Society And Groups

Question 1

anomie

Answer 1

a condition wherein familiar explanatory norms seem inadequate or unavailable.

Question 2

culture

Answer 2

describes a group’s shared norms (or acceptable behaviors) and values,

Question 3

society

Answer 3

describes a group of people who live in a defined geographical area, and who interact with one another and share a common culture.

Question 4

Social institutions

Answer 4

are mechanisms or patterns of social order focused on meeting social needs, such as government, economy, education, family, healthcare, and religion.

Question 5

Sociologist Gerhard Lenski

Answer 5

defined societies in terms of their technological sophistication.

Question 6

As a society advances, so does its use of _______, which is defined as the application of science to address the problems of daily life.

Answer 6

Technology

Question 7

Hunter-gatherer societies

Answer 7

As the basic structure of human society until about 10,000–12,000 years ago, these groups were based around kinship or tribes.

Question 8

Pastoral societies

Answer 8

rely on the domestication of animals as a resource for survival.

Question 9

Horticultural

Answer 9

formed in areas where rainfall and other conditions allowed them to grow stable crops. They were similar to hunter-gatherers in that they largely depended on the environment for survival, but since they didn’t have to abandon their location to follow resources, they were able to start permanent settlements. T

Question 10

While pastoral and horticultural societies used small, temporary tools such as digging sticks or hoes, agricultural societies relied on permanent tools for survival.

Answer 10

This is also the age in which people had the time and comfort to engage in more contemplative and thoughtful activities, such as music, poetry, and philosophy. This period came to be known as the “dawn of civilization” by some because of the increase of leisure time and the development of the humanities. Craftspeople were able to support themselves through the production of creative, decorative, or thought-provoking aesthetic objects and writings.

Question 11

feudal societies.

Answer 11

These societies contained a strict hierarchical system of power based on land ownership and protection. The nobility, known as lords, placed vassals in charge of pieces of land. In return for the resources that the land provided, vassals promised to fight for their lords.

Question 12

Industrial Society

Answer 12

In the eighteenth century, Europe experienced a dramatic rise in technological invention, ushering in an era known as the Industrial Revolution. What made this period remarkable was the number of new inventions that influenced people’s daily lives. Before the Industrial Revolution, work was largely person or animal-based, and relied on human workers or horses to power mills and drive pumps.6

Question 13

Post-Industrial Society

Answer 13

Information societies, sometimes known as postindustrial or digital societies, are a recent development. Unlike industrial societies that are rooted in the production of material goods, information societies are based on the production of information and services.

Question 14

social solidarity

Answer 14

(the social ties that bind a group of people together such as kinship, shared location, and religion)

Question 15

social facts

Answer 15

(the laws, morals, values, religious beliefs, customs, fashions, rituals, and all of the cultural rules that govern social life).

Question 16

Émile Durkheim’

Answer 16

o him, society was greater than the sum of its parts. He asserted that individual behavior was not the same as collective behavior and that studying collective behavior was quite different from studying an individual’s actions.

Question 17

collective conscience.

Answer 17

Durkheim called the communal beliefs, morals, and attitudes of a society the collective conscience.

Question 18

Preindustrial societies, Durkheim explained, were held together by _______ a type of social order maintained by the collective consciousness of a culture.

Answer 18

mecanical Solidarity

Question 19

In industrial societies, mechanical solidarity is replaced with _____, which is social order based around an acceptance of economic and social differences.

Answer 19

organic solidarity

Question 20

anomie

Answer 20

Anomie—literally, “without law”—is a situation in which society no longer has the support of a firm collective consciousness, and wherein established norms are weakened.

Question 21

mechanical solidarity:

Answer 21

a type of preindustrial social order maintained by the collective consciousness of a culture

Question 22

organic solidarity:

Answer 22

a type of industrial social order based around an acceptance of economic and social differences

Question 23

Alienation

Answer 23

Individal is isolated form society, work, and sence of self.

Question 24

rationalization

Answer 24

A rational society is one built around logic and efficiency rather than morality or tradition. T

Question 25

Normative organizations, also called voluntary organizations,

Answer 25

are based on shared interests. As the name suggests, joining them is voluntary and typically done because people find membership rewarding in an intangible way.

Question 26

Coercive organizations

Answer 26

are groups that are forced to join. These may include prison or a rehabilitation center

Question 27

utilitarian organizations,

Answer 27

which, as the name suggests, are joined because of the need for a specific material reward. High school and the workplace fall into this category—one joined in pursuit of a diploma, the other in order to make money.

Question 28

All formal organizations are, or likely will become, bureaucracies.

Answer 28

Weber utilized the ideal-type to conceptualize bureaucracies as having a hierarchy of authority, a clear division of labor, explicit rules, and an atmosphere of impersonality (1922).

Question 29

Hierarchy of authority

Answer 29

refers to the aspect of bureaucracy that places one individual or office in charge of another, who in turn must answer to her own superiors. For example, at your college or university, the Board of Trustees is the governing body of most institutions of higher education. The president (or chancellor) answers to the Board, and the divisions arranged under the president have their own leaders, who in turn manage other subordinate employees.

Question 30

A clear division of labor

Answer 30

refers to the fact that within a bureaucracy, each individual has a specialized task to perform. For example, psychology professors teach psychology, but they do not attempt to provide students with financial aid forms. In this case, it is a clear and commonsense division.

Question 31

explicit rules

Answer 31

refers to the way in which rules are outlined, written down, and standardized. For example, at your college or university, the student guidelines are contained within the Student Handbook

Question 32

Finally, bureaucracies are also characterized by impersonality

Answer 32

which takes personal feelings out of professional situations.

Question 33

Democratic leaders

Answer 33

encourage group participation in all decision making.

Question 34

laissez-faire leader

Answer 34

) is hands-off, allowing group members to self-manage and make their own decisions.

Question 35

authoritarian leaders

Answer 35

issue orders and assigns tasks.

Question 36

A large, impersonal, secondary organization is referred to as ________.

Answer 36

a formal organization

Question 37

Skill

Identify the components of McDonaldization

Answer 37

Skill

Explain how conformity is impacted by groups