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NMAT > Social Sciences NMAT FlashCards > Flashcards

Social Sciences NMAT FlashCards

1
Q

What is Sociology?

A

The study of human groups, their customs and institutions, and their development at all times and places.

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2
Q

What is Enculturation?

A

The process of learning to become a responsible adult member of a society as defined by the norms of that society.

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3
Q

What are Proverbs?

A

A short, well-known saying, stating a general truth or piece of advice.

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4
Q

What is an Open-class Society?

A

A society where social status is achieved through individual effort, not family background, ethnicity, gender, or religion.

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5
Q

What are Folkways?

A

Norms for routine or casual interaction, such as appropriate greetings and proper dress.

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6
Q

What are Values?

A

Culturally defined standards held by individuals or groups about what is desirable, proper, beautiful, good, or bad.

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7
Q

What are Norms?

A

Patterns of beliefs that serve to guide, control, and regulate conduct.

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8
Q

What are Mores?

A

Norms that are widely observed and have great moral significance, distinguishing between right and wrong.

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9
Q

What is a Deviant Act?

A

Actions or behaviors that violate social norms.

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10
Q

What is Diffusion?

A

The spread of cultural traits from one sociocultural system to another.

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11
Q

What is Innovation?

A

Human action that is out of the ordinary, unique, or unprecedented.

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12
Q

What is Invention?

A

A unique or novel device, method, composition, or process.

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13
Q

What is Charismatic Authority according to Max Weber?

A

Authority found in a leader whose mission and vision inspire others, often seen in leaders of new social movements or religious prophets.

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14
Q

What is Traditional Authority?

A

Authority where the right to rule is passed down via heredity and does not change over time.

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15
Q

What is Functional Authority?

A

The right delegated to an individual or department to control specified processes, practices, policies, or other matters.

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16
Q

What is Legal Authority?

A

Authority that fosters belief in the competence of the individual discharging statutory obligation.

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17
Q

What does Endogenous mean?

A

Having internal cause or origin.

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18
Q

What is Marxist’s Model?

A

A socio-economic and political worldview based on a materialist interpretation of historical development and class relations and conflict within society.

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19
Q

What is a Sanction?

A

A reward for conformity or a punishment for nonconformity that reinforces socially approved forms of behavior.

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20
Q

What is an Institution?

A

Any structure or mechanism of social order and cooperation governing the behavior of individuals within a given community.

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21
Q

What is Kinship?

A

The network of social relationships that link individuals through common ancestry, marriage, or adoption.

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22
Q

What is a Subculture?

A

A group within the broader society that has values, norms, and lifestyle distinct from those of the majority.

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23
Q

What is a Community?

A

A group of people who share a common sense of identity and interact with one another on a sustained basis.

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24
Q

What did Pepinsky say about social control among Chinese communists?

A

Effective social control among Chinese communists is by group manipulation of guilt and shame.

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25
Q

What is a Bureaucracy?

A

A formal organization marked by a clear hierarchy of authority, written rules of procedure, and staffed by full-time salaried officials.

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26
Q

What is the primary function of religion in human societies?

A

To establish an orderly relationship between man and surroundings.

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27
Q

What are Primary Groups?

A

Small social groups whose members share close, personal, enduring relationships.

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28
Q

What are Secondary Groups?

A

Groups that interact on a less personal level than primary groups and have temporary relationships.

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29
Q

What is a Fascist System?

A

A form of radical authoritarian nationalism aiming to unify a nation through a totalitarian state and promoting mass mobilization.

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30
Q

What is the Caste System?

A

A form of social stratification characterized by hereditary transmission of lifestyle, occupation, and social status.

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31
Q

What is the Class System?

A

A system where people are grouped into hierarchical social categories, such as upper, middle, and lower classes.

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32
Q

What are Stereotypes?

A

A rigid and inflexible image of the characteristics of a group.

33
Q

What is Discovery?

A

Initial awareness of existing but unobserved elements of nature.

34
Q

What is Clairvoyance?

A

The ability to gain information about an object, person, location, or physical event through means other than the known human senses.

35
Q

What is Psychokinesis?

A

The supposed ability to move objects by mental effort alone.

36
Q

What is Precognition?

A

Foreknowledge of an event, especially as a form of extrasensory perception.

37
Q

What is Telepathy?

A

The supposed communication of thoughts or ideas by means other than the known senses.

38
Q

What is Fixation in psychology?

A

A state in which one becomes obsessed with an attachment to another person, being, or object.

39
Q

What is Identification in psychology?

A

A process whereby the subject assimilates an aspect of another person and is transformed by it.

40
Q

What is Repression in psychology?

A

Repelling one’s own desires and impulses towards pleasurable instincts by excluding them from consciousness.

41
Q

What is Regression in psychology?

A

A defense mechanism leading to a reversion to an earlier stage of development rather than handling unacceptable impulses in a more adult way.

42
Q

What is an Illusion?

A

A distortion of the senses, revealing how the brain normally organizes and interprets sensory stimulation.

43
Q

What is a Hallucination?

A

Perception in the absence of apparent stimulus which has qualities of real perception.

44
Q

What is Auditory Imagery?

A

A form of mental imagery used to organize and analyze sounds when there is no external auditory stimulus present.

45
Q

What is Eidetic Imagery?

A

The Eidetic Image is a vision, a source for new thought and feeling, as a material picture in the mind which can be scanned like a real current event in the environment.

46
Q

What is an Affective Disorder/Mood Disorder?

A

A psychological disorder characterized by elevation or lowering of a person’s mood, such as depression or bipolar disorder.

47
Q

What is a Panic Reaction?

A

An acute overwhelming attack of fear or anxiety producing personality disorganization that may persist.

48
Q

What is Generalized Anxiety?

A

An anxiety disorder characterized by chronic free-floating anxiety and symptoms like tension, sweating, trembling, lightheadedness, irritability, etc., lasting for more than six months.

49
Q

What is Schizophrenia?

A

A long-term mental disorder involving a breakdown in the relation between thought, emotion, and behavior, leading to faulty perception, inappropriate actions, withdrawal from reality, and a sense of mental fragmentation.

50
Q

What is Dopamine?

A

A neurotransmitter, a chemical released by nerve cells to send signals to other nerve cells.

51
Q

What is Enkephalin?

A

A peptide involved in regulating nociception (pain) in the body.

52
Q

What is Epinephrine?

A

A hormone and neurotransmitter with many functions, including regulating heart rate, blood vessel, and air passage diameters. It’s crucial in the fight-or-flight response.

53
Q

What is Thorazine/Chlorpromazine?

A

A synthetic drug used as a tranquilizer or sedative.

54
Q

What is a Percept?

A

An object of perception; something that is perceived.

55
Q

What does Subliminal mean?

A

Below the threshold of sensation or consciousness.

56
Q

What is a Threshold?

A

The magnitude or intensity that must be exceeded for a certain reaction.

57
Q

What are Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Growth?

A

Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Operational, and Formal Operational stages.

58
Q

What is the Von Restorff Effect?

A

Also known as the isolation effect; it predicts that an item that ‘stands out like a sore thumb’ is more likely to be remembered than other items.

59
Q

What is the Zeigarnik Effect?

A

People remember uncompleted or interrupted tasks better than completed tasks.

60
Q

What is the Greenspoon Effect?

A

An experimental effect where the speaker’s use of certain classes of words may increase in frequency when reinforced by the listener making appropriate diffident gestures of assent.

61
Q

What is the Muller-Lyer Illusion?

A

An optical illusion consisting of stylized arrows.

62
Q

What is the Gestalt Principle of Perceptual Organization?

A

Principles that the brain uses to organize sensory information, including proximity, continuation, closure, common fate, and similarity.

63
Q

What kind of parent produces a competent and self-reliant child?

A

A loving parent who is firm and consistent.

64
Q

What impulses frequently conflict with moral standards of society?

A

Sex and aggression.

65
Q

What is Selective Attention?

A

The ability to focus one’s auditory attention on a particular stimulus while filtering out a range of other stimuli.

66
Q

What is Sensory Adaptation?

A

Change over time in the responsiveness of a sensory system to a constant stimulus.

67
Q

What is Just Noticeable Difference?

A

The smallest detectable difference between a starting and secondary level of a particular sensory stimulus.

68
Q

What is Roger’s Self Theory?

A

The belief that humans have one basic motive, the tendency to self-actualize, to fulfill one’s potential and achieve the highest level of human-beingness.

69
Q

What is Negative Transfer?

A

The obstruction of or interference with new learning because of previous learning.

70
Q

What is Spontaneous Recovery?

A

The re-emergence of a previously extinguished conditioned response after a delay.

71
Q

What is Operant Conditioning?

A

Conditioning in which an operant response is brought under stimulus control by virtue of presenting reinforcement contingent upon the occurrence of the operant response.

72
Q

What is Stimulus Generalization?

A

Transfer of a response learned to one stimulus to a similar stimulus.

73
Q

What are Phobias?

A

An extreme or irrational fear of or aversion to something.

74
Q

What is Classical Conditioning?

A

A learning process that occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired; a response initially elicited by the second stimulus is eventually elicited by the first stimulus alone.

75
Q

What is Desensitization?

A

The process of reducing sensitivity.

76
Q

What is Modeling?

A

A form of learning where individuals ascertain how to act or perform by observing another individual.

77
Q

What is Diffusion of Responsibility?

A

A sociopsychological phenomenon whereby a person is less likely to take responsibility for action or inaction when others are present.

78
Q

What are the problems with experimental research in psychology?

A

Demand characteristics, Hawthorne effect, and Halo effect.

79
Q

What are Demand Characteristics?

A

Experimental artifact where participants form an interpretation of the experiment’s purpose.

NMAT (7 decks)

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