Socialization

Question 1

List the agents of socialization

Answer 1

Family, schools, peer groups, and mass media

Question 2

Describe the theories of Wilson (biology)

Answer 2

Pioneered sociobiology, believed behaviours are rooted in the genes (war, peace, competition, cooperation, etc.)

Question 3

Describe the theories of the Harlows (biology)

Answer 3

Studied “social isolation”, isolation causes fear and hostility with others, people should be socialized by ~10 (ex. language acquisition)

Question 4

Outline Freud’s theories (psychology)

Answer 4

Believed in the unconscious (Id, superego, ego), sexual development, dream interpretation, and the stages of development

Question 5

Explain the id, ego, and superego

Answer 5

Id: “pleasure principal”, instant gratification, instinctual
Superego: “personal conscience”, internalized society norms
Ego: “reality principal”, seeks to balance Id and superego

Question 6

Explain the stages of development

Answer 6

Oral: soothers, breast milk
Anal: defecation
Phallic: awareness of physical differences
Latent: not much occurs, awareness of behaviour
Genital: 2nd “reawakening”, solidify sexuality

Question 7

Define Piaget’s stages of development

Answer 7

Sensorimotor: sensory contact
Preoperational: use of symbols
Concrete operational: take role of others
Formal operational: abstract thought

Question 8

Define Kohlberg’s stages of development

Answer 8

Preconventional: punishment and obedience
Conventional: peer influenced primary
Post-conventional: moral conduct/human rights

Question 9

What is the ratio of people in each of Kohlberg’s stages?

Answer 9

Most people are in pre-conventional, some in conventional, and very few in post-conventional

Question 10

Explain Gilligan’s theories (psychology)

Answer 10

Critical of Kohlberg, believed that moral development is gendered

Question 11

Explain Cooley’s theories (sociology)

Answer 11

“Looking glass self”: how others see you, self is an object others can see

Question 12

Explain Mead’s theories (sociology)

Answer 12

3 aspects of the social self and developmental stages

Question 13

Explain Mead’s 3 aspects of the social self

Answer 13

“Me”: objective, perceive oneself from other’s standpoint
“I”: subjective, active part that initiates action
“Generalized other”: internalization of societal norms

Question 14

Explain Mead’s developmental stages

Answer 14

Egocentric: inability to take on role of others
Imitative: simple imitation
Play: adopt social roles, imagination
Game: understanding of social expectation

Question 15

Explain Goffman’s theory (sociology)

Answer 15

Uses the dramaturgical approach: “actors in a play”, given scripts and roles, true self is back stage