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Politics > Socialism > Flashcards

Socialism Flashcards

1
Q

Marx/Engels view on Human nature

A

Humans are naturally altruistic
Capitalism instils them with a false consciousness of bourgeois values

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2
Q

Luxembourg on human nature

A

damaged by capitalism.
humans aren’t perfect and parliamentary democracy is needed to prevent tyranny

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3
Q

webb on human nature

A

capitalism is damaged by human psyche.
believed in intellectual and moral human imperfection, particularly of the working class

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4
Q

crosland on human nature

A

human nature is innately fair
inequalities of outcome and opportunity hinder collective human progress

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5
Q

giddens

A

shaped by socioeconomic conditions
more focus on humans as both individuals and collective creatures

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6
Q

Marx/Engels on the state

A

capitalism must be destroyed by revolution and temp replaced by dictatorship of the proletariat which will wither away when communism is established

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7
Q

luxembourg on the state

A

capitalism should be destroyed by revolution and replaced with genuine democracy

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8
Q

webb on the state

A

the state should be used to create a socialist society. would be achieved via universal suffrage and would be a gradual process

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9
Q

crossland on the state

A

should be managed by ‘meritocratic managers’ and ‘classless technocrats’

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10
Q

giddens on the state

A

should invest in social investment and infrastructure and refrain from economic and social engineering

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11
Q

marx/engels on society

A

capitalism corrupts society and the elite oppress the working class, creating class conflict.
a communist society will have absolute equality and societal harmony

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12
Q

luxembourg on society

A

capitalism corrupts society and the elite oppress the working class, creating class conflict.
a democratic communist society will provide absolute equality and social harmony

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13
Q

webb on society

A

under socialist state management it will produce equality of outcome

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14
Q

crosland on society

A

state management will affect societal change and create social justice and equality of welfare

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15
Q

giddens on society

A

society will embrace equality of opportunity and communal responsibility instead of class conflict

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16
Q

marx/engels on the economy

A

capitalism = corrupt/inefficient and should be replaced by an economy with communism (equal distribution according to need)

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17
Q

luxembourg on the economy

A

marx’s historical materialism is flawed as capitalism doesn’t need to reach a ‘final stage’ before it can be abolishes
communist revolutions could happen in LEDC’s

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18
Q

webb on the economy

A

free market would gradually nationalise as the workers obtain common ownership of the means of production

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19
Q

crosland on the economy

A

rejected webb’s gradualism and argued for a mixed economy and keynesian capitalism
believded capitalism had largely been reformed if its exploitative tendencies

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20
Q

giddens on the economy

A

a neoliberal economy with a free market is more efficient than all socialist economic models and the tax revenues they generate can finance greater equality of oppurtunity

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21
Q

fraternity

A

the bonds of comradeship between human beings

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22
Q

co-operation

A

working collectively to achieve mutual benefits

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23
Q

capitalism

A

an economic system, organised by the market, where goods are produced for profit and wealth is privately owned

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24
Q

common ownership

A

of means of production so that all are able to benefit from the wealth of society and to participate in its running

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25
Q

communism

A

the communal organisation of social existence based on the common ownership of wealth

26
Q

evolutionary socialism

A

a parliamentary route, which would deliver a long term, radical transformation in a gradual, piecemeal way through legal and peaceful means, via the state

27
Q

marxism

A

an ideological system, within socialism, that drew in the writings of marx and engels and has at its core a philosophy of history that explains why it’s inevitable that capitalism will be replaced by communism

28
Q

revisionism

A

a move to redefine socialism that involved a less radical view of capitalism and a reformed view of capitalism

29
Q

social justice

A

a distribution of wealth that’s morally justifiable and implies a desire to limit inequality

30
Q

class consiousness

A

the self understanding of social class that’s a historical phenomenon, created out of collective struggle

31
Q

historical materialism

A

marxist theory that the economic base forms the superstructure

32
Q

dialectic

A

conflict between two opposing forces eg class

33
Q

keynesian economics

A

gov intervention can stabilise the economy and aims to deliver full employment and price stability

34
Q

3 classes of socialism

A

revolutionary socialism
social democracy
third way

35
Q

5 core ideas

A

collectivism
common humanity
equality
social class
workers’ control

36
Q

collectivism

A

the belief that collective human endeavour is greater practical and moral value than individual self striving

37
Q

individualism

A

freedom of action for individuals over collective or state control

38
Q

social democrats on collectivism

A

trade unions
nhs
state education
key utilities nationalised

39
Q

third way on collectivism

A

unions but wages are market driven
private healthcare for rich
prescription charges
equality of oppurtunity
spending on education
free market

40
Q

equality of opportunity

A

individuals are entitled to equal chances to make the best of their abilities. should be no artificial barriers to the progress of individual groups

41
Q

absolute equality

A

suggests that all individuals should receive the same rewards as long as contributions to society are made to the best of their best ability

42
Q

equality of outcome

A

proposes that economic rewards should be distributed to the values of an individuals contribution, difference in rewards would be less than it would be in a free market

43
Q

equality of welfare

A

perceives society as inevitably unequal but argues that everyone should be entitled to an equal minimum standard of living, enabled by a welfare state

44
Q

how do socialists disagree on nature of equality

A

revolutionaries - only after a revolution, dismiss equality of outcome, material rewards based on needs, equality of welfare rejected because it failed to remove capitalism
social democrats - only achieved after reforming capitalism, needs to be substantially equal, high taxation to allow for welfare state, nationalised industry
third way - needed most for neediest, equality of outcome = impractical, absolute equality = flawed, high levels of welfare and security creates dependency

45
Q

how would different socialists bring about equality

A

revolutionary - seize means of production, overthrow capitalists state
social democrats - some equality inevitable so a mixture of state intervention and private enterprise to promote and enhance equality (equality of oppurtunity)
third way - accept there are benefits to the free market, use benefits to create equal society, fair wealth distribution

46
Q

exam q

A

to what extent does the socialist view of social class impact on their view of society, the state and the economy?

47
Q

jeremy corbyn’s plan for greater worker’s control

A

£300 billion in shares across 700 promised countries
Divindends of

48
Q

revolutionaries vs social democrats on common ownerships

A

revolutionaries - abolition of private ownership, centralist economy
social democrats - selective nationalisation of industry, pursuit of equality

49
Q

Clause IV

A

common ownership of utilities

50
Q

different strands views on workers control

A

revolutionaries -post revolution, no need for workers control as communism will rise
social democrats - didn’t believe in workers control (lack of capability)
third way - impractical, people with actual skills should lead instead (also dropped clause IV)

51
Q

4 ways workers are alienated (Marx)

A

alienated from product of their labour
work to produce profit for those who own means of production
process - work under supervision
fellow workers and themselves - encouraged to be self interested

52
Q

rosa luxembourg disagreements with marx

A

less economically developed societies could have revolutions
disagrees with concept of dictatorship
advocates democratic institutions
no need to wait until capitalism had reached its final stage (advocates overthrowing it)

53
Q

why did webb dismiss workers control

A

revolutions are chaotic, inefficient and counter productive

54
Q

how did webb think evils of capitalism would be overcome

A

professional experts - would solve it not the workers. the working class would vote for socialism. gradualism would mean the elected gov would refashion the state to manage not oppress workers
national housekeeping - silently change its character from police power to housekeeping on a national scale. Highly trained elite administrators to organise society

55
Q

what is social justice

A

a moral justification to redistribute wealth so as to limit inequality and provide an equality of opportunity for everyone in society

56
Q

what is revisionism

A

to review and change a political theory

57
Q

what are social democracy’s 3 key ideas

A

1 - mixed economy, blend of free market capitalism and state collectivism
2 - state management, facilitating mixed economy via state management of the economy to deliver continual growth and full employment
3 - welfare state, when capitalism has been suitably reformed, the state funds a welfare state that promotes social justice and equality of opportunity

58
Q

what is Keynesianism

A

gov intervention can stabilise the economy and aim to deliver full employment and price stability

59
Q

anthony crosland (later a fabian) ideas linking to webb

A

managed capitalism should be reformed not replaced
social justice means progressive taxation and the welfare state

60
Q

crosland argued for a reformed education system for social justice, why?

A

grammar schools favour the middle class and comprehensive education is needed to decrease class division

61
Q

4 unique features of the third way

A
  • recognition of the free market over state planning
  • embracing competitive state
  • embracing community, moral responsibility and social inclusion
  • the importance of equality of opportunity over other forms of equality
62
Q

why was Giddens critical of high tax levels

A

taxation inhibited wealth creation and economic growth
New Labour govs accordingly reduced business taxes and kept higher rate income taxation

Politics (5 decks)

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