Psychology Notes Flashcards

1
Q

What is interactionist theory?

A

An explanation of behaviour that assumes that our personality depends on our traits and the environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is trait theory?

A

Suggests that personality is made up of a number of broad traits. Traits are innate, enduring personality characteristics that allow behaviour to be predicted.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the inner layer of Hollanders model?

A

The psychological core

This is an inner core of beliefs and values and attitudes. This is fairly stable and unlikely to change.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the middle layer of Hollanders model?

A

Typical responses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the outer layer of Hollanders model?

A

Actual responses

The most changeable aspects of our personality. Hollander suggests that our behaviour will vary depending on how we feel and the situation we are in.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the three methods of personality testing?

A

Questionnaire

Interview

Observation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is Lewins equation?

A

Behaviour = function (personality x environment)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the six factors measured in POMS?

A

Tension

Depression

Anger

Vigour

Fatigue

Confusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Who came up with POMS?

A

Morgan (79)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the iceberg profile?

A

The shape of the results for the elite athlete on POMS

Tend to score higher on vigour and lower on negative mood States

Unsuccessful tend to score approx. equal across all mood States

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the disadvantages of POMS?

A

Some elite athletes do not have this profile

Some non elite athletes display the profile

Elite performers may only develop positive mood States as a result of success

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is achievement motivation?

A

The theory that an individual’s behaviour is determined by their interaction with the environment and their desire to succeed.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the formula for achievement motivation?

A

Achievement motivation = desire to succeed - fear of failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What factors must be considered when looking at achievement motivation?

A

Incentive value of success

Chances of success

Personality of performer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is nAch personality?

A

The motivation to succeed or attain particular goals. This is approach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the characteristics of approach behaviour?

A

Seek out challenges

Task persistence

Value feedback from others

Concerned with standards of performance and excellence

Enjoy being evaluated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is nAf behaviour?

A

The motivation to avoid failure. This is avoidance behaviour.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the characteristics of avoidance behaviour?

A

Avoids challenging tasks

Performs worse when being evaluated

Lacks task persistence

Does not value feedback

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is arousal?

A

Arousal is the state of general preparedness of the body for action, involving physiological and psychological factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Summarise hulls drive theory

A

A theory of arousal that proposes a linear relationship between arousal and performance.

Hulls view was that higher levels of arousal would intensify the dominant response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the dominant response?

A

Max. Skill level

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Why is drive theory now considered inaccurate?

A

Even the most successful performers show that there is a point when arousal reaches a very high level but performance fails to improve.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Summarise is inverted U theory

A

A theory that considers that optimal performance occurs when the performer reaches optimal levels of arousal. If arousal continues performance will then decrease.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Inverted U theory has had to be adapted because research indicates a number of reasons why beginners are not able to perform as well as experts as arousal levels increase. What are these?

A

The skill is less habitual to a beginner

Increased arousal may take a performers attention away from the skill performance

Beginners rely heavily on expected cues and signals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Summarise catastrophe theory
Performance is affected by cognitive and somatic anxiety When cognitive high but somatic low, performance is enhanced When both are high, performance can suddenly deteriorate The performer tries to regain control by decreasing arousal Some performers will continue to deteriorate though
26
What are the physiological signs of arousal?
Increased heart rate Sweating Increased muscle tension Feelings of nausea Dazed look in the eyes
27
What are the Psychological signs of arousal?
Optimal - increased focus and concentration - decreased reaction time - heightened awareness of important cues Over - anxiety - negative self talk - fear and anger
28
What is the peak flow experience?
Reefers to a period when a performer experiences a heightened state of consciousness
29
What are some characteristics of peak flow experience?
Highly focused High levels of confidence Movement or skill feels effortless Sub conscious feelings of control
30
What is cognitive anxiety?
Thoughts, nervousness, apprehension or worry that a performer has about their lack of ability to complete a task successfully
31
What is somatic anxiety?
Physiological responses to a situation where a performer feels that they may be unable to cope
32
What is state anxiety?
Anxiety felt in a particular situation
33
What is trate anxiety?
An enduring personality trait giving a tendency to view all situations as threatening
34
What does SCAT stand for?
Sport competition anxiety test
35
SCAT uses self report by applied specifically to sports competitions (mainly measures state anxiety). According to martens, what four factors are related to competitive anxiety?
Individual differences in how performers react with different situations The types of anxiety that a performer experiences Competitive trait anxiety The competition itself
36
What does CSAI 2 stand for?
Competitive state anxiety inventory
37
What is CSAI 2 ?
This uses self report to measure somatic state, competitive state and self confidence in a competitive situation. It's a questionnaire given out before different competitions but more than once to allow researchers to discover the base line of anxiety and compare with pre competition anxiety.
38
How can imagery be used as a cognitive technique for controlling anxiety?
Creating mental images to escape the immediate effects of stress E.g. An athlete imagines lying on the beach feeling warm and relaxed
39
How can visualisation be used as a cognitive technique for controlling anxiety?
The process of creating a mental image of what you want to happen or feel E.g. A goal keeper sees himself saving a goal
40
How can thought stopping be used as a cognitive technique for controlling anxiety?
Conditioning the mind to think of alternatives to the anxiety-causing negative thought E.g. A gymnast focuses on a routine and believes he can do it
41
How can self talk be used as a cognitive technique for controlling anxiety?
Developing positive thoughts about ones actions E.g. A high jumper tells herself she can clear the jump
42
How can cue utilisation be used as a cognitive technique for controlling anxiety?
Focus must be attained by the performer when attention narrows E.g. A basketball coach could remind a player to 'liven up'
43
How can biofeedback be used as a somatic technique for controlling anxiety?
An athletes physical responses to stress management techniques are measured E.g. A dancer is attached by electrodes to a computer with changes in heart rate/breathing/sweating monitored
44
How can centering be used as a somatic technique for controlling anxiety?
Using deep breathing as a way of refocusing concentration
45
How can progressive muscular relaxation be used as a somatic technique for controlling anxiety?
Learning to be aware of the tension present in muscles and removing it by relaxing E.g. An athlete starts by relaxing facial muscles and ends by relaxing feet muscles
46
What does the acronym SMARTER mean?
Specifics Measurable Accepted Realistic Time bound Exciting Recorded
47
What is an outcome goal?
This depends on the performer achieving a particular result. The method of achieving the result is not important, it is the outcome that counts.
48
What is a performance goal?
The performers attempts are judged by others or even themselves
49
What is a process goal?
This concentrates on the performers techniques and tactics. Process goals will often influence performance goals.
50
What is an attribution?
The perceived cause of an event, e.g. A loss or win
51
What were weiners for categories of attribution?
Ability Effort Task difficulty Luck
52
What is locus of stability?
The stable/unstable factors that a performer believes caused an event or outcome
53
What is locus of causality?
The internal/external factors that a performer believes caused an event or outcome
54
What is self serving bias?
The tendency to attribute success to internal factors and failures to external factors to protect our self esteem
55
What is learned helplessness?
When a performer believes that failure is inevitable and that they have no way of changing the outcome.
56
What are the characteristics of learned helplessness?
The performer believes that they have limited ability Too focused on outcome goals Performer is unwilling to try new skills or situations Attribute performance to stable/uncontrollable factors
57
How could a coach help a performer use attributions correctly?
Observe and listen to what players are saying Draw attention to progress Focus on process goals rather than outcome Try and ensure initial success to avoid learned helplessness
58
What is self confidence?
A persons belief in their ability to achieve success.
59
What is self efficacy?
Situation specific self confidence
60
According to banduras a performers self efficacy is based on 4 primary sources of information. What are these?
Performance accomplishments - previous success at task Vicarious experiences - watching others of similar ability perform successfully Verbal persuasion - encouragement from significant others Emotional arousal - perceiving physiological arousal as indicating emotion
61
What strategies can be used to increase self efficacy?
Goal setting Ensure success Watch good quality demonstrations Correct use of attributions Attribution retraining Positive feedback
62
What is social facilitation?
The behavioural effects due to the presence of others
63
Social facilitation entails two forces, what are these?
Audience - people watching Co actors - others independently undertaking the Same task
64
Zany once explained that the presence of others produces two types of effects, what are these?
Improved performance of simple/well learned skills Decreased performance of complex/not well learned
65
What is social inhibition?
The negative effect of an audience on performance
66
What is evaluation apprehension?
When we think people who are watching us are judging our performance
67
What is barons distraction conflict theory?
Suggests performers must focus on task and ignore audience
68
What strategies can be used to limit the effected of an audience on performance?
Learn new skills in absence of an audience Improve self efficacy Use attributions correctly Self talk/imagery Reduce importance of event Encourage team mates to be supportive Improve selective attention
69
What is home field advantage?
The suggestion that a team playing a game at home will always have an advantage
70
What points support the home field advantage?
Boosts self efficacy More matches won at home than away Audience can create functional assertive behaviour Proximity effect - closeness of crowd has negative effect on visiting teams Away team becomes overs aroused so commit more fowls
71
What points disagree with the home field advantage?
Increased pressure from home crowd The more important the game the greater the pressure - choke effect Performers become more self conscious - more expectations Social inhibition for home team Evaluation apprehension for home team
72
What is a group?
Two or more individuals interacting with each other or connected to each other via social relationships, often with a common objective.
73
What are the features of a group?
Sense of group identity Share norms and values Share a common objective
74
What is a sociogram?
A chart that shows the inter-relationships, connections, and shared objectives that exist within a group.
75
What are group dynamics?
The study of, and a general term for, the interactive processes that occur between people in a group
76
Group develop a number of dynamic processes, give some examples.
Norms Roles that individuals play within group Relationships between individuals Social influences on each other Effects on behaviour of the people within the group
77
What are tuckmans five stages of group development?
Forming Storming Norming Performing Mourning
78
What are some characteristics of the forming stage group formation?
Get to know each other Find out about task/objectives Coach tells team what to do
79
What are some characteristics of the storming stage group formation?
Alliances formed Different types of leader emerge Establishment of positions Discussion of ideas
80
What are some characteristics of the norming stage group formation?
Agreement of roles Group gains stability Development of trust
81
What are some characteristics of the performing stage group formation?
High levels of independence and motivation Consultation expected and leadership developed Authority and direction accepted in times of stress
82
What is the mourning stage of group formation?
When the team breaks up because the task has been complete
83
What is cohesion?
The dynamic forces that cause a team to stick together
84
What is task cohesion?
Found in a group that is bound together in a drive to achieve a common objective, a focus on the task.
85
What is social cohesion?
Found in a group that is bound together social bonds, social attractiveness and relationships
86
Carton proposed that their are four key antecedents to the development of cohesiveness, what are these?
Environmental factors Personal factors Leadership factors Team factors
87
What is carrons environmental antecedent?
Contractual obligation Organisational factors - group size, age etc
88
What is carrons personal antecedent?
Similarity/dissimilarity to the group Gender Satisfaction
89
What is carrons leadership antecedent?
Leader behaviour/style Leader-team member relationship Leader-team relationship
90
What is carrons team antecedent?
Team stability Team ability Group productivity Shared experiences
91
How can team cohesion be achieved?
Maintain open communication channels Set challenging but realistic individual and team goals Set and strive for agreed norms of behaviour Ensure role clarity Value personal contributions by each team member Use team meetings to resolve conflict Create a sense of distinctiveness, e.g. Uniform Identify social loafers
92
What is steiners model?
Steiner proposed a theoretical model to relate the potential productivity of a team and the actual productivity.
93
What is steiners formula?
Actual productivity = potential productivity - losses due to faulty processes
94
What are faulty processes?
Refers to such things as lack of coordination, due to poor communication or strategies, and lack of motivation due to lack of recognition. Coordination losses occur when the groups timings or strategies do not function well, poor communication, lack of team work.
95
What is the ringlemann effect?
Motivational losses tend to occur more as group size increased.
96
What is social loafing?
This is loss of individual effort in a group due to reduction in motivation.
97
How can coordination losses be reduced?
As part of team selection, take note of individual interactive skills - timing, vision, ability to learn set plays etc Engage in drills that develop interactive play Ensure that all members of the team understand their role and how it relates to other roles.
98
How can motivation losses be reduced?
Ensure each individual's contribution is noted and identified Develop motivation via praise, acknowledgement and rewards Be aware of situations where social loafing may occur Ask all team members to acknowledge the contribution of others Develop cohesion, especially task cohesion, by ensuring that the team objective is clearly understood
99
What are some causes of coordination losses?
Poor communication Lack of team work Failure of tactics Misunderstanding of positional role
100
What are some causes of motivational losses?
Wrong arousal levels Lack of concentration Not being noticed/valued Reliance on others Avoidance behaviour
101
What is leadership?
The behavioural processes influencing individuals and groups towards set goals.
102
What qualities are expected form an effective leader?
Good communication Effective decision making Enthusiasm Clear vision of what is needed Charismatic Ability to motivate/inspire
103
What is a prescribed leader?
A leader who is appointed by an external source
104
What are the advantages and disadvantages of a prescribed leader?
Bring new ideas Tend to disrupt group harmony
105
What is an emergent leader?
A leader who comes from within the group
106
What are the advantages and disadvantages of an emergent leader?
Maintain group harmony Tend to not bring fresh ideas
107
What is a task orientated leader?
Concentrates on setting goals/completing task quickly
108
What is a person orientated leader?
Concentrates on developing relationships within group
109
What is the autocratic style of leadership and when is it most effective?
Usually win orientated, very structured and task orientated Team sports where more people are involved
110
What is the democratic style of leadership and when is it most effective?
Athlete centred, cooperative and person orientated Individual sports and coaching situations
111
What is the laissez faire style of leadership and when is it most effective?
Leader makes few decisions and let's the group do as it wishes Not recommended in sport
112
What does fiedlers contingency model suggest?
Leaders should decide whether to be task or person orientated in their leadership style, and that the decision should depend on the favourableness of the situation.
113
What type of leader should be used in the most favourable situation?
Task orientated
114
What are the characteristics of a most favourable situation?
Clear discipline Leader highly respected Good relationships High ability Motivation high Task is clear and simple Excellent physical resources
115
What type of leader should be used in a moderately favourable situation?
Person orientated
116
What are the characteristics of a moderately favourable situation?
Leader has friendly relationships with group Limited physical resources Limited external support Moderate motivation levels
117
What type of leader should be used in a least favourable situation?
Task orientated
118
What are the characteristics of a least favourable situation?
Poor relationship with group Leaders authority questioned Low ability group Poor motivation Poor physical resources Complex task
119
In general, what leadership approach is most preferred with experienced players?
Democratic
120
In general, what leadership approach is most preferred in team sports?
Autocratic
121
In general, what leadership approach is most preferred with females?
Democratic
122
In general, what leadership approach is most preferred with older players?
Democratic
123
What is chelladurais model of leadership?
Chelladurai argues that effective leadership can and will vary, depending on the characteristics of the athletes and the constraints of the situation. Sports leaders have therefore to be more dynamic and changeable in relation to the characteristics of the situation.
124
Describe chelladurais model?
The sutuational, leader and member characteristics lead to 3 kinds of behaviour. If the leader shows the appropriate behaviour for that situation, and these preferences match the preferences of the group members, members will achieve their best performance and feel most satisfied.
125
Define personality
An individual's pre disposition to behave in a certain way
126
Summarise the frustration aggression hypothesis
Blocked goal leads to frustration Frustration causes aggression
127
What are some criticisms of frustration aggression hypothesis
Not all individuals who experience frustration exhibit aggressive behaviour Individuals who become aggressive when frustrated do not do so on every occasion Individuals display aggression even when no obvious cause of frustration
128
Summarise aggressive cue theory
Frustration only leads to aggression when socially desirable cues are present
129
What are some examples of stimuli that can trigger aggression?
Aggression related objects e.g. Bats, boxing gloves Aggression related sports e.g. Rugby, boxing Aggression related people e.g. Specific player, coach
130
Summarise social learning theory of aggression
We learn by observing others If we see individuals punished for aggressive behaviour we may conclude not to behave like this and vice versa
131
What are some possible triggers of aggression?
Biased ref Coach encouraging aggression Nature of game Pain Importance of match Level of rivalry Personal performance
132
Punishing aggression is a strategy to reduce aggression. What are e individual, coach and NGB actions to this?
Individual - peers discourage aggressive behaviour Coach - substitute, fine NBG - code of conduct, support refs, punish aggressive players
133
Reinforcing assertive play is a strategy to reduce aggression. What are the individual, coach and NGB actions to this?
Individual - praise others Coach - praise assertive play in team talks, show assertive role models NGB - fair play awards
134
Reducing arousal is a strategy to reduce aggression. What are the individual, coach and NGB actions to this?
Individual - stress management techniques, channel aggression, be aware of aggressive cues Coach - do not over arouse pre match, avoid win at all costs attitude, focus on process as well as outcome NGB - educate refs to lower match temperature, discuss with coaches
135
Avoiding aggressive situations is a strategy to reduce aggression. What are the individual, coach and NGB actions to this?
Individual - learn to walk away, mark another player Coach - move player to another role, ask player to take on responsibility, substitute player NGB - stagger Derby matches, play at neutral grounds
136
Define aggression
In sport, behaviour intended to harm another person physically or psychologically outside the rules of the game
137
What is hostile aggression?
The intention to harm outside the rules, often as an emotional response to another performer or situation, the sole purpose being to cause hurt or injury.
138
What is instrumental aggression?
The intention to harm as a means to another goal.
139
Define assertive behaviour
The use of physical force that is within the rules or ethics of a sport
140
Define channelled aggression
Feelings of aggression that are diverted into useful positive actions.
141
Summarise the instinct theory of aggression
Aggressive behaviour is inherited aggressive impulses build up and must be released
142
What is catharsis?
The release of pent-up emotions or feelings of aggression through harmless channels such as the physical and emotional activity of sport.
143
What are some of the criticisms of instinct theory?
No biological basis for aggressive behaviour Implies that aggressive behaviour is spontaneous but there are times where it is clearly pre-planned Several studies show aggression can be learnt
144
Define attitude
A complex mix of feeling and beliefs that predisposes somebody to behave towards an attitude object in a consistent way
145
Define attitude object
A person, event or behaviour to which a person has an attitude
146
Define prejudice
A pre-formed opinion or judgement of someone based on irrational, incomplete or inaccurate stereotypical views
147
Define social norm
A rule that is socially enforced, or a standard of behaviour. Can apply to appropriate or inappropriate values or attitudes
148
What is the Triadic model?
A hypothetical, testable proposition that holds that attitudes are made up of three components - cognitive, affective, behavioural
149
What is the cognitive component of the Triadic model?
What we know and believe about the attitude object
150
What is the affective component of the Triadic model?
How we feel about the attitude object
151
What is the behavioural component of the Triadic model?
How we actually behave towards, respond to or intend to respond to the attitude object.
152
To get performers to behave in accordance with a set of general values and their own attitudes, what must be ensured?
They understand the specific goals of a training session They have a positive experience and reinforce their attitudinal intentions Any negative attitudes are recognised and dealt with
153
How do peer groups influence attitude formation?
An acceptance of a groups attitudes towards an attitude object object is a way of gaining membership of a group and a sense of identity.
154
How does conditioning influence attitude formation?
A performer who is praised for training will have their attitudes towards training strengthened.
155
How does social learning influence attitude formation?
We learn a lot form watching significant others - parents, teachers, coaches, role models and the media
156
How can a persons attitude be measured?
Observation Questionnaire
157
What are the issues with questionnaires and scalers for measuring attitude?
Some respondents just give the answer they think is wanted Not everyone understands question in same way Most aren't specific to sport Knowledge of person analysing results can affect interpretation
158
What is persuasive communication?
An active, non coercive attempt to reinforce, modify or change the attitude of others.
159
What pre-conditions apply to the persuader in persuasive communication?
Their status in the eyes of the receiver Their popularity Their credibility Social/cultural background
160
What pre-conditions apply to the message in persuasive communication?
The accuracy of the message Is the message stated with confidence/enthusiasm Clarity Is the message logical and factual or is it emotional
161
What pre-conditions apply to the receiver in persuasive communication?
Are they ready for the message How strongly held is the current attitude Are they open to the possibility of change
162
What is cognitive dissonance?
Tension resulting from having contradictory thoughts or beliefs about something or someone. By changing one of the three elements of the Triadic model so that there is no longer consistency within the triad, dissonance is created.