Social Thinking Flashcards
Attraction
Individuals both liking each other based on similarity, outward appearance & proximity
Self-Disclosure
Sharing ones thoughts, fears and goals
Reciprocal Liking
People like others better when they believe they are liked
Mere Exposure Effect
People prefer stimuli that they have been exposed to more frequently
Aggression
Behavior that intends to cause harm or increase social dominance
Amygdala
Responsible for associating stimuli with corresponding reward / punishment
Cognitive Neo-Association Model
More likely to respond to others aggressively when we are feeling neg. emotions
Attachment
Emotional bond between caregiver and a child
Secure Attachment
Consistent caregiver (trust) with secure base / home to return to
Avoidant Attachment
Caregiver provides little to no response to the distressed child
- Child does not prefer the caregiver
Ambivalent Attachment
Caregiver has an inconsistent response to the child
- Child has mixed feelings
Disorganized Attachment
There is no clear patter / behavior in response to caregiver
- Child has erratic behavior; social withdrawal
Social Support
Perception / Reality that one is care for by a social network
Emotional Support
Listening, affirming and empathizing with someones feelings
Esteem Support
Affirming qualities and skills of a person
Material (Tangible) Support
Money or material contribution to a person
Informational Support
Providing info to help someone
Network (Social) Support
To give someone a sense of belonging
Mating System
Organization of a groups sexual behavior
Monogamy
Exclusive mating relationship
Polygyny
Male exclusive with multiple females
Polyandry
Female exclusive with multiple males
Promiscuity
No exclusivity when mating
Direct Benefit
Material advantage, protection or emotional support
Indirect Benefit
Promote survival in offspring
- Phenotypic
- Sensory
- Fisherian
- Indicator
- Genetic
Phenotypic Benefit
Observable traits; attractive
Sensory Benefit
Trait to match pre-existing preference in population
Fisherian Benefit
Positive feedback - a trait with no effect on survival becomes more exaggerated over time
Indicator Benefit
Trait signifies good health and well being
Genetic Benefit
Mate pairs with complementary genetics to reduce recessive genetic disorders
Altruism
Helping with the intent to benefit someone else at a cost to himself
Empathy
Vicariously experiencing the emotions of another
Empathy-Altruism Theory
Individuals help another person when they feel empathy for them regardless of the cost
Game Theory
Explains decision making behavior
Game - defined by the player, the information and the actions available to each player. Decisions are made according to the payoffs (fitness) associated with the outcomes
Evolutionary Stable Strategy (ESS)
Population in an environment that has natural selection is at equilibrium and no alternate strategies can invade the population to pass on traits
Inclusive Fitness
Measure of organisms success in a population (# of offspring and their survival)
Social Perception
Provides the tools to make judgments / impressions regarding people
Impression Bias
Selection of cues to form interpretation of others that are consistent over time
Primacy Effect
First impressions are more important than subsequent ones
Recency Effect
Most recent information is more important when forming impressions
Reliance on Central Traits
Organize perception f others based on traits / personal characteristics of the target; subject to beliefs, opinion, ideas and actions of others
Implicit Personality Theory
Assumptions about how types of people, traits and behaviors are related
Halo Effect
Overall impression of an individual effect judgements about their specific aspects
Just World Hypothesis
“Karma”
Good things happen to good people and bad things happen to bad people
Self Serving Bias
Individuals view success based on internal factors and failures based on external factors to protect their self esteem
Self Enhancement
Maintain self worth through the use of the self serving bias
Attribution Theory
Individuals tendency to infer the causes of others behavior
- Dispositional (internal)
- Situational (external)
Dispositional
Internal - attributions related to the person being considered including their beliefs, attitudes and personal characteristics
Situational
External - attributions related to features of the surroundings such as threats, $, social norms and peer pressure
Consistency Cues
Consistent behavior over time (associated with motives)
Consensus Cues
Extent to which a persons behavior differs from others
Distinctiveness Cues
Uses similar behavior in similar situations
Correspondent Inference Theory
Focus on the intent behind peoples behaviors
Fundamental Error Attribution Theory
Biased toward dispositional (internal) attributions in negative contexts
Attribute Substitution
Make complex judgments but substitute a simpler solution
Prejudice
*Attitude / Emotional Response
Irrational + or - attitude toward a person, group or think prior to an actual experience with them
Propaganda
Large organizations / political groups attempt to create prejudice in others
Ethnocentrism
Judgements about other cultures based on the values and beliefs in ones own culture
Cultural Relativism
- Perception of another culture as different from ones own
- Recognition that values, mores, rules, etc… of a culture fit into that culture itself
Power
Ability of people to achieve goals (despite obstacles) and control resources
*Social factor that affects prejudice
Prestige
Level of respect shown to a person by others
*Social factor that affects prejudice
Class
Socioeconomic status resulting in the “haves” and the “have nots”
*Social factor that affects prejudice
Stereotype
*Cognitive
Attitude and impressions about a person or group are based on limited and superficial info
Stereotype Content Model
Classify stereotypes with respect to a hypothetical “in group” using warmth and competence
Self- Fulfilling Prophecy
Stereotypes that lead to expectations of certain groups / individual which create conditions that lead to the confirmation of those expectations
Stereotype Threat
People being concerned or anxious about confirming a negative stereotype about ones social group; causing reduced performance, self-handicapping and lowers ones personal investment in the activity
Paternalistic
*Low competency; High warmth”
- Low status, not competitive
- Looked own on as inferior, dismissed or ignored
Admiration
High competency, High warmth
- High status; not competitive
- Viewed with pride and + feelings
Contemptuous
*Low competency, Low warmth
- Low status; not competitive
- Viewed with anger, resentment or annoyance
Envious
*High competency; Low warmth
- High status; competitive
- Viewed with jealousy, distrust and bitterness
Discrimination
- Behavior
- Prejudicial attitudes cause individuals of a particular group to be treated differently from others
Individual Discrimination
One person discriminating against a particular group or person
Institutional Discrimination
Entire institution discriminates against a particular person or group
