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Geography > Society, Culture and Economy > Flashcards

Society, Culture and Economy Flashcards

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1
Q

According to genetic testing, dental morphology and study of language families, it is known that early North Americans were of ____ ancestry who lived in and migrated up through Siberia.

A

Asian

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2
Q

It must have taken thousands of years for these people to slowly cross the____ and colonise North America.

A

Bering Land Bridge

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3
Q

The ____ most likely influenced the migration patterns of humans across the landscape

A

Laurentide Ice Sheet

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4
Q

is a body of ideas generally accepted as truth.

A

Conventional wisdom

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5
Q

determines Earth was created 23 Oct. 4004, according to scripture from the Christian Bible.

A

James Ussher - 1960s

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6
Q

argues that Earth must be much older than Ussher’s 5000 years

A

James Hutton - 1700s

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7
Q

publishes “Principles of Geography”

A

Charles Lyell - 1830

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8
Q

publishes first extensive study on glaciers

A

Scientist Louis Agassiz - 1840

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9
Q

publishes “Origins of Species”, evolution becomes a contested theory

A

Charles Darwin - 1859

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10
Q

Publishes “Geological Evidence for the Antiguity of Man”

A

Charles Lyell - 1863

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11
Q

Prevailing belief that North America remained untouched by humans until 4000 years ago.

A

1900

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12
Q

support for ice age migration mounting

A

1907

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13
Q

discovery of human artifacts at Folsom, New Mexico

A

1926

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14
Q

Discovery of human artifacts at Clovis, New Mexico

A

1932

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15
Q

___ Theory accepted as earliest evidence for humans in North America

A

Clovis First

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16
Q

Radiocarbon dating invented

A

1940

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17
Q

Clovis First Theory accepted due to the advent of dating techniques and availability of evidence

A

1960s

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18
Q

works on the principle of stable radioactive decay.

A

Radiocarbon dating

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19
Q

is a radionuclide (meaning it is radioactive, not stable and subject to decay) that is created due to cosmic rays interacting with particles in the upper atmosphere.

A

C14

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20
Q

these are created using bifacial percussion flaking (each face is flaked on both edges alternatively with a percussor).

A

Clovis Points

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21
Q

happens when anomalies and contradictions to an existing paradigm (referred to earlier as the conventional wisdom) result in the acceptance of a new way of thinking- and the replacement of the old paradigm with a new one.

A

A paradigm shift

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22
Q

_____ founded by the French is 1608, is the oldest permanent European colony in Canada.

A

Quebec City

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23
Q

_____ was quite a lucrative business in the early days of European settlement on the NA continent.

A

Fur trading

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24
Q

took place between fledgling American forces, and the French, British, Natives and Canadians who had interest in keeping British NA intact.

A

The war of 1812

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25
Q

In 1867, which 4 provinces united to form the “Dominion of Canada” under the British North American Act?

A

Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia

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26
Q

___ became the 7th province in 1873

A

PEI

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27
Q

__ and __ became the 8th and 9th provinces, joining Canada in 1905.

A

Alberta and Saskatchewan

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28
Q

____ joined Canada in 1949, becoming the 10th and final province

A

Newfoundland

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29
Q

also known as the geography of the human condition

A

social geography

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30
Q

interested in the study of how culture, ethnicity, demographics and human welfare interact over space and through time.

A

social geography

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31
Q

Since confederation, Canada’s population has slowly been ____

A

growing

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32
Q

the doubling time of Canada is ___ years

A

116

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33
Q

Our crude birth rate (CBR) and crude death rate (CDR) are both

A

relatively low

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34
Q

are useful for looking at demographic changes over time.

A

population pyramids

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35
Q

is the measure of the number of people per unit area.

A

population density

36
Q

is the long term relocation from one area to another

A

migration

37
Q

In the early 20th century most immigrants came from___ and ____.

A

Great Britain and western Europe

38
Q

Today, most of Canada’s immigrants have come from ___ countries

A

Asian

39
Q

affiliation with a group whose racial, cultural, religious, or linguistic characteristics or national origin separate it from the larger population

A

Ethnicity

40
Q

are an important way for Canadians to express their freedom of speech and reach out and support each other.

A

public demonstrations

41
Q

The term ____ in Canada is used for any area with 1000 or more people, and a density of more than 400 people/km2.

A

urban

42
Q

is the process of societal change, whereby the population classified as “urban” increases.

A

urbanization

43
Q

Since 1970, more ____ and fewer ___ have been attending university.

A

women; men

44
Q

Canada’s indigenous peoples have a rich culture featuring diverse languages with over ___ bands in ___ distinct culture regions.

A

600; 7

45
Q

___ fertility rates and ____ mortality rates in the late 20th century have caused the Aboriginal population to ____ dramatically in recent years.

A

high
declining
increase

46
Q

is one which is chronically disadvantaged, lacking the ability to meet its needs due to systemic, economic and political discrimination

A

A marginalized population

47
Q

changes to the Indian Act extend formal Indian Status to the Metis, all enfranchised aboriginals living off reserve land and aboriginal women who had previously lost their status by marrying a non-aboriginal man

A

1985

48
Q

The Oka Crisis focuses attention of native land claims

A

1990

49
Q

Nunavut is created in the western Arctic, with lands set aside where Inuit can live, hunt and control sub-surface resources.

A

1999

50
Q

the federal government approves the Nisaga’a Treaty, giving the tribe about $196 million over 15 years plus communal self-government and control of natural resources in parts of northwestern British Columbia.

A

2000

51
Q

The Kelowna Accord called for spending $5 billion over 5 years to improve native education, health care and living conditions. Paul Martin’s minority Liberal government fell before the accord could be implemented.

A

2005

52
Q

Prime Minister Stephen Harper offers a formal apology on behalf of Canada over residential schools

A

2008

53
Q

Canada signs the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples

A

2010

54
Q

A winter housing crisis in the northern Ontario native community of Attawapiskat rivets national attention on native living conditions

A

2011

55
Q

Harper holds a summit meeting with First Nations chiefs

A

2012

56
Q

attempts to represent the diverse interests of Canada’s aboriginal peoples

A

the assembly of First Nations

57
Q

where the government must address the challenges facing Native Canadians and be willing to share power with them; this is a more extreme, militant attitude.

A

Rights-based activist approach

58
Q

more of a cooperative or conciliatory way of thinking, with cautious and incremental co-operation to foster political partnerships between Natives and non-Natives

A

second approach

59
Q

Families spending more than 59% of their income on necessities (defined as food, shelter, clothing) are said to be in

A

straightened circumstances

60
Q

The average Canadian family spends roughly ___ of its income on necessities.

A

40%

61
Q

low income relative to the average or median income of the Canadian population.

A

poverty

62
Q

poverty results from the internal pathology of deviant groups, that is, poverty is the result of failures of the poor themselves

A

culture of poverty

63
Q

this view considers the possibility that poverty results from individual inadequacies, often transmitted from generation to generation.

A

cycle of poverty

64
Q

this perspective is based on the view that poverty is rooted in the failure of the state to provide aid in those in need.

A

institutional malfunctioning

65
Q
  • this perspective treats poverty as a logical outcome of capitalism
  • states that poverty is simply an inevitable outcome of a stratified capitalist society
A

unequal distribution of resources

66
Q

suggests that poverty is the result of having different tiered wages for different jobs and skill levels.

A

labour market theory

67
Q

Median family income in Canada is currently just slightly less than

A

$70,000.

68
Q

is the hourly pay required to meet basic needs including housing, food, clothing, utilities, and childcare.

A

a living wage

69
Q

The living wage is invariably higher than the

A

minimum wage

70
Q

the __ is our largest trading partner, with 80% of our exports destined there each year

A

US

71
Q

consists of fishing, farming, mining, forestry, and trapping

A

primary sector

72
Q

manufacturing and meat packing

A

secondary economic activities

73
Q

sale of goods and services, including retailing and education

A

tertiary sector

74
Q

deals with the handling and processing of knowledge and information

A

quaternary sector

75
Q

is the measure of the value of goods and services produced by the domestic economy

A

the gross domestic product (GDP)

76
Q

economic growth and development of a country is based on the export of natural resources

A

staples theory

77
Q

Economies of scale are benefits associated with ____ levels of output.

A

increasing

78
Q

a geographic area characterized by distinct economic activities

A

economic region

79
Q

explains how the capitalist economic system has evolved into distinct spatial units

A

The Heartland-Hinterland theory

80
Q

is located in the Great Lakes- St. Lawrence Lowland, consisting of southern Ontario and southern Quebec.

A

Canada’s Heartland region

81
Q

slow-growing Atlantic Canada; fast-growing western Canada and British Columbia; and the resource frontier in the Territorial North.

A

hinterland regions

82
Q

captures the essence of Canada’s spatial economy.

A

core/periphery model

83
Q

meaning that commerically viable agriculture is restricted to a very small portion of the country.

A

arable

84
Q

defined as an agricultural holding which produces at least one of the following intended for sale- crops, livestock, poultry, animal products, greenhouse/nursery products, mushrooms, sod, honey, or maple syrup products

A

a Census Farm

85
Q

the sum total of all operations involved in the manufacture and distribution of farm supplies; production operations on the farm; storage, processing and distribution of farm commodities and products made from them.

A

Agribussiness

Geography (6 decks)

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