social studies

Question 1

Describe Vertical and Horizontal integration. Give an example of a monopolist that used each method.

Answer 1

Vertical Integration-controlling all steps of production to lower costs and outcompete rivals
Monopolist-Carnegie
Horizontal Integration-reducing prices to drive out competitors, pressuring customers, and forming trusts.
Monopolist-Rockefeller

Question 2

During the 1800s, workers in the American industrial workforce formed labor unions to demand what three things?

Answer 2

1. Higher wages
2. Shorter hours
3. Better working conditions

Question 3

What is it called when labor union representatives negotiate with owners?

Answer 3

Collective bargaining

Question 4

What are the three factors of production?
**What things were needed to change from an economy of agriculture to an economy of industry

Answer 4

1. Labor – people and wages
2. Land- resources and property
3. Capital- used to purchase equipment, buildings, materials, etc.

Question 5

Define nativism

Answer 5

Nativism is opposing immigration. Nativists grew during this period and eventually the government started restricting immigration.

Question 6

What laws were written to limit immigration

Answer 6

1882- Chinese exclusion act
1897- All immigrants were required to be able to read and write
1917-Immigration Act of 1917 – limited Asian immigration

Question 7

Where areas of the world did people immigrate from in the late 1800s?

Answer 7

Eastern Europe (Russia and Poland) and Southern Europe (Italy), Asia, Mexico

Question 8

How did immigration in the late 1800s affect the following aspects of United States?

Answer 8

City growth – cities grew quickly, disease, overcrowding, dirty
Neighborhoods- immigrants make their own neighborhoods
New Laws – laws were written to limit immigration

Question 9

List pull factors that contributed to increased immigration in the late 1800s.Pg. 568

Answer 9

• job opportunities - appearance of hope -promise of equality

Question 10

List push factors that contributed to increased immigration in the late 1800s.Pg. 568

Answer 10

Push Factors
-economic hardships
-unstable governments
-unfair laws
-scarcity of food

Question 11

What is it called when one person controls an entire industry Pg. 558

Answer 11

A monopoly

Question 12

How does having a monopoly affect the cost of an item? Pg. 558

Answer 12

The producer can set the cost, supply and demand will not affect them because everyone needs their product and they are the only supplier

Question 13

What is philanthropy?

In what way was Andrew Carnegie a philanthropist?

Answer 13

Using your great wealth to improve the situations of the less fortunate. Carnegie built over 2000 libraries and funded the arts.

Question 14

Explain how having a monopoly in a certain industry would affect the following
1. Consumers ability to choose between brands
2. Cost of the product
3. Quality of the product
4. Rights of the workers in that industry

Answer 14

. There is no choice
2. The cost is set by the monopolist, usually higher than what one would expect
3. There is no reason for the monopolist to worry about quality or improving their product
4. Workers can not use their skills in other industries, and don’t have a choice of employers if it is all owned by one person

Question 15

What two industries profited from the creation of railroads, and who were the main monopolists of those industries?

Answer 15

Steel and Oil – Carnegie and Rockefeller

Question 16

How did owners cut costs in ways that negatively affected workers?

Answer 16

• They didn’t spend money on safety precautions like safe fire escapes, etc.
• They were more worried about loss of profits/ theft than they were about worker safety
• They paid their workers very little and forced them to work long hours

Question 17

What was the 19th amendment to the constitution?

Answer 17

Women receive the right to vote