Language and Laterization Flashcards
Early in learning with Aplysia
This results from a decrease in neurotransmitter release onto motor neurons
Each session habituation occurs faster and faster
Results in pruning of synaptic terminals at the motor neuron- indicate two stages of learning
Neurons that fire together
Wire together
Demonstrated in the hippocampus
Brief powerful stimulus that reliably activated both pre and post- synaptic neurons resulting in long last increase in synaptic strength
Long- term potentiation
Weak synapses that activated only the pre-synaptic neuron will result in a graduate decrease in the strength of their connection
Long- term depression
Fire at different times get long term depression
The connection between a presynaptic and postsynaptic neuron will
Be increased if they are active at the same time
If the pre and post- synaptic neuron are both active at different times
The connection between them will weaken
What receptor does the hippocampus rely on
NDMA receptor
Animals that over-express NMDA receptors have enhanced
LTP and better long-term memory
Damage to medial diencephalon can also cause
amnesia
In prosopagnosia
Faces are unrecognizable
Left Hemisphere Damage can cause
Aphasia
Damage to a left anterior speech zone cause
nonfluent (Broaca’s) aphasia
Damage to a left posterior speech zone causes
Fluent (Wernickes) aphasia
Verbal information presented to the left and right hemispheres independently is processed better by the
Left hemisphere
Nonverbal visuospatial material is processed in
Right hemisphere- plays important role in processing music
How many people are left handed?
10-15% is not associated with intellectual deficiencies- left-handed as a consequence of early damage that caused a reorganization of the brain
What brain lesions can produce prosopagnosia
Bilateral temporal parietal occipital lesions
Two prominent regions involved in language
Anterior language zone aka Broca’s area
Posterior speech zone aka Wernicke’s are
Right handed people left hemisphere damage can produce
Varies forms of aphasia- that include paraphasias, agraphia, alexia, apraxia
Aphasia
Impairment of language ability- caused by brain injury to the left hemisphere
Paraphasia
Substitution of a word by a sound, incorrect word, unintended word
Agraphia
Impairment in writing
Alexia
Impairment in reading
Apraxia
Motor impairment, difficulty in making sequences of movements
Lesions affecting left anterior regions of the brain produce
Broca’s aphasia- nonfluent speech, impaired phoneme discrimination, anomia, intact language comprehension
Posterior lesions produce
Wernicke’s aphasia- fluent but unintelligible speech and impaired language comprehension- global aphasia extensive left hemisphere lesions abolish virtually all language capabilities
ASL involves more
Visuospatial processing- lesions to the type make signers aphasic- support motor theory of language processing
Electrical stimulation to anterior regions of the brain result in
Speech arrest, misnaming or impaired repetition
Non- invasive form of simulation mapping revealing a variety of functional zones
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
Broca’s area has been shown to involve
Semantic processing in more anterior regions
Phonological processing is seen more in
Posterior aspects of the area
Communication in songbirds and primates
serve as a model of certain processes in human speech and language
Vocal behavior is acquired early life, a sensitive period mediated by neural mechanisms that exhibit asymmetric organization
Dyslexia is more prevalent in
Boys and left-handed individuals
Several abnormalities of the cortex of people with dyslexia include
Temporal lobes
Constraint-induced movement therapy and the use of mirrors in therapy have both been
Effective interventions for recovery of limb functions after a stroke
