Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards
1
Q
What are the 6 main joints in the body?
A
Shoulder Elbow Wrist Hip Knee Ankle
2
Q
What are the articulating bones for the shoulder joint?
A
Clavicle, Humerus, Scapula
3
Q
What are the articulating bones for the elbow joint?
A
Humerus, Ulna, Radius
4
Q
What are the articulating bones for the wrist joint?
A
Ulna, Radius, Carpals
5
Q
What are the articulating bones for the hip joint?
A
Femur, Pelvic Girdle
6
Q
What are the articulating bones for the knee joint?
A
Femur, Tibia
7
Q
What are the articulating bones for the ankle joint?
A
Talas, Tibia, Fibula
8
Q
What is the Appendicular Skeleton?
A
Bones that add on to the main bones
9
Q
What is the Axial Skeleton?
A
Bones that make up the main part of the body
10
Q
What are the categories of synovial joints?
A
Ball and Socket (shoulder/hip) Hinge (elbow) Condyloid (wrist) Pivot (radius + ulna) Gliding (fingers)
11
Q
What is the definition of flexion?
A
Bending parts at a joint to decrease the angle
12
Q
What is the definition of extension?
A
Straightening parts at a joint to increase the angle
13
Q
What is a Sagittal Plane?
A
Divides body into left and right
14
Q
What is the Frontal Plane?
A
Divided body into anterior and posterior
15
Q
What is the Transverse Plane?
A
Divides body into upper and lower
16
Q
What is dorsi-flexion?
A
Dorsi-flexion is where flexion occurs at the ankle whereby the ankle bends upwards so that your heal is the bottom point
17
Q
What is plantar-flexion?
A
Plantar-flexion is extension at the ankle whereby the ankle stretches downwards so that your toes are the bottom point
18
Q
What is adduction?
A
Adduction is the movement of a limb towards the body’s midline
19
Q
What is abduction?
A
Abduction is the movement of a limb away from the body’s midline
20
Q
What is horizontal extension?
A
Horizontal extension is a movement where the angle between two bones increases and occurs on the transverse plane
21
Q
What is horizontal flexion?
A
Horizontal flexion is a movement that decreases the angle between two bones and occurs in the transverse plane
22
Q
What is medial rotation?
A
Medial rotation is a rotational movement towards the midline
23
Q
What is lateral rotation?
A
Lateral rotation is a rotating movement away from the midline
24
Q
What is circumduction?
A
Circumduction is the movement of a limb in a rotational circle
25
How does an agonist muscle work?
An agonist muscle is the muscle that is responsible for creating movement at a joint.
26
How does an antagonist muscle work?
An antagonist muscle is the muscle that opposes the agonist providing resistance allowing for coordinated movement.
27
What is a fixator muscle?
A fixator muscle stabilises one part of the body whilst another part moves.
28
What are the 4 types of contraction?
Isotonic (Concentric, Eccentric)
| Isometric
29
What is an isotonic muscle contraction?
A contraction whereby the muscle changes length
30
What is an isometric muscle contraction?
A contraction whereby the length of the muscle does not change
31
What is a concentric muscle contraction?
A contraction whereby the muscles shorten in length
32
What is an eccentric muscle contraction?
A contraction whereby the length of the muscles increase under tension or gravity
33
Complete a movement analysis of the shoulder joint.
Type of Joint: ball and socket
Articulating Bones: clavicle, humerus, scapula
Movement: flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation, circumduction
Muscles: anterior + posterior deltoid, middle deltoid + latissimus dorsi, pectoralis major + teres minor, teres major + teres minor
34
Complete a movement analysis of the elbow joint.
Type of Joint: hinge
Articulating Bones: humerus, ulna, radius
Movement: flexion, extension
Muscles: biceps brachii + triceps brachii
35
Complete a movement analysis of the wrist joint.
Type of Joint: condyloid
Articulating Bones: ulna, radius, carpals
Movement: flexion, extension, abduction, adduction
Muscles: wrist extensors + wrist flexors
36
Complete a movement analysis of the hip joint.
Type of Joint: ball and socket
Articulating Bones: femur, pelvic girdle
Movement: flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation, circumduction
Muscles: iliopsoas + gluteus maximus, adductors(longus, brevis, magnus) + gluteus medius/gluteus minimus, gluteus medius/gluteus minimus + gluteus maximus
37
Complete a movement analysis of the knee joint.
Type of Joint: hinge
Articulating Bones: femur, tibia
Movement: flexion, extension
Muscles: hamstring group (bicep femoris, semitendinosis, semimembrinosis) + quadricep group (rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius)
38
Complete a movement analysis of the ankle joint.
Type of Joint: hinge
Articulating Bones: talus, tibia, fibula
Movement: plantar flexion, dorsiflexion
Muscles: tibialis anterior + gastrocnemius/soleus
39
How is does a skeletal muscle contraction take place?
1. Nerve impulse is created in the motor neuron cell body
2. Nerve impulse conducted down axon of motor neuron by nerve action potential to the neuromuscular junction
3. Neurotransmitter secreted into synaptic cleft allowing nerve impulse to conduct across the gap
4. If electrical charge is above threshold, the muscle fibre will contract providing enough neurotransmitter is secreted
5. 'All or none law' applies
40
What is action potential?
A positive electrical charge inside the nerves and muscle cells which conducts the nerve impulse down the motor neuron and into the muscle fibres.
41
What are the 3 types of muscle fibre?
- Slow Oxidative (SO)
- Fast Oxidative Glycolytic (FOG)
- Fast Glycolytic (FG)
42
What is a pulmonary circuit?
The circulation of blood through the pulmonary arteries to the lungs and pulmonary veins back to the heart.
43
What is the systemic circuit?
The circulation of blood through the aorta to the body and vena cavae back to the heart.
44
What is the path of blood through the heart?
```
BODY
(deoxengenated blood)
Vena Cava
Right Atrium
Tricuspid Valve
Right Ventricle
Semilunar Valve
Pulmonary Artery
LUNGS
(oxygenated blood)
Pulmonary Vein
Left Atrium
Bicuspid Valve
Left Ventricle
Semilunar Valve
Aorta
(repeat)
```
45
What does myogenic mean?
The capacity of heart to generate its own electrical impulse, which causes the cardiac muscle to contract.
46
What is the conduction system?
A set of structures in the heart which create and transmit an electrical impulse which force the atria and the ventricles to contract.
47
What does the cardiac conduction system consist of?
1. SA Node (generates electrical impulse and atria walls contract)
2. AV Node (collects impulse and delays to allow atria to finish contraction)
3. Bundle of His (splits impulse in two allowing distribution to ventricles)
4. Bundle Branches (carry impulse to base of ventricles)
5. Purkinje Fibres (distribute impulse through walls of ventricles causing contraction)
48
What is diastole?
The relaxation phase of the heart where chambers fill with blood.
49
What is systole?
The contraction phase of the heart where blood is forced into the aorta and pulmonary artery.
50
What series of events happen in the cardiac cycle to make it possible?
Diastole -> Atrial Systole -> Ventricular Systole -> Diastole
51
Define stroke volume.
Amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle per beat.
52
Define cardiac output.
Amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle per minute. (HR x SV = CO)
53
What is bradycardia?
A condition where resting heart rate is below 60 bpm
54
How is maximum heart rate calculated?
220 - age
55
Define venous return.
The return of blood to the right atria through the veins
56
What is Starling's law?
Increased venous return leads to increased stroke volume due to an increased stretch of the ventricular walls and therefore, force of contraction.
57
What is CCC an abbreviation for and what does it do?
The Cardiac Control Centre (CCC) is located in the medulla oblongata and is responsible for HR regulation.
58
What is the sympathetic nervous system?
Part of the autonomic nervous system responsible for increasing HR, specifically during exercise.
59
What is the parasympathetic nervous system?
Part of the autonomic nervous system responsible for decreasing HR, specifically during recovery.
60
What are the three factors that control the activity of the CCC?
- Neural Control
- Intrinsic Control
- Hormonal Control
61
What does neural control consist of?
- Proprioceptors
- Chemoreceptors
- Baroreceptors
62
What does intrinsic control consist of?
- Temperature
| - Venous return (Starling's Law)
63
What does hormonal control consist of?
Adrenaline and noradrenaline
64
What do proprioceptors do?
In muscles, tendons and joints, these inform the CCC that movement has increased.
65
What do chemoreceptors do?
Located in the aorta and carotid arteries, these detect a decreases in blood pH due to an increase of lactic acid and CO2.
66
What do baroreceptors do?
Located in blood vessel walls, these inform the CCC of increased blood pressure.
67
What is the role of arteries and arterioles and what are their characteristics?
Carry oxygenated blood from the heart to muscles and organs.
- Contain blood under high pressure needing thick walls
- Smooth muscle and elastic tissue which can vasodilate and vasoconstrict
- Pre capillary sphincters surrounding capillary bed (arterioles)
68
What is the role of capillaries and what are their characteristics?
Location of gaseous exchange.
| - One cell thick
69
What is the role of veins and venules and what are their characteristics?
Carry deoxygenated blood from the muscles and organs back to the heart.
- Thin walls
- Small layer of smooth muscle
- Contain blood under low pressure
- One way pocket valves to prevent back flow
- Venodilation and Venoconstriction
70
What are the different venous return mechanisms?
- Pocket valves
- Smooth muscle
- Gravity
- Muscle pump
- Respiratory pump
71
What is the vascular shunt mechanism?
The redistribution of cardiac output around the body from rest to exercise which increases the percentage of blood flow to the skeletal muscles.
72
What is the VCC?
The Vasomotor control centre in the medulla oblongata responsible for cardiac output distribution.
73
What is vasomotor tone?
The partial state of smooth muscle constriction in the arterial walls.
74
Where is the site of external respiration?
Lungs
75
Where is the site of internal respiration?
Muscles
76
What are the three active processes of breathing?
- Inspiration at rest
- Inspiration during exercise
- Expiration during exercise
77
What is the only passive process of breathing?
Expiration at rest
78
What is the RCC?
Respiratory Control Centre controls breathing and located in medulla oblongata
79
What are the two parts of the RCC?
Inspiratory Centre (IC) + Expiratory Centre (EC)
80
What is the role of the IC?
To stimulate inspiratory muscles to contract at rest and during exercise.
81
What is the role of the EC?
Inactive at rest, but will stimulate additional expiratory muscles to contract during exercise.
82
Inspiration at rest...
- External intercostals contract pulling chest walls up and out
- Diaphragm contracts and flattens increasing chest size
83
Inspiration during exercise...
(Same as at rest)
- Sternocleidomastoid lifts sternum
- Scalene and pectoralis minor contract and lift ribs more
- Thoracic cavity volume increase making air come in to lungs
84
Expiration at rest...
- External intercostals relax so chest walls move in and down
- Diaphragm relaxes and bulges up reducing size of chest
85
Expiration during exercise...
(Same as at rest)
- Internal intercostals contract and pull ribs down
- Rectus abdominus contracts and pushes diaphragm up
- Thoracic cavity volume decrease forcing air out of lungs
86
What is a motor unit?
Combination of a motor neuron and muscle fibres that it activates.
87
What are the adaptations of cardiovascular training aerobically?
- Cardiac Hypertrophy
- Increase in elasticity of artery walls
- Cappilarisation
- Increased in haemoglobin and RBC
- Increase in blood volume (plasma)
88
What are the adaptations of respiratory system aerobically?
- Hypertrophy of respiratory muscles
| - Surface area of alveoli
89
What are the adaptations of the muscular skeletal system aerobically?
- Slow oxidative fibres hypertrophy
- Increase in mitochondrial density
- Increase in myoglobin
- Increase in glucose/glycogen
- Increase in bone density and connective tissue
90
What are the adaptations of energy systems aerobically?
- Increase in aerobic enzymes
| - Decrease in fat mass
91
What are the adaptations of the muscular skeletal system in terms of strength (anaerobic)?
- Hypertrophy
- Hyperplasia (increased number of muscles fibres)
- Increase in connective tissues and bone density
92
What are the adaptations of energy systems in terms of strength (anaerobic)?
- ATP and PC stores increase
- Glycogen increase
- Anaerobic enzymes increase
- Increase tolerance to lactate and buffering capacity
- OBLA decrease
93
What are the adaptations in terms of flexibility for the muscular skeletal system?
- Increase in muscle length
- Increased elasticity of the muscles
- Increase in the thickness of cartilage
94
What are the two types of flexibility?
Static, Dynamic
95
What are the factors affecting flexibility?
- Age
- Gender
- Length of connective tissue
- Type of joint
96
What are the tests for flexibility?
- Sit and reach
| - Goniometer
97
What are the methods of flexibility?
- PNF
- Ballistic
- Static (active/passive)
- Dynamic
- Isometric
