Skill Acquisition and Psychology Flashcards
Name the 4 main types of practice.
- Part Method
- Whole Method
- Whole-Part-Whole Method
- Progressive Part Method
What is the Part Method?
Often used when low in organisation and through fictionalization
+ Good for complex skills due to breakdown
+ Gain confidence
- Learners can lose kin aesthetic sense and flow of skill
Practical Example;
Swimmer using a float to help their legs so that they could concentrate on improving their arm action
What is the Whole Method?
Taught without breaking it down
If the skill is discrete and high in organisation then it is best used
+ Allows kin aesthetic flow
Practical Example;
Golf swing is one large movement which cannot be broken down
What is the Whole-Part-Whole Method?
Perform skill as a whole then practice it in parts and then perform it as a whole again
Suited to serial skills
+ Good for recognizing strengths and weaknesses of a learners performance
Practical Example;
Tennis Serve as it is easy to break down
What is the Progressive Part Method?
Referred to as the chaining method
What is the definition of a simple skill?
A simple skill is where there are small amounts of judgments or decisions required.
E.g. Toss up in Basketball
What is the definition of a complex skill?
A complex skill is where there are large amounts of decisions or judgement that are required.
E.g. Pass by a midfielder in Football
What is the definition of an open skill?
An open skill is where there are many external factors that can affect the way in which the outcome occurs.
E.g. Being served to in tennis analysing speed, spin and direction
What is the definition of a closed skill?
A closed skill is where there are limited external factors that could effect the outcome of the skill.
E.g. Serving as it is a set movement where you know what you need to do to win the point
What is the definition of a gross skill?
A gross skill is where large limbs or movements are used to carry out an action.
E.g. Kicking a ball in Football
What is the definition of a fine skill?
A fine skill is where small movements are used to carry out a skill or action.
E.g. Taking a shot in Snooker
What is the definition of a self-paced skill?
A self-paced skill is where you are in control of how quickly you wish to carry out that skill.
E.g. Javelin Throw
What is the definition of an externally-paced skill?
An externally-paced skill is where external factors determine how quickly you have to carry out a skill or movement.
E.g. Goalkeeper saving a shot in Football
What is a discrete skill?
Discrete skills have a clear beginning and end.
E.g. Penalty kick in Football
What is a serial skill?
Serial skills are made up of a series of parts/subroutines.
E.g. Long Jump
What is a continuous skill?
Continuous skills have no clear beginning or end, the end of a movement will be the start of the next.
E.g. Cycling
What is the definition of a highly organised skill?
A highly organised skill is where it cannot be broken down into subroutines easily.
E.g. Dribbling in Basketball
What is the definition of a low organisation skill?
A low organisation skill is where it can be broken down easily into subroutines.
E.g. Tennis Serve
What is an extrovert?
Seeks social situations
What is an introvert?
Prefers to be alone
What is social learning theory?
Personality is shaped by those around us
What is the interactionalist theory?
We are born with traits that can be modified by the environment
What are the traits of a type A person?
Impatient
Intolerant
Prone to stress
What are the traits of a type B person?
Relaxed
Tolerant of others
Calm
What is attitude?
A complex mix of beliefs, feelings and values that predisposes somebody to behave towards someone in a consistent way.
How can attitudes be formed?
Peer group- same attitudes to an attitude object
Conditioning- Rewards will strengthen attitudes
socialisation- Learnt from significant other
Familiarity-The more you experience an attitude, the more likely the attitude will be positive
What is the cognitive component?
What we know and believe about the attitude object
What is the affective component?
How we feel about the attitude.
What is the behavioral component?
How we behave towards or respond to the attitude object.
Who is the persuader?
Attempting to change the attitude e.g. coach, teacher or captain
Who is the receiving?
The person whose attitude the persuader is trying to change.
What is the message?
The quality of the message the persuader is trying to give.
What is arousal?
A state of readiness
What relationship does the drive theory demonstrate between performance and arousal?
There is a linear relationship between performance and arousal as is shown in the Drive Theory.
What are the benefits of the drive theory?
Explains why novices need simple tasks
Explains why elite players can perform under pressure
What are the disadvantages with the drive theory?
Linear relationships are rare
Doesn’t account for factors such as task type and personality.
What relationship does the the inverted U theory demonstrate between arousal and performance?
Performance increases until the optimum point then it starts to decrease as is shown in the Inverted ‘U’ theory.
What are the benefits of the inverted U theory?
Takes variables into account
Recognizes that the optimum can change
What are the disadvantages of the inverted U theory?
The increase/ decrease in performance is rarely smooth
Doesn’t account for dramatic declines.
What relationship does the catastrophe theory demonstrate between arousal and performance?
Arousal will increase until an optimum point and then drops dramatically.
What are the benefits of the catastrophe theory?
It is more realistic
Explains why performance can dramatically decline.
What are the disadvantages of the catastrophe theory?
It is not proven
Does not take personality into account.
What is the individual zone of optimal functioning?
If you work outside the zone, performance will decline.
Optimum level is not a single point but a bandwidth.
What is peak flow experience?
When an athlete reaches an optimal performance levels associated with a particular emotional state.
What is anxiety?
The negative aspect of experiencing stress. It is the worry experienced by a possibility of fear of failure. the causes vary for different people.
What causes anxiety?
Perception of the importance of the situation.
Perception of ability.
Perception of situational demands.
What is cognitive anxiety?
Worry that a performer has about their ability
What is somatic anxiety?
It is a physiological response to a situation where a performer feels they may be unable to cope.
What is competitive anxiety?
Worry or apprehension experience during or about a competitive situation.
What is Zajoncs theory?
Presence of an audience will increase arousal levels- meaning the dominant response is most likely to occur.
What are the 5 components of the Social Learning Theory?
- Demonstration
- Attention
- Retention
- Motor Reproduction
- Motivation
What are the 4 components of the Cognitive Theory?
- Whole Learning
- Perception
- Uses Memory
- Intervals Variables
What is the Evaluation Apprehension Theory?
Theory made by Cottrell which states that its not the presence of other that raise arousal but only the individuals that are judging or evaluating their performance.
What are the 4 stages of group development?
- Forming
- Storming
- Norming
- Performing
What does the forming stage of group development involve?
Where groups come together, meeting and familiarising themselves with each other and is also where leaders role is important due to member roles being unclear.
Define self-efficacy.
Degree of confidence we have in specific situations
Define sport confidence.
The belief or degree of certainty individuals possess about their ability to be successful in sport.
Define self-esteem.
The feeling of self-worth that determines how valuable and competent we feel.
Which theory best describes self-efficacy?
Bandura’s theory of self-efficacy
In Bandura’s self-efficacy theory, what are the four types of information that self-efficacy depend on?
- Performance accomplishments
- Vicarious experiences
- Social persuasion (Verbal)
- Physiological and emotional states (Emotional)
What is meant by performance accomplishments in relation to Bandura’s self efficacy theory?
A reminder of previous successes in the related skill or situation
What is meant by vicarious experiences in relation to Bandura’s self efficacy theory?
Watching others perform the skill in question
What is meant by social persuasion in relation to Bandura’s self efficacy theory?
Convincing the athlete of their ability to perform the skill
What is meant by physiological and emotional states in relation to Bandura’s self efficacy theory?
The evaluation the performer makes of a physiological state
