Socio-Cultural Studies Flashcards
What time period was popular recreation in?
1066 - 1850
What was the period of time between 1066 - 1850 also known as?
Pre-Industrial Britain
How did popular recreation appeal to the different genders?
- Almost exclusively played by men
- Nature demonstrating a sense of perceived masculinity
How did popular recreation appeal to law and order?
- Harsh living conditions
- Violence a key factor
How did popular recreation appeal to education and literacy?
- Illiterate meaning no set rules
- Simple and concise rules
- High levels of violence due to games having no rules
How did popular recreation appeal to availability of time?
- Sport was only played on holy days and holidays due to long hours which was irregular in nature
- All sport was localised
How did popular recreation appeal to availability of money?
- Those who had more money could wager on lower classes
- Gave lower classes a chance to win money
How did popular recreation appeal to availability of transport?
- Not very good meaning localised sport which was not far away
What did the Industrial Revolution mean for the evolution of sport?
- Saw the emergence of the middle class e.g. Factory Owners, Doctors
- Middle class wanted to better themselves with public schools
- Popular recreation adapted to rational recreation
What is rational recreation?
- Ideal for the nineteenth-century middle class reformers
- Sport became rule based, regional, respectable and clearly defined positions
Name 5 characteristics of rational recreation.
- Regional/National/International
- Fair play
- Amateurism/Professionalism
- Elitist
- Codification
How did rational recreation appeal to the social class?
- Lower class were professionals
- Upper class were amateurs
- Lower class = performers, Middle class = managers/agents, Upper class = supporters
How did rational recreation appeal to the different genders?
- Women’s participation was limited as it was ‘improper’
- Women regarded as physically weaker
- Middle class women sometimes played lawn tennis
How did rational recreation appeal to law and order?
- Society less violent = sport less violent
- Refinement of the rules
- Literacy improved meaning more written rules
How did rational recreation appeal to availability of time?
- Increase in working hours due to industrialisation
- Less participation in sport
- Half day Saturday
How did rational recreation appeal to availability of money?
- Increase in wages allowed for more participation
- Transport affordable
How did rational recreation appeal to the availability of transport?
- Railways introduced
- Leagues and tournaments introduced
What is the specification for the emergence and evolution of modern sport?
- Public school influence
- Increased organisation
- Promotion of ethics
- ‘Cult’ of athleticism
- Spread of games ethics
How did public school influence sport?
- Took sports from local towns and villages back to the schools
- Began to develop
How did public schools promote and organise sports and games?
- Schoolmasters believed that sports would help to develop the character of schoolboys
- Form of social control
- Inter house competitions
- Encourage teamwork
Define athleticism.
A combination of physical endeavour, trying hard, moral integrity, being honourable, truthful and showing good sportsmanship.
Who were the NGB and did they do?
The National Governing Body gave structure to sports and improved standards.
How did the evolution of modern sport appeal to money, transport and time?
- Increased free time meant disposable money spectating
- Transport to travel to games improved as railways improved
- Entertainment (Radio/Early TV) reached masses
How did the evolution of modern sport appeal to different social classes?
- Amateurs in cricket and rugby mainly played by middle class (some working class)
- 20th century working class still accounted for the majority of professional sport
How did the evolution of modern sport appeal to education?
- Introduction of the Education Act of 1944
- Grammar Schools
- Secondary Modern
- Secondary Technical
What did grammar schools entail?
- Aged 11 to 19
- Most academically gifted children
What did secondary modern schools entail?
- Four year courses
- English, Languages, Geography, History, Maths, Science, Drawing, PE, Manual
- Work after education
What did secondary technical schools entail?
- Anyone who failed their 11+ exam
- Less popular
How did the evolution of modern sport appeal to the different genders?
- Women were allowed to play more sport
- The FA for women was established in 1964
How did the evolution of modern sport appeal to law and order?
- Cruel sport disappeared
- Codes of conduct introduced
- More disciplined
Where was the first Olympic games held?
Olympia, Greece
When was the modern Olympic games established and who was it founded by?
1896, Baron Pierre de Coubertin
What are the aims of the Olympic games?
- Create international goodwill
- Promote development of physical and moral qualities
- Bring athletes together
- Educate young people through sport
What is the BOA?
The British Olympic Association was founded in 1905 and is in charge of organising and coordinating British Olympic and Winter Olympic teams alongside Team GB.
What are the 7 Olympic values?
- Respect
- Excellence
- Friendship
- Courage
- Determination
- Inspiration
- Equality
What is the International Olympic Committee responsible for?
- ‘Olympic Movement’
- Selecting host cities
When did the Paralympics first take place and who was the main target?
- 1960, Rome
- WW11 veterans
What are the Paralympic values?
D - determination
I - inspiration
C - courage
E - equality
What are the 5 main Olympic games that were significant in some way?
1936, Berlin - Third Reich 1968, Mexico City - 'Black Power' 1972, Munich - Palestinian Terrorism 1980, Moscow - USA Boycott 1984, LA - Soviet Union Boycott
How has 21st Century sport appealed to different social classes?
- 0.7/10 people attend private schools
- 4/10 medal winning Olympians were educated privately
- Male participation equal in upper and working classes
- Female participation is lower in working class than in upper and middle class
Define social mobility.
The change in wealth, education and jobs through sport
How has 21st Century sport appealed to law and order?
- Hooliganism a real problem especially in football
What are the positives about hosting sporting events?
- Raise profile of sport
- New and upgraded sporting venues
- More focus on minority sports
- Increase in funding for sports
- Increase in sponsorship and commercial income
What are the negatives about hosting sporting events?
- Current trend in participation is gradually declining
- Facilities no longer used
- Lesser-known non-global sports may suffer
- Sports deviance (hooliganism)
What are the positives of social impacts on sport?
- Pride
- Improved facilities
- Improved transport
- Accommodation and other facilities can be used
What are the negatives of social impacts on sport?
- Some areas do not receive the same benefits
- Local residents may have to vacate during events
What are the positives of economic impacts on sport?
- Increase income
- More jobs
- Increased tourism
- Commercial benefits
What are the negatives of economic impacts on sport?
- Bidding can be expensive
- Event costs more
- Long term jobs aren’t available
- Sponsors/funding effected
What are the positives of political impacts on sport?
- Political parties gain credit
- United country
- ‘Shop window’ effect
What are the negatives of political impacts on sport?
- Cost
- Terrorist attack
- Hosts poor performance
- Protests
What is blood doping and what is the process involved?
- Increases persons red blood cell count
- The more red blood cells, the higher the volume of haemoglobin
- More oxygen
- 2 pints of blood taken from the body and frozen until competition when it is injected back in
What are the side effects of blood doping?
- Increased blood viscosity
- Increased risk of heart attack
- Pulmonary embolism (blood clot)
- Cerebral embolism
- Stroke
- Infections and risk of blood born diseases
- Allergic reaction
What are the advantages of legal supplements?
- Creatine supplements intend to help you train for longer and increase performance during high intensity exercise
- Energy drinks that contain electrolytes such as sodium help the body to store water
- Dietary supplements can build muscle
What are the disadvantages of legal supplements?
- Can contain banned substances
- May not just contain what is on the packet
- Long-term health implications
- Energy drinks high in sugar
- Not in spirit of fair play
- Purist argument
Name some of the reasons why elite performers use illegal drugs.
- Tremendous amounts of pressure
- Affects judgements and decision making
- Pressure
- Influence
- Political pressures
- Monetary rewards
- Social ‘norms’
What are the consequences of using illegal and legal supplements?
- Death and health implications
- Illegal method scandals taint the sport
- Sponsors reluctant
- Society seen as corrupt
Name some of the strategies to stop illegal drugs.
- WADA (World Anti-Doping Agency)
- List of banned substances
- Legalisation?
- Education surrounding all drugs and supplements
- Culture of drug free sport
- Punishments
- Stripped of medals and awards
Name forms of deviance.
- Match fixing
- Spot fixing
- Bribery
What is UK Sport?
Organisation whose aim is the development of the UK’s sportsmen and sportswomen. Funded jointly by the government and the National Lottery.
What are the roles of UK Sport?
- Develop top class coaches
- Running of talent identification programme
- Promotion of campaigns
- Development of acclimatisation
- Development of high performance training facilities
Who do UK Sport fund?
- National Governing bodies (NGB)
- Athlete Performance Award (APA)
What is the Talent Identification Programme?
A programme made up of 4 phases in which performers are categorised to decide who has potential to be professional.
What does phase 1 of the Talent Identification Programme state?
- Range of physical and skill based tests
- In depth analysis of each athletes training and performance history
What do phases 2 and 3 of the Talent Identification Programme state?
- Functional movement screening
- Medical screening
- Psychological tests
