Society and Drugs Midterm Review

Question 1

Homeostasis

Answer 1

Balance in the body

Question 2

Allostasis

Answer 2

Helps body adapt to changes in it’s environment

Question 3

CNS

Answer 3

Made up on brain and spinal cord

Question 4

Dendrites

Answer 4

Receive signal from neighboring neurons

Question 5

Axon

Answer 5

Transmits signals to other neuron dendrites or tissues

Question 6

Myelin sheath

Answer 6

Speeds up signal transmitting along the axon

Question 7

Neurotransmitter

Answer 7

Bodies chemical messenger, transmit messages between neurons of form neurons to muscles or other tissues

Question 8

Neurotransmitter function

Answer 8

Influences a neuron either being excitatory, inhbitory or modulatory

Question 9

Excitatory neurotransmitters

Answer 9

Increase postsynaptic membrane permeability to Na+
Threshold is reached for message to be sent

Question 10

Inhibitory neurotransmitters

Answer 10

Decrease permeability to Na+
Decreases chance nerve impulses wil occur

Question 11

Agonist

Answer 11

Drug increases the synthesis of neurotransmitter molecules
Increases the release of transmitters from terminal buttons

Question 12

Antagonist

Answer 12

Drug blocks the synthesis of neurotransmitter molecules
Blocks the release of the neurotransmitter molecules from terminal button

Question 13

Endocrine system

Answer 13

Ductless glands that secrete hormones, that carry messages to particular organ or tissue through the blood stream

Question 14

Drug misuse

Answer 14

Mainly in bodybuilders, athletics and cycling/ weightlifting

Question 15

Abuse/ misuse

Answer 15

Patterned use of a drug in which the user consumes the substance in amount or with method which are harmful to themselves or others
Drug abuse might eventually lead to an addiction

Question 16

Addiction

Answer 16

Compulsive drug use despite harmful consequences, inability to stop using a drug, failure to meet work, social or family obligations, sometimes tolerance and withdrawal

Question 17

Dependence

Answer 17

Reflects physical dependence in which the body adapts to the drug, requires more to achieve a certain effect and eliciting drug- specific physical or mental symptoms if drug use is abruptly stopped

Question 18

Tolerance

Question 19

Potency vs. Toxicity

Question 20

Withdrawal

Question 21

Dose response curves and related information

Answer 21

Correlation between the amount if a drug given and its effects
Different individuals will have different levels of tolerance

Question 22

Interaction

Question 23

Pharmacokinetic factors

Answer 23

Factors that influence drug distribution and concentration in the body
Absorption
Metabolism
Distribution
Excretion

Question 24

Major American legislation

Question 25

Difference between drugs and impacts on body

Question 26

Region of homeostasis

Answer 26

Beneficial or desired zone

Question 27

Margin of Safety

Answer 27

The correct amount to cause a desired effect but not toxic

Question 28

Opioids

Answer 28

Opioids- Opium poppy- contains morphine and codeine
Heroine produced from morphine

Can reinforce drug taking behavior by altering activity in the limbic system- controls emotions

Question 29

Heroine

Answer 29

Sap from the Opium poppy, then boiled to remove plant matter creating morphine, morphine combined with acid and heated, finish product is heroin powder

Heroine binds to and activated specific receptors in the brain called mu- opioid receptors- when activated reward centers of the brain are stimulated release neurotransmitter dopamine causing reinforcement drug taking behavior

Deteriorates the brains white matter- affects decision making abilities and the ability to regulate behavior and response to stressful situations

Question 30

Cocaine

Answer 30

Comes from the leaves of the coca bush native to South America
Freebase: White powder that is purer than cocaine hydrochloride
Increases dopamine in the brain circuits related to the control of movement and reward- prevents dopamine from being recycled cause large amount to build up on the space between two nerve cells, stopping normal communication

Question 31

Meth

Answer 31

Affects CNS
Often repeated doses in a binge and crash pattern
Increases dopamine releases and blocks dopamine re-uptake
Greatly reduces the binding of dopamine transporters in the striatum- important in memory and movement

Question 32

Depressants

Answer 32

Reduce arousal and stimulation affect CNS, slowing down the messengers between the brain and body
Affect concentration and coordination, slow down persons ability to respond to unexpected situations- small doses cause person to feel more relaxed and less inhibited

Question 33

Benzodiazepines

Answer 33

Depressants that produce sedation and hypnosis, relieve anxiety and muscle spasms, reduce seizures
-Xanax, Ativan, Valium, Klonopin, Halcion
Minor tranquillisers- treat alcohol withdrawal and epilepsy

Question 34

Psychedelics

Answer 34

Alter a persons thinking, sense of time and emotions, can cause a person to hallucinate

Question 35

LSD

Answer 35

Manufactured from lysergic acid found in ergot- fungus that grows on rye and other grains
Lysergic acid diethylamide