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z Tudors : HVII > Society > Flashcards

Society Flashcards

1
Q

How was English society by the start of HVII’s reign ?

A
  • Largely a feudal system

- Monarch, great landowners, senior churchmen, professionals and labourers

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2
Q

What had increased social mobility and how ?

A
  • The Black Death (1348-9) increased social mobility which alarmed conservative members of the upper class and land owners
  • They attempted to pass sumptuary laws (regulates clothing based on social status) but these proved hard to enforce
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3
Q

How many people did the peerage consist of ?

A
  • 50-60 people
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4
Q

Why was HVII reluctant to create new peerage titles ?

A
  • Felt deeply distrustful of the nobility as a class (likely linked to the fact he had spent most of his life in Brittany)
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5
Q

Which members of the nobility did HVII trust and who did he rely on ?

A
  • Lancastrian military commanders eg Earl of Oxford and Lord Daubery were trusted and had political influence
  • Earl of Northumberland was never fully trusted even after changing sides at the Battle of Bosworth but was trusted to control the North for the crown during the Lincoln rebellion
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6
Q

What was HVII’s most important method for controlling the nobility ?

A
  • Bonds : Written agreements which people promised to pay a sum of money if they failed to carry out their promise
  • Recognisances : A formal acknowledgment of a debt with the understanding to pay money if it wasn’t met
  • By 1502 : 2/3 of the nobility were under a bond
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7
Q

What were HVII’s ‘sticks’ for managing the nobility ?

A
  • Bonds/recognisances
  • Acts of Attainder
  • Feudal dues
  • Crown Lands
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8
Q

What was the noble’s key power ?

A
  • Bastard feudalism (wealthy magnates recruited knights to serve them eg administrators or military purposes)
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9
Q

What was HVII’s response to Bastard Feudalism ?

A
  • Potentially noblemen could use their retained men against the crown so HVII wanted to limit the power of the nobility
  • Acts were passed in 1487 and 1504 against nobles who abused the system eg Lord Bergavenny in 1506
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10
Q

What limits were put on retaining ?

A
  • 1486 : Peers and MPs forced to take an oath against retaining
  • 1487 : Law against retaining was established
  • 1504 : law was reinforced with another act
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11
Q

What were acts of attainder, who used them and against who ?

A
  • Led to a family losing the right to possess and inherit land and it was socio-economic ruin
  • They were reversible
  • HVII used them against Thomas and John Howard as they fought for Richard III but they swore an oath of allegiance and he reversed the act
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12
Q

What were feudal dues and example of them being used ?

A
  • Empathised HVII’s power and also financially benefited him : wardship (took control of the estates of minors and would profit), marriage (Profited off the marriage of heirs and heiresses), livery (HVII was paid when someone wanted to recover their land from wardship) and relief (paid inheritance tax)
  • Dowager Duchess of Buckingham was fined £7,000 in 1496 for marriage without licence
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13
Q

How did HVII show influence over the nobles through crown lands ?

A
  • By the later years of HVII’s reign, crown land was 5x larger
  • 1486 : Parliament passed the act of resumption which recovered all crown properties granted away since 1445
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14
Q

Who came below the nobility/peerage ?

A
  • The gentry with members such as Sir Reginald Bray

- 1490 there were 500 knights

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15
Q

How much land did the Gentry and nobility own ?

A
  • 15-20%
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16
Q

What influence did Churchmen have in society ?

A
  • Significant land owner
  • Social status varied with Bishops and abbots entitled to seats in the HL and having political roles
  • HVII was less inclined to promote men to the church whose backgrounds were aristocratic eg Richard Fox and John Morton
17
Q

What were the regional divisions ?

A
  • Tees to Weymouth made 2 distinctive areas
  • North and West were pastoral farming areas
  • South-East were mixed farming areas
  • Grain farming and fruit growing dominated Hertfordshire
  • Londoners looked down on Northerners for their savagery and Northerners were envy of Southern riches
18
Q

How was regional identity reinforced ?

A
  • local government structures
19
Q

What was the main causation for both rebellions that took place under HVII ?

A
  • Yorkshire rebellion : 1489
  • Cornish rebellion : 1497
  • For both the catalyst was taxation (Y= Response to the campaign in Brittany + C= revenue needed for a campaign in Scotland
20
Q

How much social discontent was there under HVII ?

A
  • Living conditions for the poor appeared to be improving (second half of the 15th century) but towards the end inflationary pressures were occurring
  • England also seemed to be avoiding the subsistence crisis that other countries had been effected by (harvest failures raise food prices so much that significant members of the poor die from starvation)
21
Q

What sparked the Yorkshire rebellion ?

A
  • Resentment of taxation granted by parliament in 1489 in order to finance the campaign in Brittany
22
Q

What happened at the Yorkshire rebellion ?

A
  • The earl of Northumberland was murdered in April by the rebels (victim of taxation)
  • Murdered by his tenants as Northumberland’s retainers had abandoned him at his time of need as a punishment for abandoning Richard III in the Battle of Bosworth
  • 1489
23
Q

What was the Cornish rebellion sparked by ?

A
  • 1497 : The need for revenue to finance the campaign against Scotland
24
Q

Why did the Cornish rebellion pose a bigger threat ? (3)

A
  • 15,000 were estimated to be involved
  • there were attempts by Warbeck to exploit this rebellion
  • Rebels marched on London and were only halted at Blackheath
25
Q

Why did the Cornish rebellion cause such an issue for HVII ?

A
  • Rebels marched such a long distance before any attempt to stop them
  • Raised questions about the crown’s effectiveness for maintaining law and order in the countryside
  • Effectively challenged the security of HVII’s regime by marching to London
26
Q

How did the Cornish rebellion end ?

A
  • HVII had to withdraw w Daubeney and his troops from defending the Scottish border BUT the rebellion was easily crushed
  • Rebel leaders were executed but the rest were dealt with leniently
  • Shocked HVII in to ensuring Anglo-Scottish tensions were eased and was more cautious about entering foreign conflicts
27
Q

How many people involved in the Cornish rebellion and what was their status ?

A
  • 15,000

- Largely commoners but Warbeck attempted to exploit this

28
Q

How severe was HVII’s response to the Yorkshire rebellion ?

A
  • Sent an army North and pardoned the locals

- Failed to collect the taxes but was seen as likeable

29
Q

What was HVII’s response to the Cornish rebellion ?

A
  • Had to withdraw Daubeney and troops from the Scottish border but was suppressed
  • Rebels leaders including Audley were executed but rebels were dealt with leniently
  • Shocked HVII in to easing Anglo-Scottish tensions
30
Q

Why did the Cornish rebellion highlight issues and weaknesses ?

A
  • Rebels were only halted at blackheath (London) highlighting the lack of control HVII had

z Tudors : HVII (4 decks)

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