sociocultural

Question 1

Confederate

Answer 1

An actor who participates in a psychological experiment pretending to be a subject but in actuality working for the researcher

Question 2

Content analysis

Answer 2

a method used to analyze qualitative data in which the research looks for “themes” or trends that emerge from the data.

Question 3

Covert observation

Answer 3

a type of participant observation in which the identity of the researcher, the nature of the research project, and the fact that participants are being observed are concealed from those who are being studied.

Question 4

Cross-sectional design

Answer 4

Comparing two or more groups on a particular variable at a specific time. The opposite is a longitudinal design where the researcher measures a change in an individual over time.

Question 5

Longitudinal study

Answer 5

research over a period of time using observations, interviews, or psychometric testing. (Similar to a repeated measures design in an experiment).

Question 6

Meta-analysis

Answer 6

Pooling data from multiple studies of the same research question to arrive at one combined answer.

Question 7

Method triangulation

Answer 7

using more than one method to gather data, such as interviews, observations, and questionnaires.

Question 8

Participant observation

Answer 8

When a researcher joins a group in order to better observe and understand their behavior.

Question 9

Prospective research

Answer 9

A study that attempts to find a correlation between two variables by collecting data early in the life of participants and then continuing to test them over a period of time to measure change and development.

Question 10

Retrospective research

Answer 10

A study of an individual after an important change or development. For example, the study of a person after a stroke. This requires the research to “reconstruct” the life of the individual prior to the event.

Question 11

Acculturation

Answer 11

The process by which someone comes into contact with another culture and begins to adopt the norms and behaviors of that culture.

Question 12

Acculturation gaps

Answer 12

generational differences in acculturation and how this leads to conflict within the family.

Question 13

Acculturative stress

Answer 13

a reduction in the mental health and well-being of ethnic minorities that occurs during the process of adaptation to a new culture. It is often referred to as “culture shock.”

Question 14

Assimilation

Answer 14

when an individual abandons their original culture and adopts the cultural behaviors and values of a new culture.

Question 15

Confirmation bias

Answer 15

when people tend to seek out or remember information that supports their currently held beliefs or expectations - and ignore information that contradicts these beliefs.

Question 16

Cultural norm

Answer 16

a set of rules based on socially or culturally shared beliefs of how an individual ought to behave to be accepted within that group.

Question 17

Cultural dimension

Answer 17

the trends of behavior in a given culture that reflect the values of that culture.

Question 18

Dispositional factors

Answer 18

individual characteristics that influence behavior and actions in a person - such as personality or temperament.

Question 19

Emic approach

Answer 19

looking at behaviors of a group from the perspective of one member of that group.

Question 20

Enculturation

Answer 20

the process of adopting or internalizing the schemas of your culture.

Question 21

Etic approach

Answer 21

typically taken within cross-cultural psychology where behavior is compared across specific cultures. Etic study involves drawing on the notion of universal properties of cultures, which share common perceptual, cognitive, and emotional structures.

Question 22

Global culture

Answer 22

the culture that we come to learn and perhaps adapt to by contact with other cultures - via travel, working in international companies, or through the media and social networking.

Question 23

Globalization

Answer 23

the process of interaction and integration among people of different nations and cultures.

Question 24

Illusory correlation

Answer 24

people see a relationship between two variables even when there is none.

Question 25

Informational social influence

Answer 25

Also known as social proof - when people look to the actions of others in an attempt to determine how to behave in a given situation.

Question 26

In-group bias

Answer 26

favoring members of one’s in-group over out-group members.

Question 27

Integration

Answer 27

When there is an interest in adopting the behaviors and values of a new culture, while still maintaining one’s original culture.

Question 28

Local culture

Answer 28

the culture that we grow up in and share with others in the same environment.

Question 29

Marginalization

Answer 29

when it is not really possible to maintain one’s original culture, but because of exclusion or discrimination, it is not possible to assimilate into a new culture.

Question 30

Normative social influence

Answer 30

when a person conforms to be liked or accepted by members of a group.

Question 31

Salience

Answer 31

when one is highly aware of one of their membership in a social group.

person/trait/etc that is prominent/noticeable compared to surroundings

Question 32

Self-efficacy

Answer 32

one’s belief in one’s ability to succeed in accomplishing a task.

Question 33

Social comparison

Answer 33

a drive within individuals to gain accurate self-evaluations by comparing oneself to other people.

Question 34

Social context

Answer 34

how someone reacts to something depending on their immediate social or physical environment.

Question 35

Stereotype

Answer 35

social perception of an individual in terms of group membership or physical attributes.

Question 36

Stereotype threat

Answer 36

when worry about conforming to a negative stereotype leads to underperformance on a test or other task by a member of the stereotyped group

Question 37

Vicarious reinforcement

Answer 37

our tendency to repeat or imitate behaviors for which others are being rewarded.

Question 38

Social cognitive theory

theory

Answer 38

Bandura’s social cognitive theory of human functioning emphasizes the critical role of self-beliefs in human cognition, motivation, and behavior. Bandura’s theory argues that we learn from observing models that receive rewards and punishment, a process known as vicarious reinforcement.

Question 39

Social identity theory

theory

Answer 39

the study of the interplay between personal and social identities. The theory aims to predict the circumstances under which individuals think of themselves as individuals or as group members. The theory also considers the consequences of personal and social identities for group behavior.

Question 40

Vulnerability models

theory

Answer 40

Models that show that environmental and social risk factors play a role in negative mental and physical health outcomes.