Social Processes, Attitudes and Behaviors Flashcards
Michelangelo Phenomena
Concept that the self is made up of both the ideas an individual has regarding their own abilities / traits / beliefs and the intrapersonal self (the manner in which others influence the creation of the ideal self)
Social Action
Actions and Behaviors we are conscious of performing because others are around
Social Facilitation
People naturally exhibit a performance response when they know they are being watched
Yerkes Dodson Law of Social Facilitation
Being in the presence of others will raise arousal which enhances the ability to perform simple tasks (something one is already good at) and hinders the ability of complex, unfamiliar tasks
Deindividuation
People lose a sense of self awareness and can act dramatically different based on the influence of the group
Bystander Effect
Individual do no intervene to help victims when others are present
Social Loafing
Tendency of individuals to put in less effort when working a group setting
Identity Shift Effect
When an individuals state of harmony is disrupted by threat of social rejection
Cognitive Dissonance
Simultaneous presence of two opposing thoughts / opinions that creates an internal conflict
Identity Shift
Individual adopting the standards of the group as their own
Social Interaction
Explore the way 2+ individuals shape each others behaviors
Choice Shift
Tendency of groups to make decisions that are more extreme (riskier or cautious) than the individual ideas and inclinations of the members of the group
**Group Level
Group Polarization
Tendency of groups to make decisions that are more extreme (riskier or cautious) than the individual ideas and inclinations of the members of the group
**Individual Level
Group Think
Desire for harmony / conformity results in a group of people coming to an incorrect or poor decision
8 Factors of Group Think
- (Irving Janis)
- Illusion of invulnerability - creation of optimism and encouragement of risk taking
- Collective rationalization - ignoring warnings against the group
3 Illusion of Morality - group decision are morally correct - Excessive Stereotyping - against outside opinions
- Pressure of Conformity - anyone who opposes opinions of the group is disloyal
- Self-Censorship - withholding opposing view
- Illusion of unanimity - False sense of agreement
- Mind Guards - appointment of members to the role of protecting against opposing views
Culture
Beliefs, behaviors, actions and characteristics of a group or society of people learned by living within the society and observing it
Assimilation
Individual or group behavior / culture begin to resemble that of another group
Can also mean merging of groups (although one tends to predominate over the other)
Ethnic Enclaves
Locations (neighborhoods) with a high concentration of one specific ethnicity
Multiculturalism
Communities / societies containing multiple cultures ; coexisting
Subcultures
Groups of people within a culture that distinguish themselves from primary culture
Immigrant Assimilation
Considered complete based on the following:
- Geographic Distribution
- Language Attainment
- Socioeconomic Status
- Intermarriage
Socialization
Process of developing, inheriting, and spreading norms, cultures and beliefs
Primary Socialization
Childhood
- Learning acceptable actions and attitudes in society (generally by observing parents and adults)
- Sets the stage for future socialization
- Foundation for creating personal opinions
Secondary Socialization
- Appropriate behavior in smaller sections of the larger society (occurs outside the home)
- Learning rules of social environments
- Includes changes and refinements to behavior
Anticipatory Socialization
Prepare for future changes in occupation, living or relationships
Resocialization
Discard of old behaviors in favor of new ones (life change)
Norms
Societal rules that define the boundaries of acceptable behavior
Mores
Widely observed social norms
Taboo
Socially unacceptable behaviors
Folkways
Norm behaviors considered polite in context
Sanctions
Penalties for misconduct that help to maintain social order
Deviance
Any violation of norms, rules or expectations in society
Stigma
Extreme disapproval / dislike of person or group based on perceived differences from society
Labeling Theory
Labels given to people affect how others respond to that person and affect their own self image
Differential Association Theory
Deviance can be learned through interactions with others
Conformity
Matching ones attitudes, beliefs, behaviors to societal norms (can be real or imagined)
Internalization
Changing behavior to fit the group and also privately agreeing with the ideas
Identification
Acceptance of others ideas without questioning them (but do not internalize the ideas)
Obedience
Changing ones behavior in response to direct orders from an authoritative figure
Compliance
Changing ones behavior based on direct request despite the requester having no power
Foot in Door Technique
Small request made, after compliance a larger request is made
Door in the Face Technique
Large, unreasonable request made and refused so a smaller more manageable request is made
Lowball Technique
Get initial commitment than raise the cost
That’s Not All Technique
Made an offer but before making a decision is told that the deal is even better than expected
Social Cognition
Focuses on ways in which people think about others and how these ideas impact behavior
Attitude
Expression of + or - feelings toward a person, place, think or scenario
Components of Attitude
- Affective - feeling toward something (emotional)
- Behavioral - way we act with respect to something
- Cognitive - think about something and justify the other 2 components
Functional Attitude Theory
States that attitude serves 4 functions
- Knowledge
- Ego Expressive
- Ego Defensive
- Adaptive
Knowledge
Organizes thoughts / experiences
Provides consistency and stability
Ego Expressive
Communicate and solidify our self identity
Ego Defensive
Protect self esteem and justify actions known to be wrong
Adaptive
Will be accepted if socially acceptable attitudes are expressed
Learning Theory
Attitude developed through different ways of learning
Elaboration Likelihood Model
Separates individuals on a continuum based on their processing of persuasive information
Central Root Processing
One extreme are those who elaborate extensively; think deeply about information; scrutinize its meaning/ purpose; draw conclusion and make decisions based on this thought
Peripheral Root Processing
One extreme are those who do not elaborately focus on superficial details like the appearance of the person making the argument, catchphrases, slogan or credibility
Social Cognitive Theory
People learn how to behave / shape attitudes by observing others
Develops through direct observation, replication of actions, personal factors (thoughts / behaviors) and the environment
