Socio-historical Questions Flashcards
Explain the support structures for elite performers provided by the national institutes of excellence such as the EIS (4)
Regional or satellite centres
High quality facilities/coaches
Sport science support - biomechanics, psychology, strength and conditioning
Sports medicine - physiotherapy
Performance lifestyle advisors
Research and innovation
Outline strategies that sporting authorities have used in an attempt to maintain high standards of behaviour (7) (14)
Campaigns to promote sportsmanship
Better technology to help officials
Rules changed to promote FairPlay
On field - penalties, sin bins
Off field - fines, bans
Punish the club - e.g. deduct points
Positive role models
Codes of conduct for players
Drug testing
How does Sportscoach UK fulfil its aim of improving the standard of coaching available to elite performers (3)
UK coaching award
Work with governing bodies
Provide workshops/seminars
UK centre for coaching excellence
UK coaching networks
What are the characteristics of an effective talent identification programme (3)
Widespread testing programme
High quality scouts/coaches able to spot talent
High quality testing facilities
Database for comparison
Structured competition/progression routes
Explain strategies that UK sport has implemented to develop elite performers (4)
Coordinated approach with NGBs
Provide centres of excellence
World class performance pathway
Develops partnerships with other countries
Promotes equal access/FairPlay
Distributes national lottery funding
Explain the social factors and the support programmes in the UK that encourage the development of elite athletes and increase the chance of winning medals (14)
Status of sport/level of media coverage
Equal opportunity policies
School/university experience
Access to clubs
Family/peer support
Social class
Sport England - coordinated development of grass roots
UK sport coordinated development of elite sport
Whole sport plans
High quality facilities
High quality coaching
Talent ID programmes
levels of structured competition
Research and development programmes
Sport science
Sports medicine
Performance lifestyle advice
Identify five characteristics of a world games (5)
Elite performers
Pre qualification required
National showpiece/shop window effect
High levels of sponsorship
High quality facilities
Global media coverage
Outline and explain the structure of the world class performance pathway (3)
Organised by UK sport
Podium - supporting athletes chance of winning medal at the next Olympics
Development - comprising of athletes whose performances have suggested that they have realistic medal winning capabilities and newly funded sports that are demonstrating the ability to be competitive in the next 4-6 years
Talent - designed to support the identification and confirmation of athletes who have the potential to pass through the pathway
How does the law and sport legislation help to ensure that performers are protected during sporting contests? (3)
Protect against violent play
Employment contracts with clubs
Safe playing environment
Protection from violent spectators
Equality legislation
Ensure opponents using doping methods are banned
Explain the consequences of spectator violence for the clubs and the sporting authorities (4)
Negative image causes decline in participation rate
Spectator attendance declines
All supporters treated as hooligans
Additional cost to police events
Matches played behind closed doors
Discuss the suggestion that an increase in the commercialisation of sport has been beneficial for performers and the sport (7)
Beneficial:
Increase in wages
Performers become well known/role models
Increased participation
Money to provide better facilities
Increase in number of events
Not beneficial:
Increase in deviant behaviour
Not all sports benefit
Greater pressure on performers
Explain the advantages and disadvantages of all sports, in all countries, testing for performance enhancing drugs (4)
+ competitors are equal
+ testing not limited by where the athlete is based
+ shared cost between all sports
- difficult to get all countries to agree
- testing can produce incorrect/inconsistent results
- money used for testing could be used for education about dangers of drug taking
Outline the possible causes of spectator violence, such as hooliganism, at sporting events (7) (14)
Alcohol
Importance of event - rivalry/Derby
Racism
Outlet for aggression
Provocation
Reaction of working class to middle class ‘taking over the game’
Media hype
Poor crowd control
Peer pressure
Explain how the law aims to protect spectators from hooliganism (7) (14)
Games played at specific times
Pubs banned from opening prior to games
All seater stadiums
Violent individuals prosecuted
Specific laws e.g. trespassing on the pitch
Individuals banned from grounds
Passports confiscated
Increased police security at events
Police share info about known individuals
How might a performer break the contract to compete during a sporting contest? (3)
Break the rules of the sport
Not try their best to win e.g. match fixing
Disrespect officials
Drugs
Discuss the suggestion that sponsorship and commercialisation have improved the nature of the sporting experience for the spectator (7)
+ increased excitement of watching role models
+ better quality facilities make spectating easier
+ increased number of opportunities to watch events
+ funding for improved technology at the ground e.g. Video screens for playback
- traditional nature of sport changed
- breaks in play for commercials
- higher ticket prices
- minority sports receive less coverage
Discuss the suggestion that increased media coverage of elite sport has had a positive impact on coaches (4)
+ greater profile of their role
+ increased Sakarya
- greater pressure
- hire and fire culture/easier to lose job
- coaches of sports with less coverage get less funding
Using examples, explain the terms positive and negative deviancy (3)
Negative - behaviour against societies norms and values
E.g. Intentionally breaking rules
Positive - over conformity to sporting ethic
E.g. Over training
Suggest reasons why there has been very few instances of spectator violence at the modern Olympic Games compared to some other major sporting events (4)
Olympics only once every 4 years
Crowds from many countries
Family orientated
Multi sport competition
FairPlay promoted
Discuss the suggestion that doping is necessary at elite level (7) (14)
+ increases chances of winning
+ train longer/recover quicker
+ people should be free to choose
+ many banned substances are available legally
- health risks
- unfair advantage
- negative role models
- peer pressure to take drugs
- not all performers have access to doping methods
Outline the strategies that sporting organisations use to limit the use of banned substances by performers (7) (14)
Random testing
Clear guidelines on website
Shared policies between organisations
Education programmes for athletes
Punishments
Use of positive role models
More funding for testing programmes
Contracts contain clauses if caught doping
Discuss the suggestion that funding should be equal for all sports and not based on performance at major championships (4)
+ all sports need funding for development
+ helps to promote less familiar sports
+ increase grass roots participation
- limited funds have it be used effectively
- funding is a privilege not a right
- reward successful sports
Outline the disadvantages to a sport of increased media control (4)
Traditional nature of sport changes
Playing times altered
More popular sports gain more coverage at expense of minority ones
Over-saturation on television - becomes boring
Location of evens may be influenced by commercial considerations
After team GB cyclists won 14 medals at the 2008 Olympics the Daily Telegraph wrote - ‘Their feats will not only change the way their sports are perceived back homes, they will actually change our society’ - discuss this statement with particular reference to the successful performers, the governing body and society. (7) (14)
+ increase in coverage
+ increase in participation
+ increased funding
+ role models
+ new clubs established
+ increased spectators at events
+ increased national pride
+ health benefits
+ legacy of facilities
- high expectations
- intrusion to private life
- pressure to perform even if injured
- possible change of attitude/negative deviancy
- inability to meet demands
- lack of facilities
- extra funding may not be available
Discuss the suggestion that the increased use of technology to help officials make correct decisions has improved the sporting event (7)
+ ensures correct decisions - fair
+ helps officials communicate with each other
+ less post match criticism
+ allows players to officially challenge decisions
- technology can’t be used for everything/can still be wrong
- changes the nature of the sport
- costs limit technology use/not consistent for all
- breaks in play can be disruptive for spectators
Explain the reasons for companies investing such large sums of money in sport (3)
Raise awareness of brand
Linked to sport with good image - improves company image
Improve company morale
Tax relief for sponsoring companies
Explain how the leisure opportunities for the working classes improved during the 19th century in terms of provision (7)
Factory reform acts - more time available
Increased wages
Factory owners/churches established clubs
Philanthropists provided new facilities
Better communication links
Increased media coverage led to greater awareness
Middle class encouraged working class sport
Establishment of NGBs - formation of leagues
Discuss the suggestion that there has been a decline in sportsmanship since the late 19th century (7)
Sportsmanship - unwritten rules of etiquette/fairplay
In 19th century amateur sport was dominant
Amateurism - playing for love of sport/not paid
During 20th century professionalism increased
Increase in win at all costs attitude/lombardian ethic
Caused an increase in gamesmanship
Increase in doping
However, sportsmanship still promoted e.g. Olympic ideal
Greater need to maintain image of sport to retain sponsorship
Explain the social factors that contributed to the emergence of mass spectator sport in the 19th century (4)
Reduction of working hours - time to attend matches
Improvement in transport - easier access to events
Improved communication - more awareness of events
Creation of NGBs - leagues formed
Creation of factory/Church teams
Urbanisation - lack of space meant a need for alternative to traditional sporting activities
What are the similarities between the sporting values of the 19th century public schools and the modern Olympic Games? (3)
Sportsmanship
Athleticism
No monetary prizes
High commitment level
Follow unwritten rules/etiquette
Explain how, during the 19th century, ex public school boys influenced the development of sport in the UK and around the world (4)
Old boys network led to codification
Establishment of governing bodies led to leagues
Employers developed factory teams
Travelled the British Empire and introduced new sports
Politicians introduced acts of Parliament for public provision of facilities
Suggest reasons why the international Olympic committee has allowed professional performers to compete at the Olympic Games in recent years (3)
Many traditional amateur sports are now professional
Amateurs can still compete
No prize money
Higher standard of competition
Greater spectator/media interest
Suggest reasons why not all sports or groups of performers, shh as women, will benefit from success at the Olympic Games (4)
Not the same amount of media coverage for all groups/sports
Fewer role models
Lower status of sport/Difficult to compete against traditional sports
Lack of access to clubs/facilities
Cultural barriers/discrimination
Explain how the middle classes supported the developments in sort during the 19th century (3)
Development of rules via public schools/NGBs
Development of leagues via NGBs
Amateurism due to having money to play for the love of it
New sports via universities
Provided more leisure time - allowed more time to participate
Explain the 19th century codes of amateurism and professionalism and their positive impact on the 19th century and modern day sport (14)
A - taking part in sport for love of it
Participation more important than winning
Encourages socially acceptable behaviour
Discourages deviant behaviour
Because not tempted by extrinsic rewards
Freedom from restrictions of professional contracts
Inclusive/not always based on ability
P - earn money from sport
19th century sport became a business
Train full time
So standards improve
Winning is critical
Encourages spectator based sport
Social control
Today all social classes can participate in either amateur or professional
Ethics/moral codes still evident today
NGBs formed
Today amateur and professional codes blurred due to shared characteristics
What is the role and purpose of national institutes of sport (3)
Designed to foster the talents of Britain’s elite athletes/medal count
Sports science
Performance lifestyle programmes
Address issues of under represented groups
Work with NGBs and other organisations
Discuss the continued relevance of the contract to compete for elite performers in today’s society (4)
Relevant - without rules sport would be dysfunctional
Fair play still an important concept
Role models are expected to uphold standards
Not relevant - athletes should try to win at any cost
More performers taking drugs
Different cultures have different interpretations
Explain the impact of urbanisation, public provision and communications on the development and spread of rational recreation during the 19th century (7)
Rational recreation - written rules/regular fixtures
U - lack of space - mob games lost
Need for masses to be occupied - stabiles built for spectators
Factory teams - regular competition
Pp - government acts - provision of parks and baths
Improved health
C - media raised awareness of sport/role models
Transport - transported teams
Suggest reasons to support the argument for legalising drugs in sport today (4)
Drugs can be masked
Often inaccurate results
If everyone could take them it would become a level playing field
Sports and countries have different rules
Individuals have the right to choose
Explain why an elite performer should consider the nature of a sponsor and their products before accepting a sponsorship deal (3)
The performer is a role model for others
Commercial support depends upon the image of the performer
Linking to a product that does not reflect the image of sport
May endanger future commercial support
Bring criticism to the performer
Level of control exerted by the performer
