Sociocultural Approach - Cultural Origins of Behaviour and Cognition - Cultural Dimensions Flashcards

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1
Q

Culture

A

A set of attitudes, values, beliefs and behaviours shared by a group of people, but different for each individual, communicated frmo one generation to the next

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2
Q

Cultural Norms

A

Unique set of attidues, beliefs and behaviours specific for a particular culture.

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3
Q

Cultural Dimensions Developed By…

A

Geert Hofstede (1973)

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4
Q

Cultural Dimensions

A
  • An aspect of culture that can be measured relative to other cultures.
    • Works on continuum = e.g. a culture is never 100%
      collectivistic, but are different levels of preference for
      one set of behaviours over another
  • 4 dimensions:
    • Individusalism vs Collectvism
    • Uncertainty Avoidance
    • Power Distance
    • Masculinity vs Femininity
  • Later added 2
    • Short-term vs Long-term orientation
    • Indulgence vs restraint
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5
Q

Individualism

A
  • Characteristics
    • Self-image of ‘I’
    • Self seperated from society
    • Personal identity based on thier own characteristics,
      succes and unique features
    • Individual goals
    • Personal freedom
    • Own oney
    • Personal challenge
    • I-embarassment
    • Own decisions
    • Personal autonomy
    • Competitiveness
    • Self-sufficiency
  • Categories
    • Horizontal individualism
    • Vertical individualism
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6
Q

Horizontal Individualism

A

Members are unique and mostly of the same status

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7
Q

Vertical Individualism

A

Members are unique but it is possible to distinguish yourself and enjoy high status in a social hierarchy

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8
Q

Collectivism

A
  • Characteristics
    • Self-image of ‘we’
    • self in terms of group membership
    • Social identity linked to the social group
    • Group goals
    • Harmony, conflict and confrontations avoided
    • Resources shared
    • Loyalty
    • We-embarassment
    • Obedience and proper behaviour
    • Values associated with belonging to a group take
      priority over personal values
  • Categories
    • Horizontal collectivism
    • Vertical collectivism
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9
Q

Horizontal collectivism

A

Members merge themselves with the ingroup and enjoy largely the same status

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10
Q

Vertical Collectivism

A

Members merge themselves with the ingroup and submit themselves to an authority in that ingroup

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11
Q

Conformity

A

A change in behaviour or belief as a result of real or imagined group pressure in order to git in with group norms

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12
Q

Berry & Katz (1967)

A

Aim:
- Investigate whether there is a difference in degree of conformity between the Temne people and the Eskimo people.

Pps:
- Traditional people without western education & people 
  in transition to western life
  - 90 Temne traditional
  - 32 Temne transitional
  - 91 Eskimo traditional
  - 31 Eskimo transitional
\+ 62 Scots from a rural area
\+ 60 Scots from an urban area

Procedure:
- Pps shown a paper with 9 different lines
- line at the top - standard line
- Pps had to identify the line out of the other eight, that had the same length as the standard line
- difference between the 8 lines
1. 1 mm
2. 2 mm
3. 3 mm
- One of the 8 lines had a cross on it
- pps were told the most people had identified that line
as the one equal of length to the standard line
- none were the correct answer
- Conformity score was the number of lines away from the correct one they identified as the one

Results:
- Average conformity score
- higher in the Temne sample
- lower in the Eskimo sample than the Scottish sample
- transitional & urban samples < traditional or rural
samples within each culture
- however not a significant difference

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13
Q

The Temne People

A
  • Rice farmers
    • therefore high on food accumulation
      • high need for discipline
        • may affect child-rearing practices
          • therefore degree of conformity
        • individualism could be and collectivism high
    • required cooperationg with larger group
  • Harvest once a year
    • are dependent on harvest
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14
Q

The Eskimo People

A
  • Fish and hunt
    • therefore low on food-accumulation
    • requires individual skill and creativity
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