Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

NMAT > BIONOTESFLASHCARD UP TO 21 > Flashcards

BIONOTESFLASHCARD UP TO 21

1
Q

What is the function of the nucleus in an animal cell?

A

It contains all DNA in the animal cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the nuclear envelope or membrane?

A

A double phospholipid bilayer that surrounds the nucleus and has pores for RNA to move out.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Where is rRNA transcribed and the subunits of ribosomes assembled?

A

In the nucleolus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

A

It consists of flattened sacs with many ribosomes and synthesizes proteins.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What does the Golgi complex do?

A

It modifies and packages proteins for use in other parts of the cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What do lysosomes contain and what is their function?

A

They contain hydrolytic enzymes that digest substances.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum involved in?

A

Lipid synthesis and detoxification of drugs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are peroxisomes?

A

Vesicles in the cytosol involved in the production and breakdown of hydrogen peroxide.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the function of ribosomes?

A

They make proteins.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are chromosomes and where are they distinct?

A

They are part of the nucleus and are distinct during replication.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the cytoskeleton?

A

A network of filaments that determine the structure and motility of the cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are microtubules and their functions?

A

Larger than microfilaments, rigid hollow tubes made from tubulin, involved in flagella and cilia construction, and spindle apparatus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are microfilaments and their functions?

A

They squeeze the membrane together in phagocytosis and cytokinesis, and provide the contractile force in microvilli and muscle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the function of flagella?

A

They enable the sperm to move.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Where are cilia found in humans?

A

In the fallopian tubes and respiratory tract.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the role of the centrosome?

A

It is involved in cell division and microtubules grow from it.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are centrioles and their functions?

A

They function in the production of flagella and cilia, but not in microtubule production.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What happens during the G1 phase of the cell life cycle?

A

The cell splits and grows, usually the longest stage.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What occurs during the S phase?

A

Energy is used for replicating DNA.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the G2 phase?

A

The cell prepares to divide.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What happens during the M phase?

A

Meiosis or Mitosis occurs.

22
Q

What is cytokinesis?

A

The separation of the cellular cytoplasm due to the constriction of microfilaments about the center of the cell.

23
Q

What occurs during prophase in mitosis?

A

Condensation of chromatin into chromosomes, centrioles move to opposite ends of the cell, nucleolus and nucleus disappear, spindle apparatus forms.

24
Q

What happens during metaphase in mitosis?

A

Chromosomes align at the equator.

25
Q

What occurs during anaphase in mitosis?

A

Sister chromatids split and move toward opposite ends of the cell.

26
Q

What happens during telophase in mitosis?

A

The nuclear membrane reforms and the nucleolus reappears.

27
Q

What is the result of mitosis?

A

Two identical daughter cells.

28
Q

What is meiosis?

A

A double nuclear division which produces four haploid gametes.

29
Q

What happens during prophase I in meiosis?

A

Homologous chromosomes line up alongside each other, matching their genes exactly, and may exchange sequences of DNA (crossing over).

30
Q

What occurs during metaphase I in meiosis?

A

Homologs move to the metaphase plate but do not separate.

31
Q

What happens during anaphase I in meiosis?

A

Homologs separate.

32
Q

What occurs during telophase I in meiosis?

A

The nuclear membrane may or may not form. If cytokinesis occurs, the cells are haploid with 23 chromosomes.

33
Q

What is the sequence of protein synthesis?

A

DNA -> transcription -> mRNA -> translation -> Protein.

34
Q

What is the role of tRNA?

A

Transfers specific amino acids to the growing polypeptide chain during translation.

35
Q

What does mRNA do?

A

Conveys genetic information from DNA to the ribosome and is encoded in a sequence of nucleotides.

36
Q

What is glycolysis?

A

Anaerobic catabolism of glucose (6C) to pyruvic acid (3C x 2) occurring in the cytoplasm.

37
Q

What is fermentation?

A

Glycolysis and reduction of pyruvate, producing ethanol or lactic acid and NAD+.

38
Q

What is anaerobic respiration?

A

Absence of O2 results in 2 ATP per mole of glucose.

39
Q

What is aerobic respiration?

A

Presence of O2 results in net 36 ATP per mole of glucose.

40
Q

What is the function of enzymes?

A

They act as catalysts, lowering the energy of activation and increasing the rate of reaction without being consumed or altered by the reaction.

41
Q

What are competitive inhibitors?

A

Compete with the substrate by binding to the active site of the enzyme.

42
Q

What are noncompetitive inhibitors?

A

Bind to an enzyme in an area other than the active site, changing the enzyme’s configuration.

43
Q

What is the difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?

A

Eukaryotic cells have a true membrane-bound nucleus, multiple chromosomes, and are usually multicellular, while prokaryotic cells have no true nucleus, one chromosome (plasmid), and are usually unicellular.

44
Q

What are the key differences between animal and plant cells?

A

Plant cells have a cell wall, chloroplasts, and large central vacuoles, while animal cells have centrioles and lysosomes.

45
Q

What is the function of adrenaline/epinephrine?

A

Hormone and neurotransmitter that regulates heart rate, breathing, and the fight or flight response of the sympathetic nervous system.

46
Q

What is choline?

A

A water-soluble essential nutrient.

47
Q

What is noradrenaline/norepinephrine?

A

A neurotransmitter released from the sympathetic neurons to affect the heart.

48
Q

What is acetylcholine?

A

A neurotransmitter in the autonomic nervous system that acts on the peripheral and central nervous systems. The only neurotransmitter used in the motor division of the somatic nervous system.

49
Q

What are the key plant hormones for growth of lateral buds?

A

Auxin, cytokinin, and ethylene.

50
Q

What is auxin?

A

A plant hormone that plays a role in the coordination.

NMAT (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions