wins the fight
- Rocky fled into a corner where he sits cowering
- Johnny puts his toys in a sack and leaves
Two control group
- Non-aggressive Model-Control group
- the two men don’t fight
- they engage in a lively non-aggressive play
- Control group
- not shown any film
- Children then taken to another room with aggressive and non-aggressive toys
- Invited to play with them
- observed every 5th second for 20 minutes
- aggression like Rocky = imitative aggression
- aggressed in other ways = non-imitative aggression

Results:

• Aggression total was highest for Aggressive Model-Rewarded condition
• Aggression total was lowest for Aggressive Model-Punished
• Imitative aggression was highest for Aggressive Model-Rewarded
• Imitative aggression was lowest for control group
  
  • There were differences between boys nad girls