Socio-historical Notes Flashcards
Give an example of a single sport world game
FIFA World Cup
The world hockey championships
The Heineken European rugby cup
Give an example of a multi sport world game
The Olympics / Paralympics
The commonwealth games
What characteristics would be typical of a world games?
Involve elite performers
Often require pre-event qualification
Highly commercialised involving high levels of sponsorship
Likely to involve the development of sports facilities
Often involve large numbers of spectators
Become a shop window for the country holding the event
What impact can world games have on individuals?
They wish to compete against other elite performers
They wish to fulfil their potential
They gain pride and satisfaction from represent in their country
They strive to meet the expectations of family, peers, teachers and coaches
Only a small number of those aspiring to reach elite level are able to do so despite having the natural ability. What are the reasons for this?
May lack the self-discipline to make the sacrifices needed
May not have sufficient motivation to keep pushing performance boundaries
May not receive the necessary financial, coaching or technical support
May suffer a career-ending injury
May decide to fulfil themselves through anther career path
What impact can world games have on the country?
Can help unify the country
Sense of national pride
Encourages tourism
Stimulus for the development of sports facilities
Can be used to increase levels of participation in sport
Has a shop window effect on the country
What are some negative impacts of world games on a country?
The cost of the event can far exceed revenue - debt
The legacy facilities that are left are not always in the right location or of the right design to be used successfully in future
May be adverse international press coverage
What social/cultural factors can influence whether a performer reaches elite level?
Whether they have support from family
They’re experience of sport within school
Whether or not they have the necessary financial resources
The amount of media coverage that specific sport receives
Barriers to progression
An attitude of resilience and determination
What is the foundation stage of the sports participation pyramid?
The early development of sporting competence and physical skills on which all later forms of sports development are based.
What is the participation stage of the sports participation pyramid?
Refers to sport undertaken primarily for fun and enjoyment at basic me els of competence
What is the performance stage of the sports participation pyramid?
Signifies a move from basic competence into a more structured form of competitive sport at club or country level and implies regular training and coaching, and a desire to win competitions and progress.
What is the excellence stage of the sports participation pyramid?
This is concerned with reaching the top and applies to performers at the highest national or international level.
What is a world game?
A sport competition involving individuals, clubs or national teams in world, continental or regional championships.
What physiological factors are required to reach elite level?
Strong bones/muscles
Skill
Ability
Components of fitness
What psychological factors are required to reach elite level?
Control anxiety/arousal
Motivation/determination
Sacrifice
Confidence
What are the characteristics of an effective TIP?
Widespread feasting programmes
High quality scouts
High quality testing facilities
Database for comparison
Structured competition
What are some criticisms of talent ID programmes?
Some use physiological data - favours children who physically matured earlier
Some use current performance measures - favours children who have had earlier opportunities
Can lead to over-specialisation at an early age which can lead to drop out
Few use any form of psychological testing
What is Sportscoach UK?
Responsible for improving coaching standards in the UK
What do Sportscoach UK do?
Work closely with organisations to develop a common system of coaching qualifications in attempting to create a world class coaching system
Trying to develop a UK coaching certificate
Provides a regional network of development officers to support the development of elite coaches
What is the English institute for sport?
Excellence institutes funded by sport England, UK sport, NGBs etc with services available at different institutes spread throughout the country.
What do the EIS do?
Primary services - sports medicine, sports science, performance lifestyle advice
Supplementary services - performance analysis, psychological preparation, working with NGBs to set elite performer development goals
What is UK sport?
Overall responsibility for elite performer development in the UK
What do the UK sport do?
Distributes national lottery funds to NGBs etc
Oversees the work of UKSI and the EIS
Works to achieve world class sports events to the UK
Shares in ‘best coaching practice’ from around the world
Promotes ethically fair, drug free sporting excellence
What is the British Olympic association?
The independent voice for British Olympic sport
What do the British Olympic association do?
Works with NGBs to select team GB
Delivers extensive support to team GB and their NGBs
Runs an Olympic medical institute
Provides an Olympic training centre
What are NGBs?
Organisations with the responsibility for the overall development of a specific sport
What do NGBs do?
Select performers with WCPP
Appoint performance directors to oversee elite development
Train high level performance coaches
What is sport England?
Overall responsibility for the development of community sport in England
What do sport England do?
‘Excel’ part of the overall strategy
Works with NGBs to improve talent ID systems
Developed the ‘coaching for young people’ initiate with the youth sport trust
Assesses NBGs whole sport plans and provided finance/grants to try and achieve them
What are the characteristics of the foundation stage of the participation pyramid?
Introduction to activity through school pe
Recreational play
‘Come and try it’ sessions
No commitment
What are the characteristics of the participation stage of the participation pyramid?
Regular performer at school or club level
Committed to the activity in terms of time or resources
What are the characteristics of the performance stage of the participation pyramid?
Striving to fulfil potential
Seeking progression
County/regional level
What are the characteristics of the excellence stage of the participation pyramid?
Elite level
Professional performer
Virtually full time activity
What are the three levels of the WCPP?
World class podium
World class development
World class talent
Summarise the world class podium level of WCPP
Capable of winning medals at he next Olympics, therefore within the next 4 years
Summarise the world class development level of WCPP
Typically six years away from winning medals, he next wave after podium
Summarise the world class talent level of WCPP
Performers who have to potential to progress to the next two levels
UK sport operates a no compromise strategy to funding. What does this mean?
It rewards sports on the basis of how well they meet their medal targets. If a sport fails to meet its target funding will be reduced.
What is UK sports rationale behind a no compromise strategy?
There are limited resources and these must be spent as effectively as possible - it is not prepared to reward failure.
What are athlete personal awards?
As well as centralised support, developing elite performers can receive subsistence allowances for personal living and training costs - usually £500.
What is exchequer funding?
The government provides money to UK sport to develop sport participation and performance. This money is raised from general taxation.
What is the talented athlete scholarship scheme?
A government funded programme - a partnership between sport and higher education.
TASS provides 16-24 year olds with services such as coaching, sports medicine, lifestyle support etc while they are in education.
It also provides support for competition and training expenses - this can be up to £3000 a year.
What is national lottery funding?
The national lottery distributes funds to sport as 1 of its 4 ‘good causes’. Since 1995, sport has received £3.5bn in lottery funding.
What is private sector funding?
Money to support sports excellence from businesses.
What is deviance?
Behaviour that falls outside the norms or outside what is deemed to be acceptable.
What is positive deviance?
Behaviour that is outside the norm but with no intention to harm or break the rules.
Give some examples of positive deviance
Overtraining leading to injury
Striving to win within the rules and etiquette and without intent, causing injury to another player
What is negative deviance?
Behaviour that goes against the norm and has a detrimental effect on individuals and on society in general.
Give some examples of negative deviancy?
Using performance enhancing drugs
Being bribed to influence the outcome of a match
Hooliganism/player violence
Financial irregularities in the transfer of players
What is relative deviance?
Deviant behaviour that is not acceptable in wider society but may be deemed to be acceptable by those involved in a sub-culture.
Give an example of relative deviancy
When rugby players use their fists in the scrum - in the rules of rugby this is deemed acceptable but would be illegal if in wider society.
What are the causes of deviant behaviour?
Individual players lack the moral restraint to keep a code of conduct
Individuals may value winning above the loss of respect or punishment that may occur
Deviant behaviour may have become less socially unacceptable
NGBs may feel less able to punish deviant behaviour due to fear if being taken to court by the performer.
What are the causes of performer violence?
Genetic inheritance predisposing some people towards aggression
Frustration can predispose people to aggression
Loss of self identity - following the crowd
Social learning - imitating the actions of a respected role model whose aggression has been reinforced in some way
The importance of the event
Pain
Provocation from opposition
How may NBGs deal with player violence?
Ensure officials are supported with their decisions when dealing with player violence
Punish players post-match
Use post-match video evidence
Uphold players with a good disciplinary record as role models
Train officials in player management
Use fair play awards to reward clubs with a good disciplinary record
How can managers, coaches and captains help reduce player violence?
Set a good example themselves
Establish a clear code of expectation and conduct
Punish players who fail to meet these codes
Praise players who set a good example
Ensure players who have a low flash point are kept away from high stress situations
Train players in stress management
Avoid win at all costs attitude
A sufficiently string code of conduct should nee ale a player to take an independent stand even if they are asked to behave in a way they know to be wrong. How can a player develop such a code?
Be exposed to good role models from a young age
Receive a set of expectations that are in accordance with the rules, ethics and conduct of a sport
Understand their own level of arousal and how to reduce frustration
Use stress management techniques
What is hooliganism?
The behaviour of those who engage in unruly, destructive or violent acts, often linked to supporters of professional football.
Give some examples of hooliganism
Racist chanting
Vandalism and destruction of property
Interference with the match
Violence against other hooligan and non hooligan groups
What are the causes of hooliganism?
Importance of the game e.g. darbys
Pre match media hype
Acts as an outlet for young working class makes who feel restricted by society
Tension on pitch - violence of players towards one another can act as triggers to fans
Poor crowd control
Alcohol
Poor officiating
How can hooliganism be dealt with?
Control of alcohol e.g. not selling in grounds
Prevention of known hooligans from travelling to matches
Segregation of fans
All seater stadiums
Improve crowd control - police, CCTV etc
High profile role models appealing for better supporter behaviour
Play matches behind closed doors
Responsible media coverage
What are the effects of violence?
Fan violence may lead to poor treatment of legitimate fans and supporters
Individuals who are injured as a result of deliberate violence may have their careers and therefore livelihoods disrupted.
Huge costs in terms of policing matches etc
Reputation of a club/country can be affected by disorderly behaviour of fans
Can have a negative effect on international morale
If a rents believe a sport is likely to put their child in contact with violence the are less likely to put them into it.
Why do performers use drugs?
Lack moral and ethical boundaries
May believe everyone else is doing it so they can’t win unless they do too
They lack the physical attributes to get to the tip without the use of drugs
Rewards of winning may seem worth the risk
May not be aware of it - I.e. Giving control of diet etc to coach
Receive wrong guidance/bad role models when young
Pressured by coaches
Not fully aware of the long term Heath risks
What are some solutions to drug use?
Improved testing regimes for drug tests on performers
Education of young performers in the case against drug use
NGBs re doing more to educate performers about health consequences
Efforts are being made to ensure all performers are clear about testing regime
Many sports now demand performer is available at any time of day for a drug test and must inform NBG of whereabouts
Severity of punishment increased
Use of positive role models to encourage drug free sport
Efforts being made to achieve a more consistent approach to drug testing among countries
What are WADA and what do they do?
World anti-doping agency
Responsible for promoting, coordinating and monitoring the fight against drugs in sport
Introduced a work anti doping code which provides framework for anti doping policies, rules and regulations
Promotes research into the detection of drugs and provides a list of banned substances
Helps poorer nations with limited facilities to test performers
What are NADO and what do they do?
National anti-doping organisation (in UK)
Will determine which sports are required to provide whereabouts of performers
Missed tests and filing failures will count as a strike - 3 strikes over an 18 month period will mean an anti doping violation has possible been committed
Will lead to a sanction of 1-2 years suspension
What are the arguments behind NOT banning PEDs?
Drug testing is expensive and time consuming
Detection of drug use if often ineffective anyway
In some countries, testing is not as effective as in others - unfair
Drug testers are always behind developers - will be able to use new drugs undetected for a while
Line between what is a drug and nutritional supplement can be hard to define
Improved performance - will make sport more exciting
What are the arguments behind banning PEDs?
The permanently damaging side effects for health are known and inevitable
If PEDs became legalised it would be assumed you couldn’t succeed without them - pressure to take
Development of PEDs is expensive
Seen to be unethical
It’s clearly cheating - goes against what sport is about
What is sport law?
The body of legislation, case law and precedence that applies to a sport
What is Bosman ruling?
The ruling by the European court of justice giving a professional player the right to a free transfer at the end of their contract.
Give some examples of going against sport law
Illegal betting within sport
Bribery
Match fixing
Drug use
Violence
Summarise the law in relation to performers
Employment protection - right to a free transfer
Players within the EU have the right to work anywhere in the EU without restriction
The right to appeal against allegations
Equal opportunities - drugs, violence, discrimination etc banned
Prevents match fixing
Sponsorship/contracts
Summarise the law in relation to officials
Officials are open to investigation if it is thought they have been bribed
Officials have a duty of care - if a players injured and its a result of poor officiating allowing a dangerous situation to occur, the ref may be liable for prosecution
Summarise the law in relation to spectators
Spectators just act within the law and with regard for their own safety and the safety of others
Invasion of playing surfaces, foul language and racist chants eye can be dealt with under various public order acts
What are the three overlapping components of morality in sport?
Sportsmanship
FairPlay
Character
What is sportsmanship?
Conforming to the rules, spirit and etiquette of a sport
What is FairPlay?
Allowing all participants an equal chance to achieve victory and acting towards all performers in an honest, straightforward and dignified manner even when other do not play fairly.
What is character?
Refers to those values and habits that determine the way that a person normally responds to fears, challenges, failures and success.
What is gamesmanship?
‘Bending the rules’ - often seen as time wasting in some sports
Give some examples of functional actions
Returning ball to opposition after an injury break
Clapping the opposition after losing
Exhausting yourself in the effort to win
Lending the opposition a player if they are short
Admitting fouls
Give some examples of dysfunctional actions
Arguing with the referee
Appealing for a throw when you know it’s not yours
Deliberately fouling to prevent good performance
Diving in a game to gain a foul
Using drugs
What is commercialisation?
The treating of sport as a commodity, involving the buying and selling of assets, with the market as the driving force behind sport.
What is the golden triangle?
The link between sports events, the media and sponsorship by business
What are the characteristics of commercialised sport?
Demonstration of skill strength and physical fitness
Well matched competition
Demonstration of aggression and or physical challenge
Visual spectacle with detail available
Uncomplicated rule structure
Fits into reasonable time scale
Traditional
Ease of televising
What are the advantages of televised coverage of sport?
Provides results, tables and fixtures
Provides entertainment
Aids sponsorship
Creates role models
Draws attention to top level sport
Provides an advertising service for sport and business
Raised profile of a sport - more people want to get involved
What are the disadvantages of televised coverage of sport?
Coverage limited to a few male sports
Highlights personalities rather than team effort
Possibility of boredom due to saturation of coverage
Minority sports suffer due to lack of interest
Loss of tradition
Performer become a commodity
More pressure on coaches, officials and performers
Why do companies invest in sport?
The sponsors name and product is given publicity
A performers popularity and prowess can reflect favourably on the product
The sponsor is associated with supporting the community/country
Sponsorship reduces the amount of tax payed by a company
What are the advantages of sponsorship?
Sports are expensive to run - extra money
Sport is promoted through extra publicity
Sponsorship helps create an atmosphere at events
Sports are better organised
Improved facilities benefit performer and spectators
What are the disadvantages of sponsorship?
Sport becomes associated with the product - this may not be desirable
Sponsors gain control over organisation of the sport
Financial interdependence between media and large sporting events
Team selection may be affected
Several factors have to be considered by a company when it is considering whether to become a sponsor. What do these include?
The success of the team or individual
The popularity of the sport
Media coverage
Participation levels in the sport
The suitability of the sport for the product
What are the positive ethical aspects of sponsorship?
Promises individuals and teams
Facilitates improvement of performer
Allows development of better facilities
Attracts high class performers
Generates additional media interest
Helps create an atmosphere at events
What are the negative ethical aspects of sponsorship?
Attention is mainly on high profile teams/individuals
Product association is an intrusion into sport
Sponsors can gain too much control over a sport
Sponsor may influence choice of performer
Sponsors can give a bad image to sport
What are the aims of the institute of sports sponsorship (ISS)?
Brings sports and sponsors together
Ensures companies receive a fair return on their investment
Try to preserve the traditional nature of sport
Give some examples of technology in sport
Use of instant replay and other high tech aids to help officials
Accurate timing devices e.g. in swimming
Video cameras - performance analysis
Hawk eye technology can trace the flight of the ball
Improved equipment e.g. prosthetic limbs, lighter shoes, carbon fibre bikes, hot pants to keep muscles warm.
Artificial surfaces
What are the advantages of technology in sport?
Better equipment, facilities etc improves performance
Digital recordings/player analysis can improve performance
Improves decision making of officials
Allows spectators to view game better and se height levels of performance
High level performance attracts sponsors/raises the profile of the sport
What are the disadvantages of technology in sport?
Equipment more expensive - gives some an advantage
Tracking of player/ball movement etc means tactics can be shared with other teams
Replay etc can undermine officials and out them under more pressure
Takes away a talking point for spectators
Does it get rid of the skill?
Changes the nature of the sport
Give some characteristics of popular recreation
Local, often rural
Unstructured
Few/simple unwritten rules
Violent - many injuries
Based on force not skill
Played only occasionally - festivals/holidays
Give some characteristics of rational recreation
Set rules - codification
Officials
Improved facilities/equipment
Less violent
Regular fixtures
Spectator based
What social and cultural factors contributed to the move from popular to rational recreation?
Urbanisation - less space for mob games
Reduction of working hours - increased time for matches
Improved transport - easier access to events
Improved communication - increased awareness of events
Creation of governing bodies - leagues/codification
Factory/church teams - local opportunity for spectators
Emergence of Middle class - encouraged better social morals
Why was sport encouraged in the public schools?
As a means of providing the boys with discipline
How did ex public school boys influence the rationalisation of sport?
Took their rules/games to the universities and armed forces where they established sports clubs
Influential members of leading clubs became involved in codification
Led to formation of NGBs
Give some characteristics of a 19th century amateur
High status in sport/society
Best players in most sports
MC/UC controlled WC
Sufficient time/money to play without being paid
Give some characteristics of a 19th century professional
Paid to play
Broken time payments
Low status - class divide
Give some characteristics of a modern day amateur
Tend to be of lower status
Some high level performers in non professional sports
Some amateurs receive payment for training expenses
Give some characteristics of a modern day professional
Extremely high status
Paid by results
Highly skilled
Define Olympism
Competing in the spirit of sportsmanship with the emphasis on taking part rather than winning
What was the original intention of the Olympics?
Promote friendship, international harmony and understanding
Performers were amateurs (not paid) and played within the rules, laws and etiquette of a sport
How are the symbols of the Olympics designed to reinforce Olympism?
Doves of peace
Intertwined Olympic Rings - international harmony
Athletes Olympic oath
What factors have led some to suggest the Olympics are now elitist?
Media coverage has increased the earning potential of successful athletes
Countries spend millions of pounds on bringing their competitors to the highest level
Countries need to achieve sporting success to sustain interest and finance the games
What is the contract to compete?
An unwritten code whereby performers agree to strive against each other to win.
What does acceptance of the contract to compete involve?
An expectation of how the opposition will play; it is assumed they will play within the rules, with appropriate ethics and sportsmanship.
On the basis of the contract to compete, what can we expect performers to do?
Try their best
Show sportsmanship
Respect the rules and officials
What are the four main barriers to participation?
Gender
Race
Disability
Social class
What is sexism in sport?
When women are discriminated against as a result of the stereotypical views of the strengths and qualities of women in sport
Why is there is fewer women in elite sport than men?
Less social status - acts as a disincentive
Women have had to legally battle to be allowed to larticip ate in some sports
Media portrayal of female performers often focuses on factors other than performance
Less media coverage - knock on effect in gaining sponsorship
Some who have developed their physique/strength have had sexuality called into question by the media
How can race effect participation?
Existence of high profile role models who are members of certain communities encourages others from these communities to take up the activity.
Some young people from ethnic groups may be pressured to undertake certain activities based on the mistaken belief that they have a genetic advantage
How can disability be a barrier to participation?
Only approx. 9% of people with a disability larticip ate regularly in sport
Lack of media coverage even of top events such as Paralympics - leads to lower levels of sponsorship
Some media coverage focuses on the adversity that disabled athletes have to overcome rather than their sports performance/achievement
How can social class be a barrier to participation?
Some activities are associated with a specific social class, e.g. golf see as Middle class, individuals from other groups may feel they will be discriminated against if they try and engage in the activity
Individuals from lower socio economic groups may have less leisure time available
