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PE A2 > Socio-historical Questions > Flashcards

Socio-historical Questions Flashcards

1
Q

Explain the support structures for elite performers provided by the national institutes of excellence such as the EIS (4)

A

Regional or satellite centres

High quality facilities/coaches

Sport science support - biomechanics, psychology, strength and conditioning

Sports medicine - physiotherapy

Performance lifestyle advisors

Research and innovation

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2
Q

Outline strategies that sporting authorities have used in an attempt to maintain high standards of behaviour (7) (14)

A

Campaigns to promote sportsmanship

Better technology to help officials

Rules changed to promote FairPlay

On field - penalties, sin bins

Off field - fines, bans

Punish the club - e.g. deduct points

Positive role models

Codes of conduct for players

Drug testing

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3
Q

How does Sportscoach UK fulfil its aim of improving the standard of coaching available to elite performers (3)

A

UK coaching award

Work with governing bodies

Provide workshops/seminars

UK centre for coaching excellence

UK coaching networks

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4
Q

What are the characteristics of an effective talent identification programme (3)

A

Widespread testing programme

High quality scouts/coaches able to spot talent

High quality testing facilities

Database for comparison

Structured competition/progression routes

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5
Q

Explain strategies that UK sport has implemented to develop elite performers (4)

A

Coordinated approach with NGBs

Provide centres of excellence

World class performance pathway

Develops partnerships with other countries

Promotes equal access/FairPlay

Distributes national lottery funding

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6
Q

Explain the social factors and the support programmes in the UK that encourage the development of elite athletes and increase the chance of winning medals (14)

A

Status of sport/level of media coverage

Equal opportunity policies

School/university experience

Access to clubs

Family/peer support

Social class

Sport England - coordinated development of grass roots

UK sport coordinated development of elite sport

Whole sport plans

High quality facilities

High quality coaching

Talent ID programmes

levels of structured competition

Research and development programmes

Sport science

Sports medicine

Performance lifestyle advice

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7
Q

Identify five characteristics of a world games (5)

A

Elite performers

Pre qualification required

National showpiece/shop window effect

High levels of sponsorship

High quality facilities

Global media coverage

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8
Q

Outline and explain the structure of the world class performance pathway (3)

A

Organised by UK sport

Podium - supporting athletes chance of winning medal at the next Olympics

Development - comprising of athletes whose performances have suggested that they have realistic medal winning capabilities and newly funded sports that are demonstrating the ability to be competitive in the next 4-6 years

Talent - designed to support the identification and confirmation of athletes who have the potential to pass through the pathway

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9
Q

How does the law and sport legislation help to ensure that performers are protected during sporting contests? (3)

A

Protect against violent play

Employment contracts with clubs

Safe playing environment

Protection from violent spectators

Equality legislation

Ensure opponents using doping methods are banned

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10
Q

Explain the consequences of spectator violence for the clubs and the sporting authorities (4)

A

Negative image causes decline in participation rate

Spectator attendance declines

All supporters treated as hooligans

Additional cost to police events

Matches played behind closed doors

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11
Q

Discuss the suggestion that an increase in the commercialisation of sport has been beneficial for performers and the sport (7)

A

Beneficial:

Increase in wages

Performers become well known/role models

Increased participation

Money to provide better facilities

Increase in number of events

Not beneficial:

Increase in deviant behaviour

Not all sports benefit

Greater pressure on performers

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12
Q

Explain the advantages and disadvantages of all sports, in all countries, testing for performance enhancing drugs (4)

A

+ competitors are equal

+ testing not limited by where the athlete is based

+ shared cost between all sports

  • difficult to get all countries to agree
  • testing can produce incorrect/inconsistent results
  • money used for testing could be used for education about dangers of drug taking
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13
Q

Outline the possible causes of spectator violence, such as hooliganism, at sporting events (7) (14)

A

Alcohol

Importance of event - rivalry/Derby

Racism

Outlet for aggression

Provocation

Reaction of working class to middle class ‘taking over the game’

Media hype

Poor crowd control

Peer pressure

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14
Q

Explain how the law aims to protect spectators from hooliganism (7) (14)

A

Games played at specific times

Pubs banned from opening prior to games

All seater stadiums

Violent individuals prosecuted

Specific laws e.g. trespassing on the pitch

Individuals banned from grounds

Passports confiscated

Increased police security at events

Police share info about known individuals

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15
Q

How might a performer break the contract to compete during a sporting contest? (3)

A

Break the rules of the sport

Not try their best to win e.g. match fixing

Disrespect officials

Drugs

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16
Q

Discuss the suggestion that sponsorship and commercialisation have improved the nature of the sporting experience for the spectator (7)

A

+ increased excitement of watching role models

+ better quality facilities make spectating easier

+ increased number of opportunities to watch events

+ funding for improved technology at the ground e.g. Video screens for playback

  • traditional nature of sport changed
  • breaks in play for commercials
  • higher ticket prices
  • minority sports receive less coverage
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17
Q

Discuss the suggestion that increased media coverage of elite sport has had a positive impact on coaches (4)

A

+ greater profile of their role

+ increased Sakarya

  • greater pressure
  • hire and fire culture/easier to lose job
  • coaches of sports with less coverage get less funding
18
Q

Using examples, explain the terms positive and negative deviancy (3)

A

Negative - behaviour against societies norms and values

E.g. Intentionally breaking rules

Positive - over conformity to sporting ethic

E.g. Over training

19
Q

Suggest reasons why there has been very few instances of spectator violence at the modern Olympic Games compared to some other major sporting events (4)

A

Olympics only once every 4 years

Crowds from many countries

Family orientated

Multi sport competition

FairPlay promoted

20
Q

Discuss the suggestion that doping is necessary at elite level (7) (14)

A

+ increases chances of winning

+ train longer/recover quicker

+ people should be free to choose

+ many banned substances are available legally

  • health risks
  • unfair advantage
  • negative role models
  • peer pressure to take drugs
  • not all performers have access to doping methods
21
Q

Outline the strategies that sporting organisations use to limit the use of banned substances by performers (7) (14)

A

Random testing

Clear guidelines on website

Shared policies between organisations

Education programmes for athletes

Punishments

Use of positive role models

More funding for testing programmes

Contracts contain clauses if caught doping

22
Q

Discuss the suggestion that funding should be equal for all sports and not based on performance at major championships (4)

A

+ all sports need funding for development

+ helps to promote less familiar sports

+ increase grass roots participation

  • limited funds have it be used effectively
  • funding is a privilege not a right
  • reward successful sports
23
Q

Outline the disadvantages to a sport of increased media control (4)

A

Traditional nature of sport changes

Playing times altered

More popular sports gain more coverage at expense of minority ones

Over-saturation on television - becomes boring

Location of evens may be influenced by commercial considerations

24
Q

After team GB cyclists won 14 medals at the 2008 Olympics the Daily Telegraph wrote - ‘Their feats will not only change the way their sports are perceived back homes, they will actually change our society’ - discuss this statement with particular reference to the successful performers, the governing body and society. (7) (14)

A

+ increase in coverage

+ increase in participation

+ increased funding

+ role models

+ new clubs established

+ increased spectators at events

+ increased national pride

+ health benefits

+ legacy of facilities

  • high expectations
  • intrusion to private life
  • pressure to perform even if injured
  • possible change of attitude/negative deviancy
  • inability to meet demands
  • lack of facilities
  • extra funding may not be available
25
Q

Discuss the suggestion that the increased use of technology to help officials make correct decisions has improved the sporting event (7)

A

+ ensures correct decisions - fair

+ helps officials communicate with each other

+ less post match criticism

+ allows players to officially challenge decisions

  • technology can’t be used for everything/can still be wrong
  • changes the nature of the sport
  • costs limit technology use/not consistent for all
  • breaks in play can be disruptive for spectators
26
Q

Explain the reasons for companies investing such large sums of money in sport (3)

A

Raise awareness of brand

Linked to sport with good image - improves company image

Improve company morale

Tax relief for sponsoring companies

27
Q

Explain how the leisure opportunities for the working classes improved during the 19th century in terms of provision (7)

A

Factory reform acts - more time available

Increased wages

Factory owners/churches established clubs

Philanthropists provided new facilities

Better communication links

Increased media coverage led to greater awareness

Middle class encouraged working class sport

Establishment of NGBs - formation of leagues

28
Q

Discuss the suggestion that there has been a decline in sportsmanship since the late 19th century (7)

A

Sportsmanship - unwritten rules of etiquette/fairplay

In 19th century amateur sport was dominant

Amateurism - playing for love of sport/not paid

During 20th century professionalism increased

Increase in win at all costs attitude/lombardian ethic

Caused an increase in gamesmanship

Increase in doping

However, sportsmanship still promoted e.g. Olympic ideal

Greater need to maintain image of sport to retain sponsorship

29
Q

Explain the social factors that contributed to the emergence of mass spectator sport in the 19th century (4)

A

Reduction of working hours - time to attend matches

Improvement in transport - easier access to events

Improved communication - more awareness of events

Creation of NGBs - leagues formed

Creation of factory/Church teams

Urbanisation - lack of space meant a need for alternative to traditional sporting activities

30
Q

What are the similarities between the sporting values of the 19th century public schools and the modern Olympic Games? (3)

A

Sportsmanship

Athleticism

No monetary prizes

High commitment level

Follow unwritten rules/etiquette

31
Q

Explain how, during the 19th century, ex public school boys influenced the development of sport in the UK and around the world (4)

A

Old boys network led to codification

Establishment of governing bodies led to leagues

Employers developed factory teams

Travelled the British Empire and introduced new sports

Politicians introduced acts of Parliament for public provision of facilities

32
Q

Suggest reasons why the international Olympic committee has allowed professional performers to compete at the Olympic Games in recent years (3)

A

Many traditional amateur sports are now professional

Amateurs can still compete

No prize money

Higher standard of competition

Greater spectator/media interest

33
Q

Suggest reasons why not all sports or groups of performers, shh as women, will benefit from success at the Olympic Games (4)

A

Not the same amount of media coverage for all groups/sports

Fewer role models

Lower status of sport/Difficult to compete against traditional sports

Lack of access to clubs/facilities

Cultural barriers/discrimination

34
Q

Explain how the middle classes supported the developments in sort during the 19th century (3)

A

Development of rules via public schools/NGBs

Development of leagues via NGBs

Amateurism due to having money to play for the love of it

New sports via universities

Provided more leisure time - allowed more time to participate

35
Q

Explain the 19th century codes of amateurism and professionalism and their positive impact on the 19th century and modern day sport (14)

A

A - taking part in sport for love of it

Participation more important than winning

Encourages socially acceptable behaviour

Discourages deviant behaviour

Because not tempted by extrinsic rewards

Freedom from restrictions of professional contracts

Inclusive/not always based on ability

P - earn money from sport

19th century sport became a business

Train full time

So standards improve

Winning is critical

Encourages spectator based sport

Social control

Today all social classes can participate in either amateur or professional

Ethics/moral codes still evident today

NGBs formed

Today amateur and professional codes blurred due to shared characteristics

36
Q

What is the role and purpose of national institutes of sport (3)

A

Designed to foster the talents of Britain’s elite athletes/medal count

Sports science

Performance lifestyle programmes

Address issues of under represented groups

Work with NGBs and other organisations

37
Q

Discuss the continued relevance of the contract to compete for elite performers in today’s society (4)

A

Relevant - without rules sport would be dysfunctional

Fair play still an important concept

Role models are expected to uphold standards

Not relevant - athletes should try to win at any cost

More performers taking drugs

Different cultures have different interpretations

38
Q

Explain the impact of urbanisation, public provision and communications on the development and spread of rational recreation during the 19th century (7)

A

Rational recreation - written rules/regular fixtures

U - lack of space - mob games lost
Need for masses to be occupied - stabiles built for spectators
Factory teams - regular competition

Pp - government acts - provision of parks and baths
Improved health

C - media raised awareness of sport/role models
Transport - transported teams

39
Q

Suggest reasons to support the argument for legalising drugs in sport today (4)

A

Drugs can be masked

Often inaccurate results

If everyone could take them it would become a level playing field

Sports and countries have different rules

Individuals have the right to choose

40
Q

Explain why an elite performer should consider the nature of a sponsor and their products before accepting a sponsorship deal (3)

A

The performer is a role model for others

Commercial support depends upon the image of the performer

Linking to a product that does not reflect the image of sport

May endanger future commercial support

Bring criticism to the performer

Level of control exerted by the performer

PE A2 (6 decks)

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