Socialization Flashcards
Sigmund Freud
Model of the human personality (id, superego, ego)
Id
Innate, pleasure-seeking human drives
Superego
Demands of society in the form of internalized values and norms
Ego
Our efforts to balance innate, pleasure-seeking drives and the demands of society
Jean Piaget
Believed that human development involves both biological maturation and gaining social experience (4 stages of cognitive development).
Sensorimotor stage
Knowing the world only through the senses
Pre-operational stage
Starting to use language and other symbols
Concrete Operational stage
Allows individuals to understand causal connections; Risk taking, carefree decisions
Formal Operational Stage
Abstract and critical thought
Lawrence Kohlberg
Stages of moral development
Pre-conventional Moral Reasoning
Judge rightness according to our individual needs
Conventional Moral Reasoning
Takes into account parental attitudes and cultural norms
Post-conventional Moral Reasoning
Allows us to criticize society itself
Carol Gilligan
Gender plays role in moral development, with males relying on abstract standards of rightness and females relying more on effects of actions on relationships
George Herbert Mead
Self is part of personality (includes self-awareness and self-image) and develops only as a result of social experience. Human action is partly spontaneous (the I) and partly in response to others (the me). We gain social experience through imitation, play, games, and understanding the generalized other
Charles Horton Cooley
Looking-glass self = we see ourselves as we imagine others see us
Erik H. Erikson
Identified challenges that individuals face at each stage of life from infancy to old age (Infancy, Toddlerhood, Preschool, Preadolescence, Adolescence, Young Adulthood, Middle Adulthood, Old Age)
Generalized other
George Herbert Mead’s term for widespread cultural norms and values we use as references in evaluating ourselves
Significant others
People, such as parents, who have special importance for socialization
Family
Usually the first setting of socialization; “Primary socialization agent”; has the greatest impact on attitudes/behaviour; social position shapes personality.
Schools
“Secondary socialization agent”; give children experience with bureaucracy and impersonal evaluation; teach knowledge and skills; expose children to greater social diversity; reinforce ideas about gender.
Peer Group
A social group whose members have interests, social position and age in common. Helps shape attitudes/behaviour; great importance during adolescence; frees young people from adult supervision.
Mass Media
Huge impact in modern, high-income societies; often reinforce stereotypes about gender and race
Anticipatory socialization
Learning that helps a person achieve desired position
Childhood
Grounded in both biology and culture; extended in high-income countries
Adolescence
Emotional and social turmoil results from cultural inconsistency in defining people who are not children but not yet adults; varies by social class.
Old Age
Traditional societies give power and respect to elders; Industrial societies define elders as unimportant and out of touch.
Death and Dying
Acceptance of this is part of socialization for elderly; involves 5 stages: denial, anger, negotiation, resignation and acceptance.
Cohort
A category of people with something in common (usually age)
Total Institutions
Prisons, psychiatric hospitals, monasteries; staff supervise all aspects of life; life is standardized with inmates following set rules and routines
Resocialization
A 2-part process: breaking down inmates’ existing identity, and building a new self through a system of rewards and punishments
Socialization
Lifelong social experience by which individuals develop their human potential and learn culture
Personality
A person’s fairly consistent patterns of thinking, feeling and acting
