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PE A2 > Socio-historical Notes > Flashcards

Socio-historical Notes Flashcards

1
Q

Give an example of a single sport world game

A

FIFA World Cup

The world hockey championships

The Heineken European rugby cup

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2
Q

Give an example of a multi sport world game

A

The Olympics / Paralympics

The commonwealth games

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3
Q

What characteristics would be typical of a world games?

A

Involve elite performers

Often require pre-event qualification

Highly commercialised involving high levels of sponsorship

Likely to involve the development of sports facilities

Often involve large numbers of spectators

Become a shop window for the country holding the event

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4
Q

What impact can world games have on individuals?

A

They wish to compete against other elite performers

They wish to fulfil their potential

They gain pride and satisfaction from represent in their country

They strive to meet the expectations of family, peers, teachers and coaches

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5
Q

Only a small number of those aspiring to reach elite level are able to do so despite having the natural ability. What are the reasons for this?

A

May lack the self-discipline to make the sacrifices needed

May not have sufficient motivation to keep pushing performance boundaries

May not receive the necessary financial, coaching or technical support

May suffer a career-ending injury

May decide to fulfil themselves through anther career path

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6
Q

What impact can world games have on the country?

A

Can help unify the country

Sense of national pride

Encourages tourism

Stimulus for the development of sports facilities

Can be used to increase levels of participation in sport

Has a shop window effect on the country

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7
Q

What are some negative impacts of world games on a country?

A

The cost of the event can far exceed revenue - debt

The legacy facilities that are left are not always in the right location or of the right design to be used successfully in future

May be adverse international press coverage

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8
Q

What social/cultural factors can influence whether a performer reaches elite level?

A

Whether they have support from family

They’re experience of sport within school

Whether or not they have the necessary financial resources

The amount of media coverage that specific sport receives

Barriers to progression

An attitude of resilience and determination

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9
Q

What is the foundation stage of the sports participation pyramid?

A

The early development of sporting competence and physical skills on which all later forms of sports development are based.

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10
Q

What is the participation stage of the sports participation pyramid?

A

Refers to sport undertaken primarily for fun and enjoyment at basic me els of competence

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11
Q

What is the performance stage of the sports participation pyramid?

A

Signifies a move from basic competence into a more structured form of competitive sport at club or country level and implies regular training and coaching, and a desire to win competitions and progress.

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12
Q

What is the excellence stage of the sports participation pyramid?

A

This is concerned with reaching the top and applies to performers at the highest national or international level.

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13
Q

What is a world game?

A

A sport competition involving individuals, clubs or national teams in world, continental or regional championships.

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14
Q

What physiological factors are required to reach elite level?

A

Strong bones/muscles

Skill

Ability

Components of fitness

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15
Q

What psychological factors are required to reach elite level?

A

Control anxiety/arousal

Motivation/determination

Sacrifice

Confidence

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16
Q

What are the characteristics of an effective TIP?

A

Widespread feasting programmes

High quality scouts

High quality testing facilities

Database for comparison

Structured competition

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17
Q

What are some criticisms of talent ID programmes?

A

Some use physiological data - favours children who physically matured earlier

Some use current performance measures - favours children who have had earlier opportunities

Can lead to over-specialisation at an early age which can lead to drop out

Few use any form of psychological testing

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18
Q

What is Sportscoach UK?

A

Responsible for improving coaching standards in the UK

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19
Q

What do Sportscoach UK do?

A

Work closely with organisations to develop a common system of coaching qualifications in attempting to create a world class coaching system

Trying to develop a UK coaching certificate

Provides a regional network of development officers to support the development of elite coaches

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20
Q

What is the English institute for sport?

A

Excellence institutes funded by sport England, UK sport, NGBs etc with services available at different institutes spread throughout the country.

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21
Q

What do the EIS do?

A

Primary services - sports medicine, sports science, performance lifestyle advice

Supplementary services - performance analysis, psychological preparation, working with NGBs to set elite performer development goals

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22
Q

What is UK sport?

A

Overall responsibility for elite performer development in the UK

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23
Q

What do the UK sport do?

A

Distributes national lottery funds to NGBs etc

Oversees the work of UKSI and the EIS

Works to achieve world class sports events to the UK

Shares in ‘best coaching practice’ from around the world

Promotes ethically fair, drug free sporting excellence

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24
Q

What is the British Olympic association?

A

The independent voice for British Olympic sport

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25
Q

What do the British Olympic association do?

A

Works with NGBs to select team GB

Delivers extensive support to team GB and their NGBs

Runs an Olympic medical institute

Provides an Olympic training centre

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26
Q

What are NGBs?

A

Organisations with the responsibility for the overall development of a specific sport

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27
Q

What do NGBs do?

A

Select performers with WCPP

Appoint performance directors to oversee elite development

Train high level performance coaches

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28
Q

What is sport England?

A

Overall responsibility for the development of community sport in England

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29
Q

What do sport England do?

A

‘Excel’ part of the overall strategy

Works with NGBs to improve talent ID systems

Developed the ‘coaching for young people’ initiate with the youth sport trust

Assesses NBGs whole sport plans and provided finance/grants to try and achieve them

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30
Q

What are the characteristics of the foundation stage of the participation pyramid?

A

Introduction to activity through school pe

Recreational play

‘Come and try it’ sessions

No commitment

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31
Q

What are the characteristics of the participation stage of the participation pyramid?

A

Regular performer at school or club level

Committed to the activity in terms of time or resources

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32
Q

What are the characteristics of the performance stage of the participation pyramid?

A

Striving to fulfil potential

Seeking progression

County/regional level

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33
Q

What are the characteristics of the excellence stage of the participation pyramid?

A

Elite level

Professional performer

Virtually full time activity

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34
Q

What are the three levels of the WCPP?

A

World class podium

World class development

World class talent

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35
Q

Summarise the world class podium level of WCPP

A

Capable of winning medals at he next Olympics, therefore within the next 4 years

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36
Q

Summarise the world class development level of WCPP

A

Typically six years away from winning medals, he next wave after podium

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37
Q

Summarise the world class talent level of WCPP

A

Performers who have to potential to progress to the next two levels

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38
Q

UK sport operates a no compromise strategy to funding. What does this mean?

A

It rewards sports on the basis of how well they meet their medal targets. If a sport fails to meet its target funding will be reduced.

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39
Q

What is UK sports rationale behind a no compromise strategy?

A

There are limited resources and these must be spent as effectively as possible - it is not prepared to reward failure.

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40
Q

What are athlete personal awards?

A

As well as centralised support, developing elite performers can receive subsistence allowances for personal living and training costs - usually £500.

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41
Q

What is exchequer funding?

A

The government provides money to UK sport to develop sport participation and performance. This money is raised from general taxation.

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42
Q

What is the talented athlete scholarship scheme?

A

A government funded programme - a partnership between sport and higher education.

TASS provides 16-24 year olds with services such as coaching, sports medicine, lifestyle support etc while they are in education.

It also provides support for competition and training expenses - this can be up to £3000 a year.

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43
Q

What is national lottery funding?

A

The national lottery distributes funds to sport as 1 of its 4 ‘good causes’. Since 1995, sport has received £3.5bn in lottery funding.

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44
Q

What is private sector funding?

A

Money to support sports excellence from businesses.

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45
Q

What is deviance?

A

Behaviour that falls outside the norms or outside what is deemed to be acceptable.

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46
Q

What is positive deviance?

A

Behaviour that is outside the norm but with no intention to harm or break the rules.

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47
Q

Give some examples of positive deviance

A

Overtraining leading to injury

Striving to win within the rules and etiquette and without intent, causing injury to another player

48
Q

What is negative deviance?

A

Behaviour that goes against the norm and has a detrimental effect on individuals and on society in general.

49
Q

Give some examples of negative deviancy?

A

Using performance enhancing drugs

Being bribed to influence the outcome of a match

Hooliganism/player violence

Financial irregularities in the transfer of players

50
Q

What is relative deviance?

A

Deviant behaviour that is not acceptable in wider society but may be deemed to be acceptable by those involved in a sub-culture.

51
Q

Give an example of relative deviancy

A

When rugby players use their fists in the scrum - in the rules of rugby this is deemed acceptable but would be illegal if in wider society.

52
Q

What are the causes of deviant behaviour?

A

Individual players lack the moral restraint to keep a code of conduct

Individuals may value winning above the loss of respect or punishment that may occur

Deviant behaviour may have become less socially unacceptable

NGBs may feel less able to punish deviant behaviour due to fear if being taken to court by the performer.

53
Q

What are the causes of performer violence?

A

Genetic inheritance predisposing some people towards aggression

Frustration can predispose people to aggression

Loss of self identity - following the crowd

Social learning - imitating the actions of a respected role model whose aggression has been reinforced in some way

The importance of the event

Pain

Provocation from opposition

54
Q

How may NBGs deal with player violence?

A

Ensure officials are supported with their decisions when dealing with player violence

Punish players post-match

Use post-match video evidence

Uphold players with a good disciplinary record as role models

Train officials in player management

Use fair play awards to reward clubs with a good disciplinary record

55
Q

How can managers, coaches and captains help reduce player violence?

A

Set a good example themselves

Establish a clear code of expectation and conduct

Punish players who fail to meet these codes

Praise players who set a good example

Ensure players who have a low flash point are kept away from high stress situations

Train players in stress management

Avoid win at all costs attitude

56
Q

A sufficiently string code of conduct should nee ale a player to take an independent stand even if they are asked to behave in a way they know to be wrong. How can a player develop such a code?

A

Be exposed to good role models from a young age

Receive a set of expectations that are in accordance with the rules, ethics and conduct of a sport

Understand their own level of arousal and how to reduce frustration

Use stress management techniques

57
Q

What is hooliganism?

A

The behaviour of those who engage in unruly, destructive or violent acts, often linked to supporters of professional football.

58
Q

Give some examples of hooliganism

A

Racist chanting

Vandalism and destruction of property

Interference with the match

Violence against other hooligan and non hooligan groups

59
Q

What are the causes of hooliganism?

A

Importance of the game e.g. darbys

Pre match media hype

Acts as an outlet for young working class makes who feel restricted by society

Tension on pitch - violence of players towards one another can act as triggers to fans

Poor crowd control

Alcohol

Poor officiating

60
Q

How can hooliganism be dealt with?

A

Control of alcohol e.g. not selling in grounds

Prevention of known hooligans from travelling to matches

Segregation of fans

All seater stadiums

Improve crowd control - police, CCTV etc

High profile role models appealing for better supporter behaviour

Play matches behind closed doors

Responsible media coverage

61
Q

What are the effects of violence?

A

Fan violence may lead to poor treatment of legitimate fans and supporters

Individuals who are injured as a result of deliberate violence may have their careers and therefore livelihoods disrupted.

Huge costs in terms of policing matches etc

Reputation of a club/country can be affected by disorderly behaviour of fans

Can have a negative effect on international morale

If a rents believe a sport is likely to put their child in contact with violence the are less likely to put them into it.

62
Q

Why do performers use drugs?

A

Lack moral and ethical boundaries

May believe everyone else is doing it so they can’t win unless they do too

They lack the physical attributes to get to the tip without the use of drugs

Rewards of winning may seem worth the risk

May not be aware of it - I.e. Giving control of diet etc to coach

Receive wrong guidance/bad role models when young

Pressured by coaches

Not fully aware of the long term Heath risks

63
Q

What are some solutions to drug use?

A

Improved testing regimes for drug tests on performers

Education of young performers in the case against drug use

NGBs re doing more to educate performers about health consequences

Efforts are being made to ensure all performers are clear about testing regime

Many sports now demand performer is available at any time of day for a drug test and must inform NBG of whereabouts

Severity of punishment increased

Use of positive role models to encourage drug free sport

Efforts being made to achieve a more consistent approach to drug testing among countries

64
Q

What are WADA and what do they do?

A

World anti-doping agency

Responsible for promoting, coordinating and monitoring the fight against drugs in sport

Introduced a work anti doping code which provides framework for anti doping policies, rules and regulations

Promotes research into the detection of drugs and provides a list of banned substances

Helps poorer nations with limited facilities to test performers

65
Q

What are NADO and what do they do?

A

National anti-doping organisation (in UK)

Will determine which sports are required to provide whereabouts of performers

Missed tests and filing failures will count as a strike - 3 strikes over an 18 month period will mean an anti doping violation has possible been committed

Will lead to a sanction of 1-2 years suspension

66
Q

What are the arguments behind NOT banning PEDs?

A

Drug testing is expensive and time consuming

Detection of drug use if often ineffective anyway

In some countries, testing is not as effective as in others - unfair

Drug testers are always behind developers - will be able to use new drugs undetected for a while

Line between what is a drug and nutritional supplement can be hard to define

Improved performance - will make sport more exciting

67
Q

What are the arguments behind banning PEDs?

A

The permanently damaging side effects for health are known and inevitable

If PEDs became legalised it would be assumed you couldn’t succeed without them - pressure to take

Development of PEDs is expensive

Seen to be unethical

It’s clearly cheating - goes against what sport is about

68
Q

What is sport law?

A

The body of legislation, case law and precedence that applies to a sport

69
Q

What is Bosman ruling?

A

The ruling by the European court of justice giving a professional player the right to a free transfer at the end of their contract.

70
Q

Give some examples of going against sport law

A

Illegal betting within sport

Bribery

Match fixing

Drug use

Violence

71
Q

Summarise the law in relation to performers

A

Employment protection - right to a free transfer

Players within the EU have the right to work anywhere in the EU without restriction

The right to appeal against allegations

Equal opportunities - drugs, violence, discrimination etc banned

Prevents match fixing

Sponsorship/contracts

72
Q

Summarise the law in relation to officials

A

Officials are open to investigation if it is thought they have been bribed

Officials have a duty of care - if a players injured and its a result of poor officiating allowing a dangerous situation to occur, the ref may be liable for prosecution

73
Q

Summarise the law in relation to spectators

A

Spectators just act within the law and with regard for their own safety and the safety of others

Invasion of playing surfaces, foul language and racist chants eye can be dealt with under various public order acts

74
Q

What are the three overlapping components of morality in sport?

A

Sportsmanship

FairPlay

Character

75
Q

What is sportsmanship?

A

Conforming to the rules, spirit and etiquette of a sport

76
Q

What is FairPlay?

A

Allowing all participants an equal chance to achieve victory and acting towards all performers in an honest, straightforward and dignified manner even when other do not play fairly.

77
Q

What is character?

A

Refers to those values and habits that determine the way that a person normally responds to fears, challenges, failures and success.

78
Q

What is gamesmanship?

A

‘Bending the rules’ - often seen as time wasting in some sports

79
Q

Give some examples of functional actions

A

Returning ball to opposition after an injury break

Clapping the opposition after losing

Exhausting yourself in the effort to win

Lending the opposition a player if they are short

Admitting fouls

80
Q

Give some examples of dysfunctional actions

A

Arguing with the referee

Appealing for a throw when you know it’s not yours

Deliberately fouling to prevent good performance

Diving in a game to gain a foul

Using drugs

81
Q

What is commercialisation?

A

The treating of sport as a commodity, involving the buying and selling of assets, with the market as the driving force behind sport.

82
Q

What is the golden triangle?

A

The link between sports events, the media and sponsorship by business

83
Q

What are the characteristics of commercialised sport?

A

Demonstration of skill strength and physical fitness

Well matched competition

Demonstration of aggression and or physical challenge

Visual spectacle with detail available

Uncomplicated rule structure

Fits into reasonable time scale

Traditional

Ease of televising

84
Q

What are the advantages of televised coverage of sport?

A

Provides results, tables and fixtures

Provides entertainment

Aids sponsorship

Creates role models

Draws attention to top level sport

Provides an advertising service for sport and business

Raised profile of a sport - more people want to get involved

85
Q

What are the disadvantages of televised coverage of sport?

A

Coverage limited to a few male sports

Highlights personalities rather than team effort

Possibility of boredom due to saturation of coverage

Minority sports suffer due to lack of interest

Loss of tradition

Performer become a commodity

More pressure on coaches, officials and performers

86
Q

Why do companies invest in sport?

A

The sponsors name and product is given publicity

A performers popularity and prowess can reflect favourably on the product

The sponsor is associated with supporting the community/country

Sponsorship reduces the amount of tax payed by a company

87
Q

What are the advantages of sponsorship?

A

Sports are expensive to run - extra money

Sport is promoted through extra publicity

Sponsorship helps create an atmosphere at events

Sports are better organised

Improved facilities benefit performer and spectators

88
Q

What are the disadvantages of sponsorship?

A

Sport becomes associated with the product - this may not be desirable

Sponsors gain control over organisation of the sport

Financial interdependence between media and large sporting events

Team selection may be affected

89
Q

Several factors have to be considered by a company when it is considering whether to become a sponsor. What do these include?

A

The success of the team or individual

The popularity of the sport

Media coverage

Participation levels in the sport

The suitability of the sport for the product

90
Q

What are the positive ethical aspects of sponsorship?

A

Promises individuals and teams

Facilitates improvement of performer

Allows development of better facilities

Attracts high class performers

Generates additional media interest

Helps create an atmosphere at events

91
Q

What are the negative ethical aspects of sponsorship?

A

Attention is mainly on high profile teams/individuals

Product association is an intrusion into sport

Sponsors can gain too much control over a sport

Sponsor may influence choice of performer

Sponsors can give a bad image to sport

92
Q

What are the aims of the institute of sports sponsorship (ISS)?

A

Brings sports and sponsors together

Ensures companies receive a fair return on their investment

Try to preserve the traditional nature of sport

93
Q

Give some examples of technology in sport

A

Use of instant replay and other high tech aids to help officials

Accurate timing devices e.g. in swimming

Video cameras - performance analysis

Hawk eye technology can trace the flight of the ball

Improved equipment e.g. prosthetic limbs, lighter shoes, carbon fibre bikes, hot pants to keep muscles warm.

Artificial surfaces

94
Q

What are the advantages of technology in sport?

A

Better equipment, facilities etc improves performance

Digital recordings/player analysis can improve performance

Improves decision making of officials

Allows spectators to view game better and se height levels of performance

High level performance attracts sponsors/raises the profile of the sport

95
Q

What are the disadvantages of technology in sport?

A

Equipment more expensive - gives some an advantage

Tracking of player/ball movement etc means tactics can be shared with other teams

Replay etc can undermine officials and out them under more pressure

Takes away a talking point for spectators

Does it get rid of the skill?

Changes the nature of the sport

96
Q

Give some characteristics of popular recreation

A

Local, often rural

Unstructured

Few/simple unwritten rules

Violent - many injuries

Based on force not skill

Played only occasionally - festivals/holidays

97
Q

Give some characteristics of rational recreation

A

Set rules - codification

Officials

Improved facilities/equipment

Less violent

Regular fixtures

Spectator based

98
Q

What social and cultural factors contributed to the move from popular to rational recreation?

A

Urbanisation - less space for mob games

Reduction of working hours - increased time for matches

Improved transport - easier access to events

Improved communication - increased awareness of events

Creation of governing bodies - leagues/codification

Factory/church teams - local opportunity for spectators

Emergence of Middle class - encouraged better social morals

99
Q

Why was sport encouraged in the public schools?

A

As a means of providing the boys with discipline

100
Q

How did ex public school boys influence the rationalisation of sport?

A

Took their rules/games to the universities and armed forces where they established sports clubs

Influential members of leading clubs became involved in codification

Led to formation of NGBs

101
Q

Give some characteristics of a 19th century amateur

A

High status in sport/society

Best players in most sports

MC/UC controlled WC

Sufficient time/money to play without being paid

101
Q

Give some characteristics of a 19th century professional

A

Paid to play

Broken time payments

Low status - class divide

101
Q

Give some characteristics of a modern day amateur

A

Tend to be of lower status

Some high level performers in non professional sports

Some amateurs receive payment for training expenses

102
Q

Give some characteristics of a modern day professional

A

Extremely high status

Paid by results

Highly skilled

103
Q

Define Olympism

A

Competing in the spirit of sportsmanship with the emphasis on taking part rather than winning

104
Q

What was the original intention of the Olympics?

A

Promote friendship, international harmony and understanding

Performers were amateurs (not paid) and played within the rules, laws and etiquette of a sport

105
Q

How are the symbols of the Olympics designed to reinforce Olympism?

A

Doves of peace

Intertwined Olympic Rings - international harmony

Athletes Olympic oath

106
Q

What factors have led some to suggest the Olympics are now elitist?

A

Media coverage has increased the earning potential of successful athletes

Countries spend millions of pounds on bringing their competitors to the highest level

Countries need to achieve sporting success to sustain interest and finance the games

107
Q

What is the contract to compete?

A

An unwritten code whereby performers agree to strive against each other to win.

108
Q

What does acceptance of the contract to compete involve?

A

An expectation of how the opposition will play; it is assumed they will play within the rules, with appropriate ethics and sportsmanship.

109
Q

On the basis of the contract to compete, what can we expect performers to do?

A

Try their best

Show sportsmanship

Respect the rules and officials

110
Q

What are the four main barriers to participation?

A

Gender

Race

Disability

Social class

111
Q

What is sexism in sport?

A

When women are discriminated against as a result of the stereotypical views of the strengths and qualities of women in sport

112
Q

Why is there is fewer women in elite sport than men?

A

Less social status - acts as a disincentive

Women have had to legally battle to be allowed to larticip ate in some sports

Media portrayal of female performers often focuses on factors other than performance

Less media coverage - knock on effect in gaining sponsorship

Some who have developed their physique/strength have had sexuality called into question by the media

113
Q

How can race effect participation?

A

Existence of high profile role models who are members of certain communities encourages others from these communities to take up the activity.

Some young people from ethnic groups may be pressured to undertake certain activities based on the mistaken belief that they have a genetic advantage

114
Q

How can disability be a barrier to participation?

A

Only approx. 9% of people with a disability larticip ate regularly in sport

Lack of media coverage even of top events such as Paralympics - leads to lower levels of sponsorship

Some media coverage focuses on the adversity that disabled athletes have to overcome rather than their sports performance/achievement

115
Q

How can social class be a barrier to participation?

A

Some activities are associated with a specific social class, e.g. golf see as Middle class, individuals from other groups may feel they will be discriminated against if they try and engage in the activity

Individuals from lower socio economic groups may have less leisure time available

PE A2 (6 decks)

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