Socio-historical Questions Flashcards by Amy baird

Explain the support structures for elite performers provided by the national institutes of excellence such as the EIS (4)

Regional or satellite centres

High quality facilities/coaches

Sport science support - biomechanics, psychology, strength and conditioning

Sports medicine - physiotherapy

Performance lifestyle advisors

Research and innovation

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Outline strategies that sporting authorities have used in an attempt to maintain high standards of behaviour (7) (14)

Campaigns to promote sportsmanship

Better technology to help officials

Rules changed to promote FairPlay

On field - penalties, sin bins

Off field - fines, bans

Punish the club - e.g. deduct points

Positive role models

Codes of conduct for players

Drug testing

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How does Sportscoach UK fulfil its aim of improving the standard of coaching available to elite performers (3)

UK coaching award

Work with governing bodies

Provide workshops/seminars

UK centre for coaching excellence

UK coaching networks

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What are the characteristics of an effective talent identification programme (3)

Widespread testing programme

High quality scouts/coaches able to spot talent

High quality testing facilities

Database for comparison

Structured competition/progression routes

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Explain strategies that UK sport has implemented to develop elite performers (4)

Coordinated approach with NGBs

Provide centres of excellence

World class performance pathway

Develops partnerships with other countries

Promotes equal access/FairPlay

Distributes national lottery funding

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Explain the social factors and the support programmes in the UK that encourage the development of elite athletes and increase the chance of winning medals (14)

Status of sport/level of media coverage

Equal opportunity policies

School/university experience

Access to clubs

Family/peer support

Social class

Sport England - coordinated development of grass roots

UK sport coordinated development of elite sport

Whole sport plans

High quality facilities

High quality coaching

Talent ID programmes

levels of structured competition

Research and development programmes

Sport science

Sports medicine

Performance lifestyle advice

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Identify five characteristics of a world games (5)

Elite performers

Pre qualification required

National showpiece/shop window effect

High levels of sponsorship

High quality facilities

Global media coverage

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Outline and explain the structure of the world class performance pathway (3)

Organised by UK sport

Podium - supporting athletes chance of winning medal at the next Olympics

Development - comprising of athletes whose performances have suggested that they have realistic medal winning capabilities and newly funded sports that are demonstrating the ability to be competitive in the next 4-6 years

Talent - designed to support the identification and confirmation of athletes who have the potential to pass through the pathway

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How does the law and sport legislation help to ensure that performers are protected during sporting contests? (3)

Protect against violent play

Employment contracts with clubs

Safe playing environment

Protection from violent spectators

Equality legislation

Ensure opponents using doping methods are banned

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Explain the consequences of spectator violence for the clubs and the sporting authorities (4)

Negative image causes decline in participation rate

Spectator attendance declines

All supporters treated as hooligans

Additional cost to police events

Matches played behind closed doors

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Discuss the suggestion that an increase in the commercialisation of sport has been beneficial for performers and the sport (7)

Beneficial:

Increase in wages

Performers become well known/role models

Increased participation

Money to provide better facilities

Increase in number of events

Not beneficial:

Increase in deviant behaviour

Not all sports benefit

Greater pressure on performers

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Explain the advantages and disadvantages of all sports, in all countries, testing for performance enhancing drugs (4)

+ competitors are equal

+ testing not limited by where the athlete is based

+ shared cost between all sports

difficult to get all countries to agree
testing can produce incorrect/inconsistent results
money used for testing could be used for education about dangers of drug taking

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Outline the possible causes of spectator violence, such as hooliganism, at sporting events (7) (14)

Alcohol

Importance of event - rivalry/Derby

Racism

Outlet for aggression

Provocation

Reaction of working class to middle class ‘taking over the game’

Media hype

Poor crowd control

Peer pressure

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Explain how the law aims to protect spectators from hooliganism (7) (14)

Games played at specific times

Pubs banned from opening prior to games

All seater stadiums

Violent individuals prosecuted

Specific laws e.g. trespassing on the pitch

Individuals banned from grounds

Passports confiscated

Increased police security at events

Police share info about known individuals

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How might a performer break the contract to compete during a sporting contest? (3)

Break the rules of the sport

Not try their best to win e.g. match fixing

Disrespect officials

Drugs

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Discuss the suggestion that sponsorship and commercialisation have improved the nature of the sporting experience for the spectator (7)

+ increased excitement of watching role models

+ better quality facilities make spectating easier

+ increased number of opportunities to watch events

+ funding for improved technology at the ground e.g. Video screens for playback

traditional nature of sport changed
breaks in play for commercials
higher ticket prices
minority sports receive less coverage

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Discuss the suggestion that increased media coverage of elite sport has had a positive impact on coaches (4)

+ greater profile of their role

+ increased Sakarya

greater pressure
hire and fire culture/easier to lose job
coaches of sports with less coverage get less funding

Using examples, explain the terms positive and negative deviancy (3)

Negative - behaviour against societies norms and values

E.g. Intentionally breaking rules

Positive - over conformity to sporting ethic

E.g. Over training

Suggest reasons why there has been very few instances of spectator violence at the modern Olympic Games compared to some other major sporting events (4)

Olympics only once every 4 years

Crowds from many countries

Family orientated

Multi sport competition

FairPlay promoted

Discuss the suggestion that doping is necessary at elite level (7) (14)

+ increases chances of winning

+ train longer/recover quicker

+ people should be free to choose

+ many banned substances are available legally

health risks
unfair advantage
negative role models
peer pressure to take drugs
not all performers have access to doping methods

Outline the strategies that sporting organisations use to limit the use of banned substances by performers (7) (14)

Random testing

Clear guidelines on website

Shared policies between organisations

Education programmes for athletes

Punishments

Use of positive role models

More funding for testing programmes

Contracts contain clauses if caught doping

Discuss the suggestion that funding should be equal for all sports and not based on performance at major championships (4)

+ all sports need funding for development

+ helps to promote less familiar sports

+ increase grass roots participation

limited funds have it be used effectively
funding is a privilege not a right
reward successful sports

Outline the disadvantages to a sport of increased media control (4)

Traditional nature of sport changes

Playing times altered

More popular sports gain more coverage at expense of minority ones

Over-saturation on television - becomes boring

Location of evens may be influenced by commercial considerations

After team GB cyclists won 14 medals at the 2008 Olympics the Daily Telegraph wrote - ‘Their feats will not only change the way their sports are perceived back homes, they will actually change our society’ - discuss this statement with particular reference to the successful performers, the governing body and society. (7) (14)

+ increase in coverage

+ increase in participation

+ increased funding

+ role models

+ new clubs established

+ increased spectators at events

+ increased national pride

+ health benefits

+ legacy of facilities

high expectations
intrusion to private life
pressure to perform even if injured
possible change of attitude/negative deviancy
inability to meet demands
lack of facilities
extra funding may not be available

Discuss the suggestion that the increased use of technology to help officials make correct decisions has improved the sporting event (7)

+ ensures correct decisions - fair + helps officials communicate with each other + less post match criticism + allows players to officially challenge decisions - technology can't be used for everything/can still be wrong - changes the nature of the sport - costs limit technology use/not consistent for all - breaks in play can be disruptive for spectators

Explain the reasons for companies investing such large sums of money in sport (3)

Raise awareness of brand Linked to sport with good image - improves company image Improve company morale Tax relief for sponsoring companies

Explain how the leisure opportunities for the working classes improved during the 19th century in terms of provision (7)

Factory reform acts - more time available Increased wages Factory owners/churches established clubs Philanthropists provided new facilities Better communication links Increased media coverage led to greater awareness Middle class encouraged working class sport Establishment of NGBs - formation of leagues

Discuss the suggestion that there has been a decline in sportsmanship since the late 19th century (7)

Sportsmanship - unwritten rules of etiquette/fairplay In 19th century amateur sport was dominant Amateurism - playing for love of sport/not paid During 20th century professionalism increased Increase in win at all costs attitude/lombardian ethic Caused an increase in gamesmanship Increase in doping However, sportsmanship still promoted e.g. Olympic ideal Greater need to maintain image of sport to retain sponsorship

Explain the social factors that contributed to the emergence of mass spectator sport in the 19th century (4)

Reduction of working hours - time to attend matches Improvement in transport - easier access to events Improved communication - more awareness of events Creation of NGBs - leagues formed Creation of factory/Church teams Urbanisation - lack of space meant a need for alternative to traditional sporting activities

What are the similarities between the sporting values of the 19th century public schools and the modern Olympic Games? (3)

Sportsmanship Athleticism No monetary prizes High commitment level Follow unwritten rules/etiquette

Explain how, during the 19th century, ex public school boys influenced the development of sport in the UK and around the world (4)

Old boys network led to codification Establishment of governing bodies led to leagues Employers developed factory teams Travelled the British Empire and introduced new sports Politicians introduced acts of Parliament for public provision of facilities

Suggest reasons why the international Olympic committee has allowed professional performers to compete at the Olympic Games in recent years (3)

Many traditional amateur sports are now professional Amateurs can still compete No prize money Higher standard of competition Greater spectator/media interest

Suggest reasons why not all sports or groups of performers, shh as women, will benefit from success at the Olympic Games (4)

Not the same amount of media coverage for all groups/sports Fewer role models Lower status of sport/Difficult to compete against traditional sports Lack of access to clubs/facilities Cultural barriers/discrimination

Explain how the middle classes supported the developments in sort during the 19th century (3)

Development of rules via public schools/NGBs Development of leagues via NGBs Amateurism due to having money to play for the love of it New sports via universities Provided more leisure time - allowed more time to participate

Explain the 19th century codes of amateurism and professionalism and their positive impact on the 19th century and modern day sport (14)

A - taking part in sport for love of it Participation more important than winning Encourages socially acceptable behaviour Discourages deviant behaviour Because not tempted by extrinsic rewards Freedom from restrictions of professional contracts Inclusive/not always based on ability P - earn money from sport 19th century sport became a business Train full time So standards improve Winning is critical Encourages spectator based sport Social control Today all social classes can participate in either amateur or professional Ethics/moral codes still evident today NGBs formed Today amateur and professional codes blurred due to shared characteristics

What is the role and purpose of national institutes of sport (3)

Designed to foster the talents of Britain's elite athletes/medal count Sports science Performance lifestyle programmes Address issues of under represented groups Work with NGBs and other organisations

Discuss the continued relevance of the contract to compete for elite performers in today's society (4)

Relevant - without rules sport would be dysfunctional Fair play still an important concept Role models are expected to uphold standards Not relevant - athletes should try to win at any cost More performers taking drugs Different cultures have different interpretations

Explain the impact of urbanisation, public provision and communications on the development and spread of rational recreation during the 19th century (7)

Rational recreation - written rules/regular fixtures U - lack of space - mob games lost Need for masses to be occupied - stabiles built for spectators Factory teams - regular competition Pp - government acts - provision of parks and baths Improved health C - media raised awareness of sport/role models Transport - transported teams

Suggest reasons to support the argument for legalising drugs in sport today (4)

Drugs can be masked Often inaccurate results If everyone could take them it would become a level playing field Sports and countries have different rules Individuals have the right to choose

Explain why an elite performer should consider the nature of a sponsor and their products before accepting a sponsorship deal (3)

The performer is a role model for others Commercial support depends upon the image of the performer Linking to a product that does not reflect the image of sport May endanger future commercial support Bring criticism to the performer Level of control exerted by the performer