Socio cultural studies Flashcards
1
Q
Study for SIT
A
Sherif 1954
Drury et el 2009
2
Q
Tajfel aim
A
to investigate if intergroup discrimination would take place based on being put into different groups
3
Q
Tajfel sample
A
48 British school boys (14-15)
4
Q
Tajfel method
A
- rate 12 paintings by Klee and Kandinsky
- randomly put into 2 groups but told they preferred either Klee or Kandinsky
- award points to 2 other boys, one from same group one not
- if high value chosen for in = higher profit to the out-group
- if mid-range value chosen = same points to out group
- if low value chosen = only 1 point to out group
5
Q
Tajfel results
A
The boys were willing to give their own team fewer points to maximise the difference even if it meant they left with fewer points
6
Q
Tajfel conclusion
A
There is a natural tendency of members of a group to favour their in-group even in minimal groups without competition
7
Q
Tajfel strenghts
A
- high level of control. Confounding variables were minimised.
- replicated = reliable
8
Q
Tajfel limitations
A
- highly artificial = lacks ecological validity
- may have shown demand characteristics, trying to please the researcher
- may have interpreted the task as competitive and tried to win
- sampling bias
- use of deception = unethical
9
Q
Abrams aim
A
to determine if in-group identity would affect one’s willingness to conform
10
Q
Abrams sample
A
50 undergraduate students (23 males and 27 females) enrolled in an introductory psychology course
11
Q
Abrams method
A
- Confederates introduced as either psychology students (in-group) or ancient history students (out-group)
- Asch paradigm - shown 9 lines and one to the side, one of the 9 lines same length as the one on the side
- 18 trials, 9 confederates gave correct, 9 gave incorrect
- In private condition participant was asked to write down everyone’s including their own so no one else saw
12
Q
Abrams results
A
- 77% conformed at least 1 trial
- most conformed in group public, then private then out group private then public
13
Q
Abrams conclusion
A
- social categorisation can play a key role in one’s decision to conform publicly
- overall conformity levels are about the same as Asch’s original
- public conformity exceeded the usual level in the in-group condition but was far below normal in the out-group condition as tend to exaggerate the difference between us and the out-group
- Thus, in this experiment, in-group members may be seen as more correct, while out-group members are seen as less likely to be correct when participants are made conscious of their group membership
14
Q
Abrams strenghts
A
- high level of control
- replicable = reliable
15
Q
Abrams limitations
A
- Culturally biased
- Deception
- Highly artificial = low ecological validity
- Only uni students
16
Q
Fagot aim
A
to determine the role that parents may play in gender-role development.
17
Q
Fagot sample
A
- 24 families (12 with a boy and 12 with a girl)
- Each only child between 20 and 24 months
- Both parents lived at home and 20 - 30 years old
- All white
- varied in income
18
Q
Fagot method
A
- observation checklist of 46 child behaviours and 19 reactions by parents
- 5 60-minute observations completed for each family over 5 weeks
time sampling, making note of behaviour every 60 seconds - each parent was asked to rate the 46 behaviours as more appropriate for girls, for boys, or neutral and also filled out a questionnaire on the socialisation of sex roles
19
Q
Fagot results
A
- Boys were more likely to be left alone
- boys more positive responses when they played with blocks
- girls more negative responses when they manipulated an object
- More positive responses to girls than boys for playing with dolls
- criticised girls more when they participated in activities like running and jumping
- more positive responses to girls when they asked for help
- Fathers were more concerned with appropriate sex-typing
- both parents found more behaviours appropriate for girls only than for boys only
20
Q
Fagot conclusion
A
- Parents reacted more favourably to the child when the child was engaged in same-sex preferred behaviour
- more likely to receive negative responses to cross-sex-preferred behaviours
- Parents gave girls more positive responses when they engaged in adult-oriented, dependent behaviour
- On the questionnaire, parents did not see asking for help as a sex-preferred behaviour; however, they were more likely to act positively toward a girl than a boy asking for help = not fully aware
21
Q
Fagot strenghts
A
- Naturalistic = high ecological validity.
- two observers = not influenced by personal biases
22
Q
Fagot limitations
A
- Culturally biased
- Deception
- Highly artificial = low ecological validity
- Only uni students
23
Q
2 studies for cultural groups and influences on behaviour
A
Berry 1967
Kearins 1981
24
Q
Berry aim
A
- based on earlier research by Barry, Child, and Bacon (1959) which suggested that hunting and fishing societies tend to be individualistic, whereas agricultural societies tend to be collectivistic
- aim of measuring the level of conformity in these two types of societies by applying a version of the Asch Paradigm.
25
Q
Berry sample
A
- Temne of Sierra Leone = rice farming.
Inuit people of Baffin Island, Canada, = hunting and fishing - made up of people who maintained the traditional way of life and people who either had a Western education or Western employment
- Scots as a reference group - both urban and rural Scots
- approximately 120 participants in each group
26
Q
Berry method
A
- Each individual was brought into a room by him or herself
- given a set of nine lines
- 2 practice tests
- on 3rd “Most Temne (or Inuit or Scottish) people say this line is equal in length to the one at the top” and correct answer given
- trials 4 - 6, the wrong response was given
27
Q
Berry results
A
- Temne (collectivistic) much higher rate of conformity
- Inuits even lower rate of conformity than Scots
- no significant difference if the participants were living the traditional life or were highly exposed to Western culture
28
Q
Berry strengths
A
- The directions were given in their own language by a native interpreter
- control condition to strengthen the internal validity of the study
- highly replicable
